Cited by 1,737Mental Health Treatment and AccessTreatment of Major DepressionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 24 of the 68 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States

Open access

Hasin, Deborah S., Sarvet, Aaron L., Meyers, Jacquelyn L., Saha, Tulshi D., Ruan, W. June, Stohl, Malka, Grant, Bridget F.·2018·JAMA Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602PMC PMC5875313

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Abstract

Importance: No US national data are available on the prevalence and correlates of DSM-5-defined major depressive disorder (MDD) or on MDD specifiers as defined in DSM-5. Objective: To present current nationally representative findings on the prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidity, functioning, and treatment of DSM-5 MDD and initial information on the prevalence, severity, and treatment of DSM-5 MDD severity, anxious/distressed specifier, and mixed-features specifier, as well as cases that would have been characterized as bereavement in DSM-IV. Design, Setting, and Participants: In-person interviews with a representative sample of US noninstitutionalized civilian adults (≥18 years) (n = 36 309) who participated in the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III (NESARC-III). Data were collected from April 2012 to June 2013 and were analyzed in 2016-2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Prevalence of DSM-5 MDD and the DSM-5 specifiers. Odds ratios (ORs), adjusted ORs (aORs), and 95% CIs indicated associations with demographic characteristics and other psychiatric disorders. Results: Of the 36 309 adult participants in NESARC-III, 12-month and lifetime prevalences of MDD were 10.4% and 20.6%, respectively. Odds of 12-month MDD were significantly lower in men (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.46-0.55) and in African American (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.54-0.68), Asian/Pacific Islander (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.45-0.67), and Hispanic (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.62-0.78) adults than in white adults and were higher in younger adults (age range, 18-29 years; OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.48-3.55) and those with low incomes ($19 999 or less; OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.49-2.04). Associations of MDD with psychiatric disorders ranged from an aOR of 2.1 (95% CI, 1.84-2.35) for specific phobia to an aOR of 5.7 (95% CI, 4.98-6.50) for generalized anxiety disorder. Associations of MDD with substance use disorders ranged from an aOR of 1.8 (95% CI, 1.63-2.01) for alcohol to an aOR of 3.0 (95% CI, 2.57-3.55) for any drug. Most lifetime MDD cases were moderate (39.7%) or severe (49.5%). Almost 70% with lifetime MDD had some type of treatment. Functioning among those with severe MDD was approximately 1 SD below the national mean. Among 12.9% of those with lifetime MDD, all episodes occurred just after the death of someone close and lasted less than 2 months. The anxious/distressed specifier characterized 74.6% of MDD cases, and the mixed-features specifier characterized 15.5%. Controlling for severity, both specifiers were associated with early onset, poor course and functioning, and suicidality. Conclusions and Relevance: Among US adults, DSM-5 MDD is highly prevalent, comorbid, and disabling. While most cases received some treatment, a substantial minority did not. Much remains to be learned about the DSM-5 MDD specifiers in the general population.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602

Cites

106 of 106 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

24 of 68 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Demographic correlates were consistent with previous surveys.2,5”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Results (page not available in our copy) identify sociodemographic correlates of major depressive episodes in adolescents and young adults. The Discussion says the larger increase among girls than boys aligns with past studies, but it does not establish that the demographic correlates overall were consistent with previous surveys. The paper reports major depressive episodes, rather than MDD diagnoses. (LLM, conf=0.82)
  cites [2] 2. Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(6):pii:e20161878. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder was assoc iated w ith SUDs, particularly drug disorders, as found previously for cannabis, 40,62 nonmedical prescription opioids, 5,57,63 and drug use disorders.41”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [40] 40. Grant BF, Saha TD, Ruan WJ, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(1): 39-47.
- Supported
  This source is cited for the nonmedical prescription opioid example, not for every substance use disorder in the sentence. The Results (‘The self-medication pathway,’ Table 3) report that baseline MDD was associated with incident opioid disorder due to nonmedical prescription opioid use after adjustment for other disorders and substance use. (LLM, conf=0.91)
  cites [62] 62. Martins SS, Fenton MC, Keyes KM, Blanco C, Zhu H, Storr CL. Mood/anxiety disorders and their association with non-medical prescription opioid use and prescription opioid use disorder: longitudinal evidence from the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychol Med. 2012;42(6):1261-1272. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] 57. Mehta K, Kramer H, Durazo-Arvizu R, Cao G, Tong L, Rao M. Depression in the US population during the time periods surrounding the Great Recession. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(4):e499-e504. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Compton WM, Han B, Jones CM, Blanco C, Hughes A. Marijuana use and use disorders in adults in the USA, 2002-14. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(10): 954-964. source
- Partly supported
  The Results > Comorbidity section (page unavailable) reports an association between nonmedical prescription opioid use and major depressive disorder, limited to 12-month MDD. It does not report that MDD was associated with nonmedical prescription opioid use disorder, or establish that the association was particularly strong for drug disorders. (LLM, conf=0.86)
  cites [41] 41. Saha TD, Kerridge BT, Goldstein RB, et al. Nonmedical prescription opioid use and DSM-5 nonmedical prescription opioid use disorder in the United States. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(6):772-780. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the increases in depression and suicide that have accompanied growing income inequality suggest that the relationship of low income to MDD is due to stress from inadequate financial resources for life necessities or pessimism about improved future prospects.1”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Discussion (page unavailable) suggests that economic insecurity may be tied to rising suicide and describes concern about not being better off than one’s parents. It does not establish that low income causes MDD, identify inadequate resources for necessities as the mechanism, or show that depression rose with income inequality. (LLM, conf=0.82)
  cites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“With increasingly positive attitudes toward substance use [64][65][66] and increasing rates of adult SUDs and associated problems, 24,41,42,[67][68][69] MDD comorbidity with SUDs remains a substantial public health 24,70 and economic 16 burden.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [24] 24. Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Saha TD, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015; 72(8):757-766.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] 70. Bonn-Miller MO, Boden MT, Bucossi MM, Babson KA. Self-reported cannabis use characteristics, patterns and helpfulness among medical cannabis users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2014;40(1):23-30. source
- Partly supported
  The Discussion reports a substantial economic burden among people with MDD and attributes a large share to comorbid conditions. The Demographics section identifies alcohol and drug abuse as comorbidities, but the paper does not isolate the economic burden of MDD comorbid with substance use disorders. In the citing sentence, this source is attached to the economic-burden claim; the public-health claim has separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.83)
