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Cited by 163Coffee research and impactsAlcohol Consumption and Health EffectsNutritional Studies and Diet

A meta‐analysis of coffee, myocardial infarction, and coronary death

Greenland, Sander·1993·Epidemiology
DOI 10.1097/00001648-199307000-00013
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Abstract

This paper presents a meta-analysis of 22 studies of coffee use and myocardial infarction or coronary death. In the eight case-control studies, a fairly homogeneous increased risk was found among coffee users (geometric mean rate ratio of 1.42 for 5 cups per day vs none, with 95% confidence limits of 1.30, 1.55, homogeneity P-value of 0.89). The 14 cohort studies tended to exhibit lower but very heterogeneous rate ratios, with a trend toward larger rate ratios in studies with longer follow-up periods and later publication dates (geometric mean rate ratio of 0.92 for the five cohort studies published up to 1981, 1.27 for the nine cohort studies published in 1986 or later; overall homogeneity P-value of 0.0008). The evidence thus remains ambiguous regarding both the existence and size of a coffee effect, and although a rate ratio of over 1.5 for 5 cups per day appears unlikely, stronger effects for 10-cup-per-day drinkers cannot be ruled out.

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  • Previous meta-analyses have consistently reported positive associations between habitual consumption of caffeine-containing foods and beverages, mostly coffee, and the risk of cardiovascular disease from case-control studies, but not from prospective cohort studies.

    “Previous meta-analyses have consistently reported positive associations between habitual consumption of caffeine-containing foods and beverages (mostly coffee) and the risk of CVD from case-control studies, but not from prospective cohort studies (Greenland, 1993;Kawachi et al., 1994;Sofi et al., 2007).”

    From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Greenland, 1993

  • Case-control studies, which are prone to recall bias and selection bias, tended to show a positive association between coffee consumption and CVD risk, whereas cohort studies generally showed a null association.

    “Case-control studies, which are prone to recall bias and selection bias, tended to show a positive association, whereas cohort studies generally showed a null association.10”

    From Long-Term Coffee Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and a Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies (2014) · cites this paper as [10]

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Authors
Greenland, S.
Affiliations
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author
Greenland, Sander
ORCID
Greenland, Sander
Venue
Epidemiology
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
1993-07
Volume
4
Issue
4
Pages
366-374
ISSN
1044-3983 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/00001648-199307000-00013
OpenAlex
W2039839041
Cited by
163
References
40
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
FWCI
1.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords
coffee consumption, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease mortality, cardiovascular risk, dose-response relationship
MeSH terms
California, Coffee, Female, Humans, Male, Myocardial Infarction, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Case-Control Studies

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