Coffee consumption and death from coronary heart disease in middle aged Norwegian men and women
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OBJECTIVE--To study the association between number of cups of coffee consumed per day and coronary death when taking other major coronary risk factors into account. DESIGN--Men and women attending screening and followed up for a mean of 6.4 years. SETTING--Cardiovascular survey performed by ambulatory teams from the National Health Screening Service in Norway. PARTICIPANTS--All middle aged people in three counties: 19,398 men and 19,166 women aged 35-54 years who reported neither cardiovascular disease or diabetes nor symptoms of angina pectoris or intermittent claudication. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Predictive value of number of cups of coffee consumed per day. RESULTS--At initial screening total serum cholesterol concentration, high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, blood pressure, height, and weight were measured and self reported information about smoking history, physical activity, and coffee drinking habits was recorded. Altogether 168 men and 16 women died of coronary heart disease during follow up. Mean cholesterol concentrations for men and women were almost identical and increased from the lowest to highest coffee consumption group (13.1% and 10.9% respectively). With the proportional hazards model and adjustment for age, total serum and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and number of cigarettes per day the coefficient for coffee corresponded to a relative risk between nine or more cups of coffee and less than one cup of 2.2 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 4.5) for men and 5.1 (0.4 to 60.3) for women. For men the relative risk varied among the three counties. CONCLUSIONS--Coffee may affect mortality from coronary heart disease over and above its effect in raising cholesterol concentrations.
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In cohort studies with repeated measurements of exposure assessment, the association between heart disease and coffee intake was strongest when the exposure measurement used was nearest to the outcome.
“In cohort studies with repeated measurements of exposure assess- ment, the association between heart disease and coffee intake was strongest when the exposure measurement used was nearest to the outcome.'042”
From Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta‐analysis (1994) · cites this paper as [42]
In the Norwegian study by Tverdal et al, relative risks of coronary heart disease death (comparing more than nine vs less than one cup/day) were 2.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 4.5) for men and 5.1 (95% CI 0.4 to 60.3) for women.
“The Norwegian study by Tverdal et al found relative risks of CHD death (comparing more than nine v less than one cup/day) of 2-2 (95% CI 1 1 to 4 5) for men, and 5-1 (95% CI 0 4 to 60 3) for women.42”
From Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta‐analysis (1994) · cites this paper as [42]
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“In the context of breast cancer, AMD3100 (i) inhibits the SDF-1-induced activation of diverse oncogenic signals such as the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway [141], (ii) increases cellular sensitivity to carboplatin [142], (iii) cooperates with a pure antiestrogen to decrease breast cancer cell proliferation and migration…”
BackgroundCoffee intake and coronary heart disease
Klag, M. J., Mead, L. A., Lacroix, A. Z., Wang, N.-Y., Coresh, J., Liang, K.-Y., Pearson, T. A., & Levine, D. M. (1994) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(94)90001-9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Jazbec, A., Šimić, D., Čorović, N., Duraković, Z., & Pavlović, M. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Weight gain and the risk of knee replacement due to primary osteoarthritis
Apold, H., Meyer, H. E., Nordsletten, L., Furnes, O. N., Baste, V., & Flugsrud, G. B. (2014) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2014.03.002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Green, M. S., & Harari, G. (1992) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(92)90061-l · Cited by 47 · see citing works
An update on research with coffee/caffeine (1989–1990)
Stavrić, B. (1992) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0278-6915(92)90106-u · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cohort study of coffee intake and death from coronary heart disease over 12 years: Table 1
Stensvold, I., Tverdal, A., & Jacobsen, B. K. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7030.544 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationLindsted, K. D., Kuzma, J. W., & Anderson, J. L. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(92)90051-n · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Boiled coffee and blood pressure. A 14-week controlled trial.
Dusseldorp, M., Smits, P., Lenders, J. W. M., Thien, T. A., & Katan, M. (1991) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.18.5.607 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Observations on Norwegian men and women, most of whom consumed boiled coffee, suggested that coffee may affect mortality from coronary heart disease over and above its effect in raising cholesterol concentration.(13) High blood pressure could form a link between boiled coffee consumption and coronary heart disease, bu…”
BackgroundRob Urgert, B., der Wouw, M. W.-V., Hovenier, R., Meyboom, S., Beynen, A. C., & Katan, M. (1997) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600414 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“This is evidenced by a higher rate of coronary heart disease in coffee drinkers in Norway (Tverdal et al, 1990), where boiled coffee is more common.”
BackgroundCaffeine and Activation Theory
(2006) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420006568 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Du, Y., Melchert, H.-U., Knopf, H. C., Braemer-Hauth, M., Gerding, B., & Pabel, E. (2005) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-004-7536-x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
de Roos, B., CASLAKE, M. J., Stalenhoef, A. F. H., Bedford, D. K., Demacker, P. N. M., Katan, M., & Packard, C. J. (2001) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/73.1.45 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effect of coffee on ambulatory blood pressure in patients with treated hypertension
Eggertsen, R., Andreasson, Å., Hedner, T., Karlberg, B. E., & Hansson, L. (1993) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1993.tb00683.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Coffee drinking and blood cholesterol—effects of brewing method, food intake and life style
Lindahl, B., Johansson, I., Huhtasaari, F., Hallmans, G., & Asplund, K. (1991) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1991.tb00448.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mo, L., Xie, W., Pu, X.-Q., & Ouyang, D. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.23947 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Other studies also reported different results on coffee consumption and CVD risk by different genders [34, 36, 37].”