  cites [16] 16. Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, Pike CT, Kessler RC. The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010). J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(2): 155-162. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“O ver the past 25 years, the US prevalence of adolescent and adult depression indicators has increased.1,2”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Midlife Morbidity section reports that serious psychological distress increased among white non-Hispanic adults aged 45–54 between 1997–1999 and 2011–2013. It does not establish an increase in depression indicators among adolescents or the broader US adult population, nor does that comparison span 25 years. (LLM, conf=0.88)
  cites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Partly supported
  The Abstract and Results report increased 12-month major depressive episode prevalence among US adolescents and young adults from 2005 to 2014. The study does not establish a 25-year trend or an increase among adults generally; the Discussion says the increase was limited to ages 12–20, with no change at ages 21–25. (LLM, conf=0.91)
  cites [2] 2. Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(6):pii:e20161878. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Test-retest reliability of AUDADIS-5 DSM-5 MDD was fair 29 (κ = 0.40) 26”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Key Points
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [26] 26. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). https://niaaa.nih.gov/research/nesarc-III. Accessed October 5, 2017.
- Partly supported
  The Introduction says AUDADIS-5 mood and anxiety disorders had test–retest reliability comparable to AUDADIS-IV, but gives no κ = 0.40 for DSM-5 MDD. Its κ = 0.40–0.65 range refers to AUDADIS-IV diagnoses. The Results (§3.2) instead report AUDADIS-5/PRISM-5 concordance, a different comparison. (LLM, conf=0.86)
  cites [29] 29. Hasin DS, Shmulewitz D, Stohl M, et al. Procedural validity of the AUDADIS-5 depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder modules. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;152:246-256. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,006
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder was associated with other psychiatric disorders, especially generalized anxiety disorder and borderline personality disorder, associations found in previous studies.5,[46][47][48][49]”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] 46. Yoshimatsu K, Palmer B. Depression in patients with borderline personality disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014;22(5):266-273. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] 47. Richman MJ, Unoka Z. Mental state decoding impairment in major depression and borderline personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;207(6): 483-489. source
- Partly supported
  The Introduction describes major depressive disorder as comorbid with other mental disorders, and the Results and Discussion identify borderline personality disorder and anxiety disorders as relevant to its persistence. The paper does not single out generalized anxiety disorder as an especially strong association; the Results instead name specific phobia and panic disorder as predictors of persistence. Its main finding concerns the course of MDD, not a ranking of disorders associated with MDD generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
  cites [48] 48. Skodol AE, Grilo CM, Keyes KM, Geier T, Grant BF, Hasin DS. Relationship of personality disorders to the course of major depressive disorder in a nationally representative sample. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(3):257-264. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Could not verify
  The Methods > Measures section identifies MDD and GAD as separate study outcomes, and the Results relate each to the gender wage gap; neither reports an association between MDD and GAD. Searches for MDD–GAD comorbidity and borderline personality disorder found no passage addressing the claimed associations. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
  cites [49] 49. Platt J, Prins S, Bates L, Keyes K. Unequal depression for equal work? how the wage gap explains gendered disparities in mood disorders. Soc Sci Med. 2016;149:1-8. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Data were adjusted for oversampling and nonresponse and weighted to represent the US civilian population based on the 2012 American Community Survey.25”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Sample and Procedures
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Methods (Section 2.1 Sample; page unavailable) identify the target as the US non-institutionalized civilian adult population and describe higher selection probabilities for minority respondents. The paper reports response rates, but our copy does not say that the data were adjusted for oversampling or nonresponse, or weighted using the 2012 American Community Survey. (LLM, conf=0.82)
  cites [25] 25. Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Smith SM, et al. The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5 (AUDADIS-5): reliability of substance use and psychiatric disorder modules in a general population sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;148:27-33. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The likelihood that NESARC-III indicates valid increases in prevalence is supported by the coherence of its results with 6 other reports showing national increases in depression indicators 1,2 (also Katherine M. Keyes, PhD, written communication, January 2, 2018) and suicidality.1,86,91,92”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Significance section reports rising suicide mortality from 1999 to 2013 across all four US census regions, but specifically among white non-Hispanics aged 45–54. This supports the cited paper as one report of an increase in a suicidality-related outcome; it does not establish a population-wide increase in suicidality or validate NESARC-III prevalence estimates. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
  cites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Supported
  The Results report a national increase in 12-month major depressive episodes among US adolescents and young adults from 2005 to 2014. The Discussion also notes recent US suicide-trend data, though suicidality was not measured in this study. The source supports its role as one of the reports cited; the inference about NESARC-III’s validity is the citing authors’ own. (LLM, conf=0.87)
  cites [2] 2. Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(6):pii:e20161878. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] 86. Fahimi M, Link M, Mokdad A, Schwartz DA, Levy P. Tracking chronic disease and risk behavior prevalence as survey participation declines. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(3):A80.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] 91. Olfson M, Wang S, Blanco C. National trends in hospital-treated self-harm events among middle-aged adults. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2015; 37(6):613-619. source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [92]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The likelihood of treatment for depression is reduced in those with SUDs.79”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verify
  The Statistical Analyses section examines depression treatment by sociodemographic characteristics and psychological distress, not substance use disorder. The Discussion identifies low treatment likelihood among racial and ethnic minorities but does not address whether substance use disorders reduce the likelihood of depression treatment. Searches for substance use disorders, SUDs, and alcohol or drug dependence found no passage establishing the claimed association. (LLM, conf=0.74)
  cites [79] 79. Olfson M, Blanco C, Marcus SC. Treatment of adult depression in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(10):1482-1491. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes

