The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 24 of the 68 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States
Open accessAbstract
Importance: No US national data are available on the prevalence and correlates of DSM-5-defined major depressive disorder (MDD) or on MDD specifiers as defined in DSM-5. Objective: To present current nationally representative findings on the prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidity, functioning, and treatment of DSM-5 MDD and initial information on the prevalence, severity, and treatment of DSM-5 MDD severity, anxious/distressed specifier, and mixed-features specifier, as well as cases that would have been characterized as bereavement in DSM-IV. Design, Setting, and Participants: In-person interviews with a representative sample of US noninstitutionalized civilian adults (≥18 years) (n = 36 309) who participated in the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III (NESARC-III). Data were collected from April 2012 to June 2013 and were analyzed in 2016-2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Prevalence of DSM-5 MDD and the DSM-5 specifiers. Odds ratios (ORs), adjusted ORs (aORs), and 95% CIs indicated associations with demographic characteristics and other psychiatric disorders. Results: Of the 36 309 adult participants in NESARC-III, 12-month and lifetime prevalences of MDD were 10.4% and 20.6%, respectively. Odds of 12-month MDD were significantly lower in men (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.46-0.55) and in African American (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.54-0.68), Asian/Pacific Islander (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.45-0.67), and Hispanic (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.62-0.78) adults than in white adults and were higher in younger adults (age range, 18-29 years; OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.48-3.55) and those with low incomes ($19 999 or less; OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.49-2.04). Associations of MDD with psychiatric disorders ranged from an aOR of 2.1 (95% CI, 1.84-2.35) for specific phobia to an aOR of 5.7 (95% CI, 4.98-6.50) for generalized anxiety disorder. Associations of MDD with substance use disorders ranged from an aOR of 1.8 (95% CI, 1.63-2.01) for alcohol to an aOR of 3.0 (95% CI, 2.57-3.55) for any drug. Most lifetime MDD cases were moderate (39.7%) or severe (49.5%). Almost 70% with lifetime MDD had some type of treatment. Functioning among those with severe MDD was approximately 1 SD below the national mean. Among 12.9% of those with lifetime MDD, all episodes occurred just after the death of someone close and lasted less than 2 months. The anxious/distressed specifier characterized 74.6% of MDD cases, and the mixed-features specifier characterized 15.5%. Controlling for severity, both specifiers were associated with early onset, poor course and functioning, and suicidality. Conclusions and Relevance: Among US adults, DSM-5 MDD is highly prevalent, comorbid, and disabling. While most cases received some treatment, a substantial minority did not. Much remains to be learned about the DSM-5 MDD specifiers in the general population.
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Claims the paper makes
24 of 68 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Demographic correlates were consistent with previous surveys.2,5”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [2] 2. Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(6):pii:e20161878. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not available in our copy) identify sociodemographic correlates of major depressive episodes in adolescents and young adults. The Discussion says the larger increase among girls than boys aligns with past studies, but it does not establish that the demographic correlates overall were consistent with previous surveys. The paper reports major depressive episodes, rather than MDD diagnoses. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder was assoc iated w ith SUDs, particularly drug disorders, as found previously for cannabis, 40,62 nonmedical prescription opioids, 5,57,63 and drug use disorders.41”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [40] 40. Grant BF, Saha TD, Ruan WJ, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(1): 39-47.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [62] 62. Martins SS, Fenton MC, Keyes KM, Blanco C, Zhu H, Storr CL. Mood/anxiety disorders and their association with non-medical prescription opioid use and prescription opioid use disorder: longitudinal evidence from the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychol Med. 2012;42(6):1261-1272. source
This source is cited for the nonmedical prescription opioid example, not for every substance use disorder in the sentence. The Results (‘The self-medication pathway,’ Table 3) report that baseline MDD was associated with incident opioid disorder due to nonmedical prescription opioid use after adjustment for other disorders and substance use. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] 57. Mehta K, Kramer H, Durazo-Arvizu R, Cao G, Tong L, Rao M. Depression in the US population during the time periods surrounding the Great Recession. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(4):e499-e504. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Compton WM, Han B, Jones CM, Blanco C, Hughes A. Marijuana use and use disorders in adults in the USA, 2002-14. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(10): 954-964. source
- Partly supportedcites [41] 41. Saha TD, Kerridge BT, Goldstein RB, et al. Nonmedical prescription opioid use and DSM-5 nonmedical prescription opioid use disorder in the United States. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(6):772-780. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results > Comorbidity section (page unavailable) reports an association between nonmedical prescription opioid use and major depressive disorder, limited to 12-month MDD. It does not report that MDD was associated with nonmedical prescription opioid use disorder, or establish that the association was particularly strong for drug disorders. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the increases in depression and suicide that have accompanied growing income inequality suggest that the relationship of low income to MDD is due to stress from inadequate financial resources for life necessities or pessimism about improved future prospects.1”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) suggests that economic insecurity may be tied to rising suicide and describes concern about not being better off than one’s parents. It does not establish that low income causes MDD, identify inadequate resources for necessities as the mechanism, or show that depression rose with income inequality. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“With increasingly positive attitudes toward substance use [64][65][66] and increasing rates of adult SUDs and associated problems, 24,41,42,[67][68][69] MDD comorbidity with SUDs remains a substantial public health 24,70 and economic 16 burden.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24] 24. Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Saha TD, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015; 72(8):757-766.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] 70. Bonn-Miller MO, Boden MT, Bucossi MM, Babson KA. Self-reported cannabis use characteristics, patterns and helpfulness among medical cannabis users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2014;40(1):23-30. source
