White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To summarise evidence on the association between white rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes and to quantify the potential dose-response relation. DESIGN: Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. DATA SOURCES: Searches of Medline and Embase databases for articles published up to January 2012 using keywords that included both rice intake and diabetes; further searches of references of included original studies. STUDY SELECTION: Included studies were prospective cohort studies that reported risk estimates for type 2 diabetes by rice intake levels. DATA SYNTHESIS: Relative risks were pooled using a random effects model; dose-response relations were evaluated using data from all rice intake categories in each study. RESULTS: Four articles were identified that included seven distinct prospective cohort analyses in Asian and Western populations for this study. A total of 13,284 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were ascertained among 352,384 participants with follow-up periods ranging from 4 to 22 years. Asian (Chinese and Japanese) populations had much higher white rice consumption levels than did Western populations (average intake levels were three to four servings/day versus one to two servings/week). The pooled relative risk was 1.55 (95% confidence interval 1.20 to 2.01) comparing the highest with the lowest category of white rice intake in Asian populations, whereas the corresponding relative risk was 1.12 (0.94 to 1.33) in Western populations (P for interaction=0.038). In the total population, the dose-response meta-analysis indicated that for each serving per day increment of white rice intake, the relative risk of type 2 diabetes was 1.11 (1.08 to 1.14) (P for linear trend<0.001). CONCLUSION: Higher consumption of white rice is associated with a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes, especially in Asian (Chinese and Japanese) populations.
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Certain plant foods, such as refined grains and sugar-sweetened beverages, are associated with higher cardio-metabolic risk.
“Additionally, in studies of vegetarian diets all plant foods are treated equally, even though certain plant foods, such as refined grains and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are associated with higher cardio-metabolic risk.(11–13)”
From Healthful and Unhealthful Plant-Based Diets and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in U.S. Adults (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In East Asian countries, white rice consumption is associated with a 55% higher T2DM risk.
“In East Asian countries, white rice consumption is associated with a 55% higher T2DM risk (111,112).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [111]
Carbohydrate refinement is common in HICs and increasing in LMIC.
“Carbohydrate refinement is common in HICs and increasing in LMIC (111,112).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [111]
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- Authors
- Hu, E. A., Pan, A., Malik, V., & Sun, Q.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Q.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2012-03-15
- Volume
- 344
- Issue
- mar15 3
- Pages
- e1454-e1454
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC3307808
- OpenAlex
- W2114596436
- Cited by
- 631
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 47.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K99HL098459)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- white rice consumption, type 2 diabetes, dietary risk factors, dose-response relationship, Asian populations, Chinese population, Japanese population, Western populations, rice consumption
- MeSH terms
- Australia, China, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Female, Humans, Japan, Male, Oryza, Risk Factors, Statistics as Topic, United States, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Databases, Bibliographic, Glycemic Index
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