Show all 75 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 25
Probably not a substantial claim. 15
The quote only partly states this claim. 15

Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder was more prevalent among women, possibly related to gender discrimination, 50 differential exposure to childhood or adult adversities 51 such as sexual abuse, 52 differential exposure to a complex host of different developmentally organized risk factors, 53 or biologically different stress responses.54”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Disputed
  Citation 51 is attached to differential exposure to childhood or adult adversities as a possible explanation for higher depression prevalence among women. The Results section, “Prevalence of Childhood Adversities and Stressful Life Events” (page unavailable), says childhood-adversity exposure was similar among men and women and found no gender differences in the prevalence of minor or major life events. The Discussion considers differences in event severity, but does not offer differential exposure as an explanation for higher depression prevalence among women. (LLM, conf=0.87)
  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
  cites [50] 50. McLaughlin KA, Conron KJ, Koenen KC, Gilman SE. Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder. Psychol Med. 2010;40(10):1647-1658. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] 51. Weiss EL, Longhurst JG, Mazure CM. Childhood sexual abuse as a risk factor for depression in women: psychosocial and neurobiological correlates. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(6):816-828. source
- Partly supported
  Citation 53 attaches to the proposed role of developmentally organized risk factors. The Discussion reports sex differences across developmental tiers of the model, supporting that part of the claim. It describes differences in the factors’ effects on depression risk, however, rather than showing that differential exposure to those factors explains the higher prevalence of depression among women. (LLM, conf=0.84)
  cites [52] 52. Kendler KS, Gardner CO. Sex differences in the pathways to major depression: a study of opposite-sex twin pairs. Am J Psychiatry. 2014; 171(4):426-435. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD was associated with impairment, 3,4 psychiatric and substance use disorders (SUDs), [5][6][7][8][9] poor health, 10,11 mortality, 12 disease and economic burden, 12 and disability-years.[13][14][15][16]”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Discussion reports worse functioning during depression and improvement after recovery, supporting the impairment portion of the sentence. However, the Diagnostic instrument section specifies DSM-III-R diagnoses, not the DSM-IV diagnosis named in the claim. The other outcomes are attached to different citations in the citing sentence and are not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
  cites [3] 3. Spijker J, Graaf R, Bijl RV, Beekman AT, Ormel J, Nolen WA. Functional disability and depression in the general population: results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004; 110(3):208-214. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [4] 4. Kessler RC, Bromet EJ. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annu Rev Public Health. 2013;34:119-138.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] 6. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. JAMA. 1990;264(19): 2511-2518. source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [7] 7. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(1):8-19.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. Grant BF, Harford TC. Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995;39(3):197-206. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al; National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289(23):3095-3105. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] 10. Goldstein BI, Carnethon MR, Matthews KA, et al; American Heart Association Atherosclerosis; Hypertension and Obesity in Youth Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder predispose youth to accelerated atherosclerosis and early cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2015; 132(10):965-986. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] 11. Vancampfort D, Mitchell AJ, De Hert M, et al. Type 2 diabetes in patients with major depressive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32(10):763-773. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Impaired functioning was assessed with version 2 of the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12v2), a reliable, valid, widely used measure of impairment in the prior 30 days.39”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Impairment
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Method > Disability/Impairment passage describes the SF-12v2 as a widely used measure of current disability and says the study used it to assess functioning. It does not specify a prior-30-day period or state that the SF-12v2 is reliable and valid; the reliability and validity statements in Method > Assessments concern a different interview. (LLM, conf=0.87)
  cites [39] 39. Hasin DS, Kerridge BT, Saha TD, et al. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, 2012-2013: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(6):588-599. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This study found association between low income and 12-month MDD, consistent with other studies conducted within the last 3 years.1,57,58”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verify
  The Midlife Morbidity section reports trends in psychological distress among white non-Hispanic adults aged 45–54. The Discussion considers possible ties between economic insecurity and worsening health, but neither passage reports an association between low income and 12-month major depressive disorder. Searches for MDD, low income, and depression did not locate that finding in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
  cites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] 57. Mehta K, Kramer H, Durazo-Arvizu R, Cao G, Tong L, Rao M. Depression in the US population during the time periods surrounding the Great Recession. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(4):e499-e504. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Galea S, Annas GJ. Aspirations and strategies for public health. JAMA. 2016;315(7):655-656. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that efforts to selfmanage depression with cannabis are increasing [71][72][73][74][75] (also Aaron L. Sarvet, MPH, written communication, January 2, 2018) despite lack of evidence that cannabinoids are effective for this purpose 76,77 ; prospectively, cannabis worsens the course of depressive disorders.78”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Results (Comorbidities) report that respondents used cannabis to manage depression, supporting the self-management part of the cited clause. This cross-sectional study does not establish that such efforts are increasing over time. The statements about effectiveness and the prospective course of depression have separate citations and are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
  cites [71] 71. Corroon JM Jr, Mischley LK, Sexton M. Cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs. J Pain Res. 2017;10:989-998. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Partly supported
  The Results section, “Applicants’ Self Reports of the Therapeutic Benefits of Marijuana” (page unavailable), reports that 26.1% of applicants said they used marijuana for relief of depression. That supports the self-management portion of the clause to which this source is cited, but the paper does not establish that such efforts are increasing. The separate claims about efficacy and the prospective course of depression carry different citations in the citing sentence and are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
  cites [72] 72. Nunberg H, Kilmer B, Pacula RL, Burgdorf J. An analysis of applicants presenting to a medical marijuana specialty practice in California. J Drug Policy Anal. 2011;4(1):pii:1. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] 73. Bradford AC, Bradford WD. Medical marijuana laws may be associated with a decline in the number of prescriptions for Medicaid enrollees. Health Aff (Millwood). 2017;36(5):945-951. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] 74. Bradford AC, Bradford WD. Medical marijuana laws reduce prescription medication use in Medicare Part D. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35(7): 1230-1236. source
- Supported
  The citation to this review supports the clause about lack of evidence that cannabinoids treat depression. The Depression section reports that no treatment studies met the inclusion criteria and that three studies assessing depression as an outcome found no difference from placebo. The separate claims about increasing self-management and the prospective course of depressive disorders have other citations. (LLM, conf=0.93)
  cites [75] 75. Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, et al. Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;313(24):2456-2473. source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [76] 76. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2017.
- Supported
  Citation 78 supports the final clause of the citing sentence, not its separate claims about self-management or cannabinoid efficacy. The Results report that marijuana use worsened depression symptoms over six months, and the Discussion describes poorer recovery among psychiatry outpatients with depression. (LLM, conf=0.90)
  cites [77] 77. Bahorik AL, Leibowitz A, Sterling SA, Travis A, Weisner C, Satre DD. Patterns of marijuana use among psychiatry patients with depression and its impact on recovery. J Affect Disord. 2017;213:168-171. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] 78. Han B, Olfson M, Mojtabai R. Depression care among depressed adults with and without comorbid substance use disorders in the United States. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34(3):291-300. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The NESARC-III treatment rates are plausible given the extent of direct-toconsumer advertising of antidepressants 83 and widespread distribution through primary care.79”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] 83. Qaseem A, Barry MJ, Kansagara D; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Nonpharmacologic versus pharmacologic treatment of adult patients with major depressive disorder: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(5):350-359. source
- Supported
  Citation 79 is attached to the primary-care part of the sentence, not the advertising part. The Health Care Professionals section reports that 73.3% of patients treated for depression were treated exclusively by general medical professionals and that most patients treated by that group received antidepressants. This supports the claim of widespread provision through primary care; the paper does not need to establish the separate advertising claim attributed to citation 83. (LLM, conf=0.91)
  cites [79] 79. Olfson M, Blanco C, Marcus SC. Treatment of adult depression in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(10):1482-1491. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Of participants with lifetime DSM-5 MDD, 69.4% received any treatment for their disorder, slightly higher than in the 2001-2002 NESARC (60.6%).5”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“were higher in younger adults (age range, 18-29 years; OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.48-3.55)”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 MDD Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates · plain
  “Compared with respondents 65 years or older, odds of 12month MDD were greater for younger age groups.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“those with low incomes ($19 999 or less; OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.49-2.04)”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 MDD Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates · plain
  “Compared with the highest income category ($70 000 or higher), odds of 12-month MDD were greater in each successively lower household income category”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the mixed-features specifier characterized 15.5%.”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 Specifiers and Bereavement · plain
  “the mixed-features specifier characterized 15.5% of those with lifetime MDD”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Controlling for severity, both specifiers were associated with early onset, poor course and functioning, and suicidality.”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 Specifiers and Bereavement · plain
  “Both specifiers were significantly associated with earlier onset, number of episodes, longest duration, severity, MDD treatment overall and by type, suicidality, and poorer SF-12v2 scores.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, NESARC-III response rates compare favorably with other recent national health surveys.[86][87][88]”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [86] 86. Fahimi M, Link M, Mokdad A, Schwartz DA, Levy P. Tracking chronic disease and risk behavior prevalence as survey participation declines. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(3):A80.
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [87] 87. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Methodological Summary and Definitions. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2016.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] 88. Simon NM, Shear KM, Thompson EH, et al. The prevalence and correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in individuals with complicated grief. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(5):395-399. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This result is higher than the treatment rate in one recent study 80 that used less specific measures to identify depression but is consistent with rates from other studies published in the last 4 years.81,82”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] 80. Olfson M, Kroenke K, Wang S, Blanco C. Trends in office-based mental health care provided by psychiatrists and primary care physicians. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(3):247-253. source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [81] 81. Han B, Hedden S, Lipari R, Copello E, Kroutil L. Receipt of Services for Behavioral Health Problems: Results From the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2015.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] 82. Avery RJ, Eisenberg MD, Simon KI. The impact of direct-to-consumer television and magazine advertising on antidepressant use. J Health Econ. 2012;31(5):705-718. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, dual-focused treatment is more effective when 2 disorders are present.70”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] 70. Bonn-Miller MO, Boden MT, Bucossi MM, Babson KA. Self-reported cannabis use characteristics, patterns and helpfulness among medical cannabis users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2014;40(1):23-30. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Also, as noted, 85 DSM-5 left differentiating MDD from normal bereavement to clinical judgment.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [85] 85. Curtin SC, Warner M, Hedegaard H. Increase in suicide in the United States, 1999-2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2016;(241):1-8.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.