- Partly supportedcites [16] 16. Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, Pike CT, Kessler RC. The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010). J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(2): 155-162. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports a substantial economic burden among people with MDD and attributes a large share to comorbid conditions. The Demographics section identifies alcohol and drug abuse as comorbidities, but the paper does not isolate the economic burden of MDD comorbid with substance use disorders. In the citing sentence, this source is attached to the economic-burden claim; the public-health claim has separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“O ver the past 25 years, the US prevalence of adolescent and adult depression indicators has increased.1,2”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Midlife Morbidity section reports that serious psychological distress increased among white non-Hispanic adults aged 45–54 between 1997–1999 and 2011–2013. It does not establish an increase in depression indicators among adolescents or the broader US adult population, nor does that comparison span 25 years. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [2] 2. Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(6):pii:e20161878. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Results report increased 12-month major depressive episode prevalence among US adolescents and young adults from 2005 to 2014. The study does not establish a 25-year trend or an increase among adults generally; the Discussion says the increase was limited to ages 12–20, with no change at ages 21–25. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Test-retest reliability of AUDADIS-5 DSM-5 MDD was fair 29 (κ = 0.40) 26”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Key Points
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26] 26. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). https://niaaa.nih.gov/research/nesarc-III. Accessed October 5, 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [29] 29. Hasin DS, Shmulewitz D, Stohl M, et al. Procedural validity of the AUDADIS-5 depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder modules. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;152:246-256. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says AUDADIS-5 mood and anxiety disorders had test–retest reliability comparable to AUDADIS-IV, but gives no κ = 0.40 for DSM-5 MDD. Its κ = 0.40–0.65 range refers to AUDADIS-IV diagnoses. The Results (§3.2) instead report AUDADIS-5/PRISM-5 concordance, a different comparison. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,006Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder was associated with other psychiatric disorders, especially generalized anxiety disorder and borderline personality disorder, associations found in previous studies.5,[46][47][48][49]”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] 46. Yoshimatsu K, Palmer B. Depression in patients with borderline personality disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014;22(5):266-273. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] 47. Richman MJ, Unoka Z. Mental state decoding impairment in major depression and borderline personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;207(6): 483-489. source
- Partly supportedcites [48] 48. Skodol AE, Grilo CM, Keyes KM, Geier T, Grant BF, Hasin DS. Relationship of personality disorders to the course of major depressive disorder in a nationally representative sample. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(3):257-264. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes major depressive disorder as comorbid with other mental disorders, and the Results and Discussion identify borderline personality disorder and anxiety disorders as relevant to its persistence. The paper does not single out generalized anxiety disorder as an especially strong association; the Results instead name specific phobia and panic disorder as predictors of persistence. Its main finding concerns the course of MDD, not a ranking of disorders associated with MDD generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Could not verifycites [49] 49. Platt J, Prins S, Bates L, Keyes K. Unequal depression for equal work? how the wage gap explains gendered disparities in mood disorders. Soc Sci Med. 2016;149:1-8. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods > Measures section identifies MDD and GAD as separate study outcomes, and the Results relate each to the gender wage gap; neither reports an association between MDD and GAD. Searches for MDD–GAD comorbidity and borderline personality disorder found no passage addressing the claimed associations. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Data were adjusted for oversampling and nonresponse and weighted to represent the US civilian population based on the 2012 American Community Survey.25”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Sample and Procedures