ResultThe effect of caffeine on ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients
RACHIMAMAOZ, C., Peleg, E., & Rosenthal, T. (1998) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(98)00172-1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“2 has produced conflicting and confusing results, with risk evaluations ranging from hig”
BackgroundRosengren, A., Stegmayr, B. G., Johansson, I., Huhtasaari, F., & Wilhelmsen, L. (1999) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00616.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
To sip or not to sip: the potential health risks and benefits of coffee drinking
Taylor, S. R., & Demmig‐Adams, B. (2007) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/00346650710838063 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Health Effects and Safety Considerations
Schilter, B., Cavin, C., Tritscher, A. M., & Constable, A. (2001) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470690499.ch8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Beverages in Rheumatoid Arthritis: What to Prefer or to Avoid
Dey, M., Cutolo, M., & Nikiphorou, E. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12103155 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Early studies suggested an association between coffee consumption and cardiovascular-related death [92,93].”
BackgroundALGUNAS VERDADES SOBRE EL CAFÉ
Gotteland, M., & de Pablo, S., V (2007) · Revista chilena de nutrición · doi:10.4067/s0717-75182007000200002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Algunos estudios observan que este afecta la mortalidad por enfermedades coronarias, en general por un consumo elevado, >9-10 tazas/dia, y con un riesgo mayor para las mujeres y para los individuos con hipertension ( 73 , 74).”
BackgroundBoiled Coffee Intake and Subsequent Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
Hjellvik, V., Tverdal, A., & Strøm, H. (2011) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31821083e3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Previous studies from Norway, however, found a positive association between coffee consumption and coronary heart disease mortality.(5) This was probably due to a high consumption of boiled coffee in certain parts of Norway, as boiled coffee contains substances with a cholesterol-raising effect.”
ResultSelf-citationÁrvay, J., Šnirc, M., Hauptvogl, M., Bilčíková, J., Bobková, A., Demková, L., Hudáček, M., Hŕstková, M., Lošák, T., Král, M., et al. (2018) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-018-1519-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kim, S.-A., & Shin, S. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11122992 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“However, other studies reported that certain types of coffee increase all-cause mortality [11] and that coronary heart disease might be increased because coffee raises cholesterol concentrations [12].”
BackgroundCoffee consumption and the risk of venous thromboembolism: the Tromsø study
Enga, K. F., Brækkan, S. K., Hansen-Krone, I. J., Wilsgaard, T., & Hansen, J. (2011) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04353.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The cholesterol-raising effect of coffee in the Syrian hamster
Sanders, T. A. B., & Sandaradura, S. (1992) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19920100 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
Prasad, K. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1190-7_6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Coffee and cardiovascular risk; an epidemiological study
Bak, A. A. A. (1990) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Thompson, W. G. (1994) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-199407000-00011 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sex differences in gamma-glutamyltransferase in people aged 40–42 years in two Norwegian counties
Skurtveit, S. O., & Tverdal, A. (2002) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00015-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationCholinomimetic compound distinct from caffeine contained in coffee. II: Muscarinic actions
Tse, S. Y. H. (1992) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.2600810512 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Stensvold, I., & Tverdal, A. (1995) · Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine · doi:10.1177/140349489502300205 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationCoffee consumption and risk of acute myocardial infarction in Italian males
D'Avanzo, B., La Vecchia, C., Tognoni, G., Franceschi, S., Grazia Franzosi, M., Nobili, A., Santoro, L., & Scarsi, G. (1993) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(93)90081-e · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Acute effect of coffee drinking on dynamic cerebral autoregulation
Sasaki, H., Hirasawa, A., Washio, T., & Ogoh, S. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3345-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Indeed, a prospective study has reported that coffee drinking was related to the incidence of cardiovascular disease, in particular coronary heart disease (Coffee drinking and acute myocardial infarction. Report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program 1972; Klatsky et al. 1990; LaCroix et al. 1986; LeG…”
Background
- Authors
- Tverdal, A., Stensvold, I., Solvoll, K., Foss, O. P., Lund-Larsen, P., & Bjartveit, K.
- ORCID
- Tverdal, A
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1990-03-03
- Volume
- 300
- Issue
- 6724
- Pages
- 566-569
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- OpenAlex
- W2028764330
- Cited by
- 157
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 12.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- coffee consumption, coronary heart disease mortality, serum cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, cardiovascular risk factors, middle-aged adults, sex differences, relative risk, cardiovascular screening
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, Coffee, Coronary Disease, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Middle Aged, Norway, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking, Proportional Hazards Models
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