48 of 48

The paper relies on this without support.
National epidemiologic information on major depressive disorder is limited to pre-DSM-5 studies conducted more than 15 years ago.
“However, national epidemiologic information on major depressive disorder (MDD) is limited to pre-DSM-5 studies conducted more than 15 years ago.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The proportion of MDD cases diagnosed as positive after bereavement has not been studied.
“the proportion of MDD cases diagnosed as positive after bereavement has also not been studied.”
The paper relies on this without support.
DSM-IV and DSM-5 include a severity specifier (mild, moderate, or severe) that had not previously been examined in national data.
“The DSM-IV and DSM-5 include a severity specifier (mild, moderate, or severe) not previously examined in national data.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DSM-5 does not state the number of MDD symptoms required for each severity level.
“The DSM-5 does not state the number of MDD symptoms required for each severity level, so these levels were defined as follows: mild is 5 symptoms (minimum for a diagnosis), moderate is 6 to 7 symptoms, and severe is 8 to 9 symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DSM-5 states that distress and impairment should increase across severity levels but without clear definitions.
“The DSM-5 also states that distress and impairment should increase across levels but without clear definitions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DSM-5 suggests incorporation of distress and impairment levels into the severity classifications but defines these vaguely.
“The DSM-5 also suggests incorporation of distress and impairment levels into the severity classifications but defines these vaguely.”

6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Reported median falls below its implied duration category
Minor
For participants whose MDD began in the past 12 months, 38.35% had a longest episode of 8 weeks or less, and 53.07% had one of 12 weeks or less. The median must therefore be in the 9-12-week category, not 8.81 weeks.

1 of 1

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148
Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
The Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 · Cited by 7,988
Selective Cortical Undercutting As a Means of Modifying and Studying Frontal Lobe Function in Man
Scoville, W. B. (1949) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1949.6.1.0065 · Cited by 7,374
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Vos, T., Barber, R. M., Bell, B., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Biryukov, S., Bolliger, I., Charlson, F., Davis, A., Degenhardt, L., Dicker, D., et al. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4 · Cited by 6,414
Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys
Moussavi, S., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Tandon, A., Patel, V., & Ustun, B. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61415-9 · Cited by 4,070
Comorbidity of Mental Disorders With Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse: Results From the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study
Regier, D. A. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450190043026 · Cited by 3,962
Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in the United States: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Ogburn, E., & Grant, B. F. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.830 · Cited by 2,908
Self-citation
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Raber, G., & Spokas, M. (2024) · doi:10.4135/9781071886229.n145 · Cited by 2,806

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 113 references

7 of the 113 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 12

[8]8. Grant BF, Harford TC. Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995;39(3):197-206.
[11]11. Vancampfort D, Mitchell AJ, De Hert M, et al. Type 2 diabetes in patients with major depressive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32(10):763-773.
[13]13. Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, Tandon A, Patel V, Ustun B. Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health. Lancet. 2007;370(9590): 851-858.
[22]22. Targum SD, Suppes T, Pendergrass JC, et al. Major depressive disorder with subthreshold hypomania (mixed features). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2016; 68:9-14.
[23]23. Goldberg JF, Ng-Mak D, Siu C, Chuang CC, Rajagopalan K, Loebel A. Remission and recovery associated with lurasidone in the treatment of major depressive disorder with subthreshold hypomanic symptoms (mixed features). CNS Spectr. 2017;22(2):220-227.
[29]29. Hasin DS, Shmulewitz D, Stohl M, et al. Procedural validity of the AUDADIS-5 depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder modules. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;152:246-256.
[50]50. McLaughlin KA, Conron KJ, Koenen KC, Gilman SE. Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder. Psychol Med. 2010;40(10):1647-1658.
[53]53. Zorn JV, Schür RR, Boks MP, Kahn RS, Joëls M, Vinkers CH. Cortisol stress reactivity across psychiatric disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;77:25-36.
[63]63. Compton WM, Han B, Jones CM, Blanco C, Hughes A. Marijuana use and use disorders in adults in the USA, 2002-14. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(10): 954-964.
[65]65. Pacek LR, Mauro PM, Martins SS. Perceived risk of regular cannabis use in the United States from 2002 to 2012. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015; 149:232-244.
[71]71. Corroon JM Jr, Mischley LK, Sexton M. Cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs. J Pain Res. 2017;10:989-998.
[86]86. Fahimi M, Link M, Mokdad A, Schwartz DA, Levy P. Tracking chronic disease and risk behavior prevalence as survey participation declines. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(3):A80.