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [25] 25. Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Smith SM, et al. The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5 (AUDADIS-5): reliability of substance use and psychiatric disorder modules in a general population sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;148:27-33. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Section 2.1 Sample; page unavailable) identify the target as the US non-institutionalized civilian adult population and describe higher selection probabilities for minority respondents. The paper reports response rates, but our copy does not say that the data were adjusted for oversampling or nonresponse, or weighted using the 2012 American Community Survey. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The likelihood that NESARC-III indicates valid increases in prevalence is supported by the coherence of its results with 6 other reports showing national increases in depression indicators 1,2 (also Katherine M. Keyes, PhD, written communication, January 2, 2018) and suicidality.1,86,91,92”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Significance section reports rising suicide mortality from 1999 to 2013 across all four US census regions, but specifically among white non-Hispanics aged 45–54. This supports the cited paper as one report of an increase in a suicidality-related outcome; it does not establish a population-wide increase in suicidality or validate NESARC-III prevalence estimates. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Supportedcites [2] 2. Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(6):pii:e20161878. source
The Results report a national increase in 12-month major depressive episodes among US adolescents and young adults from 2005 to 2014. The Discussion also notes recent US suicide-trend data, though suicidality was not measured in this study. The source supports its role as one of the reports cited; the inference about NESARC-III’s validity is the citing authors’ own. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] 86. Fahimi M, Link M, Mokdad A, Schwartz DA, Levy P. Tracking chronic disease and risk behavior prevalence as survey participation declines. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(3):A80.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] 91. Olfson M, Wang S, Blanco C. National trends in hospital-treated self-harm events among middle-aged adults. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2015; 37(6):613-619. source
- Not matchedcites [92]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The likelihood of treatment for depression is reduced in those with SUDs.79”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [79] 79. Olfson M, Blanco C, Marcus SC. Treatment of adult depression in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(10):1482-1491. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Statistical Analyses section examines depression treatment by sociodemographic characteristics and psychological distress, not substance use disorder. The Discussion identifies low treatment likelihood among racial and ethnic minorities but does not address whether substance use disorders reduce the likelihood of depression treatment. Searches for substance use disorders, SUDs, and alcohol or drug dependence found no passage establishing the claimed association. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Could not verify
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 15
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder was more prevalent among women, possibly related to gender discrimination, 50 differential exposure to childhood or adult adversities 51 such as sexual abuse, 52 differential exposure to a complex host of different developmentally organized risk factors, 53 or biologically different stress responses.54”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [50] 50. McLaughlin KA, Conron KJ, Koenen KC, Gilman SE. Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder. Psychol Med. 2010;40(10):1647-1658. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 51 is attached to differential exposure to childhood or adult adversities as a possible explanation for higher depression prevalence among women. The Results section, “Prevalence of Childhood Adversities and Stressful Life Events” (page unavailable), says childhood-adversity exposure was similar among men and women and found no gender differences in the prevalence of minor or major life events. The Discussion considers differences in event severity, but does not offer differential exposure as an explanation for higher depression prevalence among women. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] 51. Weiss EL, Longhurst JG, Mazure CM. Childhood sexual abuse as a risk factor for depression in women: psychosocial and neurobiological correlates. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(6):816-828. source
- Partly supportedcites [52] 52. Kendler KS, Gardner CO. Sex differences in the pathways to major depression: a study of opposite-sex twin pairs. Am J Psychiatry. 2014; 171(4):426-435. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 53 attaches to the proposed role of developmentally organized risk factors. The Discussion reports sex differences across developmental tiers of the model, supporting that part of the claim. It describes differences in the factors’ effects on depression risk, however, rather than showing that differential exposure to those factors explains the higher prevalence of depression among women. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD was associated with impairment, 3,4 psychiatric and substance use disorders (SUDs), [5][6][7][8][9] poor health, 10,11 mortality, 12 disease and economic burden, 12 and disability-years.[13][14][15][16]”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] 3. Spijker J, Graaf R, Bijl RV, Beekman AT, Ormel J, Nolen WA. Functional disability and depression in the general population: results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004; 110(3):208-214. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports worse functioning during depression and improvement after recovery, supporting the impairment portion of the sentence. However, the Diagnostic instrument section specifies DSM-III-R diagnoses, not the DSM-IV diagnosis named in the claim. The other outcomes are attached to different citations in the citing sentence and are not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites [4] 4. Kessler RC, Bromet EJ. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annu Rev Public Health. 2013;34:119-138.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] 6. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. JAMA. 1990;264(19): 2511-2518. source
- Not matchedcites [7] 7. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(1):8-19.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. Grant BF, Harford TC. Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995;39(3):197-206. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al; National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289(23):3095-3105. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] 10. Goldstein BI, Carnethon MR, Matthews KA, et al; American Heart Association Atherosclerosis; Hypertension and Obesity in Youth Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder predispose youth to accelerated atherosclerosis and early cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2015; 132(10):965-986. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] 11. Vancampfort D, Mitchell AJ, De Hert M, et al. Type 2 diabetes in patients with major depressive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32(10):763-773. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Impaired functioning was assessed with version 2 of the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12v2), a reliable, valid, widely used measure of impairment in the prior 30 days.39”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Impairment
