Smoking and Age-Related Maculopathy: The Blue Mountains Eye Study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the associations between stage of age-related maculopathy (ARM) and current, past, and passive smoking. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 3654 subjects from a defined geographic area west of Sydney, Australia, identified subjects with late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and early ARM by ocular examination and detailed grading of retinal photographs. Interviewer-administered questionnaires provided data about smoking history for subjects and spouses. Logistic regression, adjusting for age and sex, and 2-way analysis of variance were used to assess associations. RESULTS: Current tobacco smoking was significantly associated with late AMD (odds ratio [OR], 3.92), including neovascular AMD (OR, 3.20) and geographic atrophy (OR, 4.54), and early ARM (OR, 1.75). Having ever smoked was significantly associated with late AMD (OR, 1.83) but not early ARM. Passive smoking was associated with increased but insignificant odds for late AMD. The risk was slightly higher among women compared with men for most exposure categories. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide convincing evidence that smoking may be causally associated with ARM. The strongest risk was found for current smokers, suggesting potential benefits of targeting education to older people who are current smokers and have signs of early ARM.
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Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration, confirmed by case-control, population-based, and prospective studies.
“Results from a number of case-control studies,28–33 population-based studies,34–36 and prospective studies of both physicians37 and nurses38 strongly confirm cigarette smoking as a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration.”
From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Smith, W.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Wayne
- ORCID
- Smith, Wayne
- Venue
- Archives of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1996-12-01
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1518
- ISSN
- 0003-9950 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2075115814
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- smoking, age-related maculopathy, age-related macular degeneration, neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy, passive smoking, tobacco use, fundus images, sex differences, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Australia, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Smoking, Odds Ratio
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