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 1,734

Factors influencing cognitive reactivity among young adults at high risk for depression in China: a cross-sectional study
Huang, F., Wen, Z. P., Li, Q., Chen, B., & Weng, W. J. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08845-9 · Cited by 12
The mediating role of tolerance for psychological pain in the relationship of childhood trauma to suicidal ideation in individuals with a substance use disorder
Martins, L. C., Campos, R. C., & Morujão, I. S. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12338 · Cited by 13
Abnormal Dynamic Functional Connectivity of the Left Rostral Hippocampus in Predicting Antidepressant Efficacy in Major Depressive Disorder
Xue, S., Kuai, C., Xiao, Y., Zhao, L., & Lan, Z. (2022) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0386 · Cited by 11
Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression Moderate the Association Between Social Anxiety and Depression
Judah, M. R., Milam, A. L., Hager, N., Webb, T. N., Hamrick, H. C., & Meca, A. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-09971-x · Cited by 13
“Whereas SAD most commonly emerges during adolescence, MDD typically begins during early or middle adulthood (Hasin et al., 2018; Kessler et al., 2012; Stein et al., 2017).”
Efficacy of Virtual Care for Depressive Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Schiller, C. E., Prim, J., Bauer, A. E., Lux, L. J., Lundegard, L. C., Kang, M., Hellberg, S. N., Thompson, K. A., Webber, T. K., Teklezghi, A. T., et al. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/38955 · Cited by 13
“Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) was over 20% for adults in the United States [1], and the majority (71”
A randomized pilot study of the prophylactic effect of ketamine on laboratory-induced stress in healthy adults
Costi, S., Evers, A. G., Jha, M. K., Klein, M., Overbey, J., Goosens, K. A., Burgess, J., Alvarez, K., Feder, A., Charney, D. S., et al. (2022) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100505 · Cited by 12
Prevalence and Correlates of Adverse Mental Health Outcomes among Male and Female Black Emerging Adults with a History of Exposure (Direct versus Indirect) to Police Use of Force
Motley, R., Chen, Y., & Motley, J. D. (2023) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/svad005 · Cited by 12
Cold water swimming as an add-on treatment for depression: a feasibility study
Hjorth, P., Sikjaer, M., Løkke, A., Jørgensen, A., Jørgensen, N., Kaasgaard, D. M., & Rasmussen, M. (2023) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2023.2228290 · Cited by 9
“Worldwide, more than 340 million people are affected by depression and around 20% of the US population will meet the criteria for MDD in their lifetime [1].”
Background
Personalized, parcel‐guided rTMS for the treatment of major depressive disorder: Safety and proof of concept
Tang, S. J., Holle, J., Dadario, N. B., Lesslar, O., Teo, C., Ryan, M., Sughrue, M. E., & Yeung, J. T. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3268 · Cited by 11
“Eleven patients (patients 1, 7, 13, 15–19, 21, 24, and 25) were diagnosed with both MDD with GAD.”
Background
Integrated treatment for patients with comorbid depression and personality disorders
Van, H. L., & Kool, M. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000557 · Cited by 11
Alcohol Use Disorder Is Differently Associated With Psychotic Symptoms According To Underlying Psychiatric Disorders: A General Population Study
Pignon, B., Sescousse, G., Amad, A., Benradia, I., Vaïva, G., Thomas, P., Geoffroy, P. A., Roelandt, J.-L., & Rolland, B. (2019) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agz077 · Cited by 16
Depressive Symptom Severity and Immigration-Related Characteristics in Asian American Immigrants
Lee, M., Bhimla, A., & Grace, X. (2020) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-020-01004-7 · Cited by 11
“4%) separately based on the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III (NESARC-III) conducted in 2012–2013 [2].”
Method
Spirituality, religion, and mood disorders
Mosqueiro, B. P., Pinto, A. D. R., & Moreira‐Almeida, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816766-3.00001-x · Cited by 12
Explaining the Black-white depression paradox: Interrogating the Environmental Affordances Model
Pamplin, J. R., Kezios, K., Hayes‐Larson, E., Keyes, K. M., Susser, E., Factor-Litvak, P. R., Link, B. G., & Bates, L. M. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113869 · Cited by 11
United States national trends in prevalence of major depressive episode and co-occurring suicidal ideation and treatment resistance among adults
Voelker, J., Kuvadia, H., Cai, Q., Wang, K., Daly, E., Pesa, J. A., Connolly, N., Sheehan, J. J., & Wilkinson, S. T. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100172 · Cited by 12
Depressive symptoms in older adult couples: Associations with dyadic physical health, social engagement, and close friends
Miller, L. M., Steele, J. S., Wu, C., Kaye, J. A., Dodge, H. H., Gonzales, M. M., & Lyons, K. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.989182 · Cited by 11
“Cross-sectional data from community-dwelling older adult couples in the Paciﬁc Northwest region of the United States (primarily Portland, Oregon and surrounding areas) who participated in observational studies between the years of 2011– 2019 were included in this secondary analysis.”
BackgroundInfluential
Association between major depressive disorder and subsequent tinnitus: A population-based study
Kao, L., Shih, J., Yeh, C., Wang, C., Chen, H., Chien, W., & Li, I. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.141 · Cited by 11
The moderating effect of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone on the relation between sleep and depression or burnout
Rothe, N., Vogel, S., Schmelzer, K., Kirschbaum, C., Penz, M. S., Wekenborg, M., Gao, W., & Walther, A. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100051 · Cited by 11
“6% [25] and is therefore comparable to prevalence of sleep disorders.”
Background
Cardiovascular disease and mental health: a dangerous duo?
Borgi, M., Biondi‐Zoccai, G., Frati, G., & Peruzzi, M. (2023) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwad199 · Cited by 11
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depressive Disorders: Enhancing Access and Tailoring Interventions in Diverse Settings
Drüge, M., Guthardt, L., Haller, E., Michalak, J., & Apolinário-Hagen, J. (2024) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4402-2_11 · Cited by 11
The genetic relationship between cannabis use disorder, cannabis use and psychiatric disorders
Galimberti, M., Overstreet, C. M., Gupta, P., Beck, S., Dao, C., Deak, J. D., Zhou, H., Johnson, E. C., Arpana Agrawal, A., Stein, M. B., et al. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00440-4 · Cited by 12
Catastrophic health expenditure and the risk of depression among middle-aged and old people in China: a national population-based longitudinal study
Wang, Y., Liu, M., & Liu, J. (2023) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796023000240 · Cited by 10
“Some studies reported that compared with older adults, the prevalence of major depressive disorder was two times higher in younger adults (Hasin et al., 2018; Kessler et al., 2005).”
Result
Early adverse stress and depression severity: A pilot exploration of mediating psychological mechanisms
Martínez, P., Gloger, S., Dagnino, P., & de Medina, D. D. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000688 · Cited by 10
Antidepressant effects of dexmedetomidine compared with ECT in patients with treatment-resistant depression
Liu, Y., Hu, Q., Xu, S., Li, W., Liu, J., Han, L., Mao, H., Cai, F., Liu, Q., Zhu, R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.077 · Cited by 11
Current perspectives on tractography-guided deep brain stimulation for the treatment of mood disorders
Chan, J. L., Carpentier, A. V., Middlebrooks, E. H., Okun, M. S., & Wong, J. K. (2023) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2023.2289573 · Cited by 12
“In particular, major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric disorder, with lifetime prevalence estimates between 10–20% [2,3].”
Background
Drug-induced depressive symptoms: An update through the WHO pharmacovigilance database
Li, J., Zelmat, Y., Storck, W., Laforgue, E., Yrondi, A., Balcerac, A., Sommet, A., & Montastruc, F. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.119 · Cited by 11
Repeated cannabidiol treatment affects neuroplasticity and endocannabinoid signaling in the prefrontal cortex of the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rat model of depression.
Domingos, L. B., Müller, H. K., da Silva, N. R., Filiou, M. D., Nielsen, A. L., Guimarães, F. S., Wegener, G., & Joca, S. R. L. (2024) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109870 · Cited by 11
Understanding heterogeneity, comorbidity, and variability in depression: Idiographic models and depression outcomes
Cusack, C. E., Ralph‐Nearman, C., Christian, C., Fisher, A. J., & Levinson, C. A. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.034 · Cited by 19
Influence of early childhood parental hostility and socioeconomic stress on children’s internalizing symptom trajectories from childhood to adolescence
Williams, L., Oro, V., Blackwell, C. K., Liu, C., Miller, E. B., Ganiban, J. M., Neiderhiser, J. M., DeGarmo, D. S., Shaw, D. S., Chen, T., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1325506 · Cited by 12
“In the United States, depressive disorders directly affect more than 20 million people (8), have a lifetime prevalence of 20.6% (9), and are among the most frequently reported sequelae of other diseases and serious health conditions (10).”
BackgroundInfluential
P2X7 receptor: a potential target for treating comorbid anxiety and depression
Liu, J. H., Liu, T.-T., Mou, L., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Wang, Q., Deng, B.-L., & Liu, J. (2024) · Purinergic Signalling · doi:10.1007/s11302-024-10007-0 · Cited by 11
National trends and correlates of treatment resistance in major depressive episode and associated suicidal ideation and behaviors among adults in the United States
Rhee, T. G., Bommersbach, T. J., Rosenheck, R. A., Nierenberg, A. A., & McIntyre, R. S. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.044 · Cited by 15
Giving Organization Stakeholders Better Help: A Taxonomy for Making Sense of Workplace Mental Health Offerings
Thomas, B. J., Follmer, K. B., & Meglich, P. A. (2024) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011241256149 · Cited by 11
“In any given year, 20% – 29% will experience symptoms of a mental illness (Brouwers, 2020), and approximately 20% of adults will be diagnosed with a mental illness (Fronstin & Roebuck, 2022; Luciano & Meara, 2014), with 5% of adults grappling with serious mental illness (Hasin et al., 2018).”
Dose-dependent effects of transcranial photobiomodulation on brain temperature in patients with major depressive disorder: a spectroscopy study
Weerasekera, A., Coelho, D. R. A., Ratai, E., Collins, K. A., Puerto, A. M. H., Taboada, L. H. D., Gersten, M. B., Clancy, J. A., Hoptman, M. J., Irvin, M., et al. (2024) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-024-04198-6 · Cited by 11
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent mental health disorder that affects approximately 10% of the American population and is recognized as the third lead - ing cause of global disability [1 , 2 ].”
The association between metabolically healthy obesity and risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Deng, J., He, L., Zhang, L., Wang, J., Fu, Q., Ding, R., Lv, Y., Jiang, Y., Xiao, X., & Zhou, H. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-025-01741-5 · Cited by 13
“A common mood disorder, depression is clinically characterized by feelings of demoralization, signi ﬁ cant cognitive impairment, and decreased physical activity [2, 3].”
Real-World Impact of Pharmacogenomic Testing on Medication Use and Healthcare Resource Utilization in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
Tredici, A. L. D., Johnson, H. L., DeHart, W. B., Gutin, A., Morin, P. E., Kasten, C. R., Becker, L. K., Taber, K. J., Chawla, D., & Nierenberg, A. A. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001999 · Cited by 10
The Interactive Effects of Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Pregnancy on Late-Adolescent Depressive Symptoms
Russotti, J. M., Handley, E. D., Rogosch, F. A., Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00669-w · Cited by 10
The effects of perinatal fluoxetine exposure on emotionality behaviours and cortical and hippocampal glutamatergic receptors in female Sprague-Dawley and Wistar-Kyoto rats
Millard, S. J., Lum, J. S., Fernandez, F., Weston–Green, K., & Newell, K. A. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110174 · Cited by 11
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder: Insights into a New Generation of Face-to-Face Treatment and Digital Self-Help Approaches
Apolinário-Hagen, J., Drüge, M., Hennemann, S., & Breil, B. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_17 · Cited by 10
Modeling the onset of a depressive episode: A self-regulation perspective
Strauman, T. J. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.04.003 · Cited by 10
Engagement With Personalized Feedback for Emotional Distress Among College Students at Elevated Suicide Risk
Horwitz, A. G., Hong, V., Eisenberg, D., Zheng, K., Albucher, R. C., Coryell, W. H., Pistorello, J., Favorite, T., & King, C. A. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.10.001 · Cited by 11
Menstrual Changes and Reversal of Amenorrhea Induced by Classic Psychedelics: A Case Series
Gukasyan, N., & Narayan, S. K. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2022.2157350 · Cited by 10
“Phase II and III studies are currently underway to determine whether psilocybin may be a safe and effective treatment for major depressive disorder (Clinicaltrials.gov identifiers NCT04433858, NCT03866174), a condition with a lifetime prevalence of up to 20% (Hasin et al. 2018).”
Background
The lectin from Schinus terebinthifolia leaf (SteLL) reduces immobility of mice on the tail suspension test dependent on the monoaminergic and nitric oxide signaling
de Lima, B. R. F., Patriota, L. L. D. S., Marinho, A. D. O., da Costa, J. A., Napoleão, T. H., da Rosa, M. M., & Paiva, P. M. G. (2023) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137092 · Cited by 12
The clinical, economic, and patient‐centric burden of insomnia symptom severity in adults with major depressive disorder in the United States
Joshi, K., Cambron‐Mellott, M. J., Costantino, H., Pfau, A., & Jha, M. K. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3143 · Cited by 10
“Theestimated lifetimeprevalence ofMDD in the US is 20.6% (Hasin et al., 2018).”
Influential
In situ fNIRS measurements during cognitive behavioral emotion regulation training in rumination-focused therapy: A randomized-controlled trial
Laicher, H., Int-Veen, I., Woloszyn, L., Wiegand, A., Kroczek, A., Sippel, D., Leehr, E. J., Lawyer, G., Albasini, F., Frischholz, C., et al. (2023) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103525 · Cited by 12
“With a lifetime prevalence of up to 20 % (Bijl et al., 1998; Ebmeier et al., 2006; Hasin et al., 2018) and probably even rising prevalence rates (Vos et al., 2020a), major depressive disorder (MDD) is considered a leading contributor to the global burden of disease (Vos et al., 2020a; Vos et al.,…”
Background
The neural basis underlying female vulnerability to depressive disorders
Kim, M., Kim, W., & Chung, C. (2023) · Animal Cells and Systems · doi:10.1080/19768354.2023.2276815 · Cited by 13
“In other words, some stress response factors are sensitive to sex (Melartin et al. 2002; Oquendo et al. 2007; Marcus et al. 2008; Altemus et al. 2014; Salk et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Gender-Stratified Prevalence of Psychiatric and Pain Diagnoses in a Primary Care Patient Sample with Fibromyalgia
Wan, B. P., Gebauer, S., Salas, J., Jacobs, C. K., Breeden, M. A., & Scherrer, J. F. (2019) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnz084 · Cited by 11
Rural–urban health disparities for mood disorders and obesity in a midwestern community
Patten, C. A., Juhn, Y. J., Ryu, E., Wi, C., King, K. S., Bublitz, J. T., & Pignolo, R. J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1017/cts.2020.27 · Cited by 10
“Our results for prevalence of mood disorders are in contrast to prior work that found no differences based on location of residence [11,17,18].”
Causal explanations of depression on perceptions of and likelihood to choose cognitive behavioural therapy and antidepressant medications as depression treatments
Watson, L. M., & Beshai, S. (2020) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12300 · Cited by 12
Interest in Genetic Feedback for Alcohol Use Disorder and Related Substance Use and Psychiatric Outcomes among Young Adults
Driver, M. N., Kuo, S. I., Dick, D. M., & on behalf of the Spit for Science Working Group (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10121007 · Cited by 11
“High interest in these outcomes may reflect the high levels of internalizing symptoms reported in the sample (see Table 3) and more generally in emerging adults [37].”
Background
Spotlight on Pimavanserin Tartrate and Its Therapeutic Potential in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: The Evidence to Date
Soogrim, V., Ruberto, V. L., Murrough, J. W., & Jha, M. K. (2021) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s240862 · Cited by 12
“Vicki Soogrim1,* Valerie L Ruberto 1,* James Murrough1,2 Manish Kumar Jha 1,2 1Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; 2Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA *These…”
Background
The Role of Dynorphin and the Kappa Opioid Receptor in Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder: A Translational Approach
Clark, S. D. (2020) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2020_396 · Cited by 10
Comparison of risk of cardiovascular disease related adverse events between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor users and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor users in Korean adult patients with depression: retrospective cohort study.
Park, K., Kim, S., Ko, Y.-J., & Park, B. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113744 · Cited by 12
The Application of a Machine Learning-Based Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Approach in Major Depression
Na, K., & Kim, Y. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_4 · Cited by 13
Exploring real-world evidence to uncover unknown drug benefits and support the discovery of new treatment targets for depressive and bipolar disorders
Teneralli, R. E., Kern, D. M., Cepeda, M. S., Gilbert, J. P., & Drevets, W. C. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.096 · Cited by 10
The effect of combined sertraline and positive psychotherapy on hopelessness and suicidal ideation among patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial
Shaygan, M., Negad, S. S., & Motazedian, S. (2021) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2021.1913636 · Cited by 10
Cognitive behavioral therapy for depressive disorders: Outcomes from a multi-state, multi-site primary care practice
Bogucki, O. E., Craner, J. R., Berg, S. L., Miller, S., Wolsey, M. K., Smyth, K. T., Sedivy, S. J., Mack, J. D., Johnson, M. W., Burke, L. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.061 · Cited by 10
DIP: Natural history model for major depression with incidence and prevalence
Yildirim, M., Gaynes, B. N., Keskinocak, P., Pence, B. W., & Swann, J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.079 · Cited by 12
Technology-Assisted, Group-Based CBT for Rural Adults’ Depression: Open Pilot Trial Results
Weaver, A., Zhang, A., Landry, C., Hahn, J., McQuown, L., O’Donnell, L. A., Harrington, M. M., Buys, T., Tucker, K. M., Pfeiffer, P., et al. (2021) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315211044835 · Cited by 11
Depression and anxiety screening in emergency department patients with recurrent abdominal pain: An evidence synthesis for a clinical practice guideline
Silva, L. O. J. E., Prakken, S., Meltzer, A. C., Broder, J. S., Gerberi, D., Upadhye, S., Carpenter, C. R., & Bellolio, F. (2021) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.14394 · Cited by 10
Identification of Potential Diagnoses Based on Immune Infiltration and Autophagy Characteristics in Major Depressive Disorder
Sun, Y., Li, J., Wang, L., Cong, T., Zhai, X., Li, L., Wu, H., Li, S., & Xiao, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.702366 · Cited by 10
“In addition, the ability of T cells in MDD patients to respond to stimuli is decreased, suggesting that T cells have an immunosuppressive phenotype in MDD (Herbert and Cohen, 1993; Zorrilla et al., 2001; Irwin and Miller, 2007).”
Background
Per1 gene polymorphisms influence the relationship between brain white matter microstructure and depression risk
Zhao, R. Z., Sun, J., Deng, H., Chen, C., Li, X., Wang, F.-M., He, Z.-Y., Chang, M.-Y., Lu, L., Tang, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1022442 · Cited by 10
“6% in the general population (6) and with the peak ages of diagnosis from mid-adolescence to mid-40s (7, 8).”
Background
Relationship between pet ownership and risk of high depressive symptoms in adolescence and young adulthood
Żebrowska, M., Strohmaier, S., Westgarth, C., Huttenhower, C., Erber, A. C., Haghayegh, S., Eliassen, A. H., Huang, T., Laden, F., Hart, J. E., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.070 · Cited by 10
“One in five Americans will experience depression over their lifetime (Hasin et al., 2018).”
Background
Personalized medicine and cognitive-behavioral therapies for depression: Small effects, big problems, and bigger dataPreprint
Lorenzo‐Luaces, L., Peipert, A., Jesús-Romero, R. D., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/du827 · Cited by 10
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Ketamine, and Combination Treatment for Depression: Impressions of Credibility in Participants with Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms
Earleywine, M., Altman, B. R., & De Leo, J. (2022) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2021.1912863 · Cited by 9
Depression and Anxiety Associate With Adverse Cardiovascular Events via Neural, Autonomic, and Inflammatory Pathways
Abohashem, S., Qamar, I., Grewal, S., Civieri, G., Islam, S., Aldosoky, W., Bollepalli, S. C., Rosovsky, R. P. G., Seligowski, A. V., Shin, L. M., et al. (2025) · Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1161/circimaging.124.017706 · Cited by 15
m6A Regulator-Mediated RNA Methylation Modification Patterns are Involved in the Pathogenesis and Immune Microenvironment of Depression
Wang, Y., Wang, X., Yang, C., Hua, W., & Wang, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.865695 · Cited by 9
“Depression is a common mental illness that is classified as having a global disease burden and is the leading cause of suicide (Hasin et al., 2018).”
Background
Risk for internalizing symptom development in young children: Roles of child parasympathetic reactivity and maternal depression and anxiety exposure in early life
Quigley, K. M., Petty, C. R., Sidamon‐Eristoff, A. E., Modico, M. A., Nelson, C. A., & Enlow, M. B. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14326 · Cited by 9
Anxiety, depression, and well‐being in autistic adults and adults with other developmental disabilities: A longitudinal cross‐lagged analysis
Schiltz, H. K., Sterrett, K., Singer, H., & Lord, C. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2967 · Cited by 12
“2023;16:1425–1436. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/aur 1425 27% and 23%, respectively, among autistic adults (Hollocks et al., 2019) compared to approximately 11% and 10% in the general population (Hasin et al., 2018; Somers et al., 2006).”
Nurses’ Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Suicidal Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study of Depression Management Training
Sela, Y., & Levi‐Belz, Y. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12030284 · Cited by 9
“Thus, risk factors for depression, such as anhedonia, deep sadness, sleep difficulty, and loss of appetite [6], should be thoroughly examined and, if diagnosed, should facilitate acute intervention by any community suicide gatekeeper [7].”
Background
Optogenetic behavioral studies in depression research: A systematic review
Spreen, A., Alkhoury, D., Walter, H., & Müller, S. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109776 · Cited by 12
The clinical utility and relevance in clinical practice of DSM-5 specifiers for major depressive disorder: A Delphi expert consensus study
Fiorillo, A., Albert, U., Dell’Osso, B. M., Pompili, M., Sani, G., & Sampogna, G. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152502 · Cited by 10
Prevalence and characteristics of preoperative patients with depression
Hietamies, T. M., Smith, A. E., Lii, T. R., Muzzall, E., Flohr, J. R., Okada, R. L., Andriella, Z. G., Nyongesa, C. A., Cianfichi, L. J., Hack, L. M., et al. (2024) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2024.04.017 · Cited by 10
Understanding the experiences of ketogenic metabolic therapy for people living with varying levels of depressive symptoms: a thematic analysis
Bellamy, E. L., Hadjiefthyvoulou, F., Walsh, J., Brown, J., & Turner, J. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1397546 · Cited by 11
“Worthlessness is a symptom identified in the diagnosis of depression and research shows that poor body satisfaction predicts worse depression and mood outcomes (45, 46).”
BackgroundInfluential
Associations of methylmalonic acid and depressive symptoms with mortality: a population-based study
Cao, B., Xiao, Y., & Liu, D. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03015-6 · Cited by 9
How strongly are trait positive and negative affectivity associated with anxiety symptoms? A multilevel meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies in anxiety disorders
Flückiger, C., Mahlke, F., John, G., Daus, P., Zinbarg, R. E., Allemand, M., & Schürmann‐Vengels, J. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102956 · Cited by 15
Ghrelin Inhibits Inflammasomes Activation in Astrocytes, Alleviates Pyroptosis, and Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-induced Depression-like Behavior in Mice
Han, X., Fu, X., Guo, W., Liu, Y., Sun, J., Wang, T., & Yang, W. (2024) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-024-02190-4 · Cited by 10
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mental disorder characterized by significant depression and loss of interest in nearly all activities, accompanied by various cognitive, emotional, and physical symptoms that persist for at least two weeks and significantly impact daily functioning [1].”
Esketamine Nasal Spray in Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Wang, Z., Jiang, L., Ma, W., Li, X., Gao, Q., Lian, S., & Yu, W. (2025) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.3555 · Cited by 12
Low-Cost, Disposable Biosensor for Detection of the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Biomarker in Noninvasively Collected Saliva toward Diagnosis of Mental Disorders
Gomes, N. O., Calegaro, M. L., Mattoso, L. H. C., Machado, S. A. S., Oliveira, O. N., & Raymundo‐Pereira, P. A. (2025) · ACS Polymers Au · doi:10.1021/acspolymersau.5c00038 · Cited by 10
Ketamine and Esketamine for Late-Life Depression: A Systematic Review of Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability
Sukhdeo, R., Tamura, J. K., Dri, C. E., & McIntyre, R. S. (2025) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2025.08.001 · Cited by 12
Characterizing the role of impaired control over alcohol in associations of impulsive personality traits with alcohol use as a function of depressive disorder
Zaso, M. J., Hendershot, C. S., Wardell, J. D., Bagby, R. M., Pollock, B. G., & Quilty, L. C. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106633 · Cited by 9
“, 2018), and over 20% of adults with major depressive disorder also met criteria for alcohol use disorder (Hasin et al., 2018).”
Background
Preschool Depression and Hippocampal Volume: The Moderating Role of Family Income
Herzberg, M. P., Tillman, R., Kandala, S., Barch, D. M., & Luby, J. L. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.04.018 · Cited by 9
“106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 larly, major depressive disorder (MDD) is experienced by many youth and is associated with impaired productivity and poor physical health in adulthood.(2,3) Approximately 17.”
Background
The Effect of Cumulative Lifetime Estrogen Exposure on Cognition in Depressed Versus Non-Depressed Older Women
Oughli, H. A., Nguyen, S. A., Siddarth, P., Fox, M. M., Milillo, M. M., Ercoli, L. M., & Lavretsky, H. (2022) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887221090216 · Cited by 8
“Women develop cognitive and mood disorders at a higher rate than men across the lifespan.(1,2) While some studies have not found sex differences in the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD),(3) more recent studies have shown that the risk of AD is two to three times higher in women than men,(4,5) with women exhibiting…”
Background
Sociodemographic Risk Factors for Depression in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease
Rivera‐Matos, L., Andrews, S. R., & Eswaran, S. L. (2022) · Clinical Liver Disease · doi:10.1002/cld.1208 · Cited by 9
APOE ε4 in Depression-Associated Memory Impairment—Evidence from Genetic and MicroRNA Analyses
Bonk, S., Kirchner, K., Ameling, S., Garvert, L., Völzke, H., Nauck, M. A., Völker, U., Grabe, H. J., & der Auwera, S. V. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10071560 · Cited by 11
Social determinants of depression in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic scoping review
Bergmans, R. S., Loewenstein, E., Aboul‐Hassan, D., Chowdhury, T., Schaefer, G., Wegryn‐Jones, R., Xiao, L. Z., Yu, C., Moore, M. N., & Kahlenberg, J. M. (2022) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/09612033221135145 · Cited by 9
The role of nicotinic receptors in alcohol consumption
Kamens, H. M., Flarend, G., & Horton, W. J. (2023) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106705 · Cited by 8
Zuranolone and its role in treating major depressive disorder: a narrative review
Ali, M., Ullah, I., Diwan, M. N., Aamir, A., Awan, H. A., Durrani, A. W., Qudrat, Q. U., Shoib, S., & Berardis, D. D. (2023) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2022-0042 · Cited by 9
Chronic pain trials often exclude people with comorbid depressive symptoms: A secondary analysis of 346 randomized controlled trials
Cheng, D. K.-Y., Ullah, M., Gage, H., Moineddin, R., & Sud, A. (2023) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/17407745231182010 · Cited by 9
“5,6 This comorbidity is associated with poorer well-being and functionality compared with chronic pain alone, 7,8 including lower mental and physical quality of life, 7,9 increased intensity of pain, and reduced pain tolerance.”
Background
Association between Grit and depressive symptoms at the timing of job start among medical residents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: a cross-sectional study
Akaishi, Y., Nawa, N., Kashimada, A., Itsui, Y., Okada, E., & Yamawaki, M. (2023) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2023.2225886 · Cited by 9
Cuproptosis-related genes prediction feature and immune microenvironment in major depressive disorder
Lei, D., Sun, J., & Xia, J. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18497 · Cited by 9
“4%, elucidating the true incidence of MDD and addressing the gap in the MDD literature caused by the lack of US national databases [4].”
Background
Depressive disorders and their pharmacotherapy in routine clinical practice
Mosolov, S. N., Parfenov, V. A., Амелин, А. В., Medvedev, V. E., Mendelevich, В. D., Михайлович, У. Г., Sivolap, Y. P., Bogolepova, A. N., Mkhitaryan, E. A., & Petelin, D. S. (2023) · Neurology neuropsychiatry Psychosomatics · doi:10.14412/2074-2711-2023-5-54-64 · Cited by 11
Real-world clinical outcomes and treatment patterns in patients with MDD treated with vortioxetine: a retrospective study
McDaniel, B. T., Cornet, V. P., Carroll, J., Chrones, L., Chudzik, J., Cochran, J., Guha, S., Lawrence, D. F. E., McCue, M., Sarkey, S., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05439-8 · Cited by 9
“The presence of psychiatric comorbidities in MDD is associated with greater disease severity, recurrence, poor functioning, and suicidality [1].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Immature defense mechanisms mediate the relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms
Ma, D., Cao, J., Wei, J., & Jiang, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1341288 · Cited by 11
“This is consistent with the findings of an epidemiological study of DSM-5 major depressive disorder in adults in the United States (39).”
Result
Therapist-supported digital mental health intervention for depressive symptoms: A randomized clinical trial
Forman‐Hoffman, V. L., Sihvonen, S., Wielgosz, J., Kuhn, E. R., Nelson, B. W., Peiper, N. C., & Gould, C. E. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.057 · Cited by 10
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy improves insomnia symptoms in individuals with recurrent depression: secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial
Evanger, L. N., Flo, E., Sørensen, L., & Schanche, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1231040 · Cited by 10
Rapid reorganization of serotonin projections and antidepressant response to 5-HT1A-biased agonist NLX-101 in fluoxetine-resistant cF1ko mice
Vahid-Ansari, F., Newman‐Tancredi, A., Fuentes-Alvarenga, A. F., Daigle, M., & Albert, P. R. (2024) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110132 · Cited by 12
“Major depression has a lifetime prevalence of at least 1 of 6 persons (Collaborators, 2021, 2022; Hasin et al., 2018) and treatment with first-line antidepressant serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) achieved remission in only 30% of patients with chronic depression in the STAR*D study (Trivedi et…”
Descriptive analysis of the economic burden of treatment resistance in a major depressive episode
Cai, Q., Sheehan, J. J., Wu, B., Alphs, L. D., Connolly, N., & Benson, C. J. (2019) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2019.1671087 · Cited by 9
Whole-genome sequencing reveals KRTAP1-1 as a novel genetic variant associated with antidepressant treatment outcomes
Park, J.-H., Lim, S., Myung, W., Park, I. H., Jang, H.-J., Kim, S., Lee, M.-S., Chang, H. S., Yum, D., Suh, Y., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83887-6 · Cited by 9
“The exclusion criteria were (1) pregnancy, significant medical conditions, abnormal laboratory baseline values, or unstable psychiatric features (e.”
BackgroundMethod
A randomized, multicenter trial assessing the effects of rapastinel compared to ketamine, alprazolam, and placebo on simulated driving performance
Su, S.-F., Kay, G., Hochadel, T. J., Rojo, J., Stein, J., Boinpally, R., & Periclou, A. (2021) · Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1111/cts.13145 · Cited by 7
“The KSS is a self- report measure of sleepiness based on a 9- point categorical Likert scale: (1) extremely alert, (2), (3) alert, (4), (5) neither sleepy nor alert, (6), (7) sleepy— but no difficulty remaining awake, and (8), (9) extremely sleepy— fighting sleep.”
Method
Identification of Genetic Variations in the NAD-Related Pathways for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Case-Control Study in Taiwan
Chen, D. T.-L., Cheng, S., Chen, T., Chang, J. P., Hwang, B., Chang, H., Chuang, E. Y., Chen, C., & Su, K. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11133622 · Cited by 9
“6% in the United States, respectively [14].”

Authors: Hasin, D. S., Sarvet, A. L., Meyers, J. L., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Stohl, M., & Grant, B. F.
Affiliations: Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
Fedpoint Systems, LLC, Arlington, Virginia
Corresponding author: Hasin, Deborah S.
ORCID: Hasin, Deborah S.
Sarvet, Aaron L.
Meyers, Jacquelyn L.
Ruan, W. June
Venue: JAMA Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2018-04-01
Volume: 75
Issue: 4
Pages: 336
ISSN: 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602
PMC: PMC5875313
OpenAlex: W2789034326
Cited by: 1,737
References: 113
Citations by year: 2026: 166 · 2025: 217 · 2024: 268 · 2023: 269 · 2022: 256 · 2021: 263 · 2020: 166 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 28
FWCI: 189.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA037914)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: major depressive disorder, DSM-5, prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, bereavement, depressive symptoms, functional disability, antidepressant treatment, sex differences, racial and ethnic disparities, income, NESARC-III, United States adults, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders
MeSH terms: Correlation of Data, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Social Class, United States, Comorbidity, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States

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