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [39] 39. Hasin DS, Kerridge BT, Saha TD, et al. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, 2012-2013: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(6):588-599. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Method > Disability/Impairment passage describes the SF-12v2 as a widely used measure of current disability and says the study used it to assess functioning. It does not specify a prior-30-day period or state that the SF-12v2 is reliable and valid; the reliability and validity statements in Method > Assessments concern a different interview. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This study found association between low income and 12-month MDD, consistent with other studies conducted within the last 3 years.1,57,58”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Midlife Morbidity section reports trends in psychological distress among white non-Hispanic adults aged 45–54. The Discussion considers possible ties between economic insecurity and worsening health, but neither passage reports an association between low income and 12-month major depressive disorder. Searches for MDD, low income, and depression did not locate that finding in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] 57. Mehta K, Kramer H, Durazo-Arvizu R, Cao G, Tong L, Rao M. Depression in the US population during the time periods surrounding the Great Recession. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(4):e499-e504. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Galea S, Annas GJ. Aspirations and strategies for public health. JAMA. 2016;315(7):655-656. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that efforts to selfmanage depression with cannabis are increasing [71][72][73][74][75] (also Aaron L. Sarvet, MPH, written communication, January 2, 2018) despite lack of evidence that cannabinoids are effective for this purpose 76,77 ; prospectively, cannabis worsens the course of depressive disorders.78”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [71] 71. Corroon JM Jr, Mischley LK, Sexton M. Cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs. J Pain Res. 2017;10:989-998. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Comorbidities) report that respondents used cannabis to manage depression, supporting the self-management part of the cited clause. This cross-sectional study does not establish that such efforts are increasing over time. The statements about effectiveness and the prospective course of depression have separate citations and are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [72] 72. Nunberg H, Kilmer B, Pacula RL, Burgdorf J. An analysis of applicants presenting to a medical marijuana specialty practice in California. J Drug Policy Anal. 2011;4(1):pii:1. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Applicants’ Self Reports of the Therapeutic Benefits of Marijuana” (page unavailable), reports that 26.1% of applicants said they used marijuana for relief of depression. That supports the self-management portion of the clause to which this source is cited, but the paper does not establish that such efforts are increasing. The separate claims about efficacy and the prospective course of depression carry different citations in the citing sentence and are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] 73. Bradford AC, Bradford WD. Medical marijuana laws may be associated with a decline in the number of prescriptions for Medicaid enrollees. Health Aff (Millwood). 2017;36(5):945-951. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] 74. Bradford AC, Bradford WD. Medical marijuana laws reduce prescription medication use in Medicare Part D. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35(7): 1230-1236. source
- Supportedcites [75] 75. Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, et al. Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;313(24):2456-2473. source
The citation to this review supports the clause about lack of evidence that cannabinoids treat depression. The Depression section reports that no treatment studies met the inclusion criteria and that three studies assessing depression as an outcome found no difference from placebo. The separate claims about increasing self-management and the prospective course of depressive disorders have other citations. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites [76] 76. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [77] 77. Bahorik AL, Leibowitz A, Sterling SA, Travis A, Weisner C, Satre DD. Patterns of marijuana use among psychiatry patients with depression and its impact on recovery. J Affect Disord. 2017;213:168-171. source
Citation 78 supports the final clause of the citing sentence, not its separate claims about self-management or cannabinoid efficacy. The Results report that marijuana use worsened depression symptoms over six months, and the Discussion describes poorer recovery among psychiatry outpatients with depression. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] 78. Han B, Olfson M, Mojtabai R. Depression care among depressed adults with and without comorbid substance use disorders in the United States. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34(3):291-300. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The NESARC-III treatment rates are plausible given the extent of direct-toconsumer advertising of antidepressants 83 and widespread distribution through primary care.79”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] 83. Qaseem A, Barry MJ, Kansagara D; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Nonpharmacologic versus pharmacologic treatment of adult patients with major depressive disorder: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(5):350-359. source
- Supportedcites [79] 79. Olfson M, Blanco C, Marcus SC. Treatment of adult depression in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(10):1482-1491. source
Citation 79 is attached to the primary-care part of the sentence, not the advertising part. The Health Care Professionals section reports that 73.3% of patients treated for depression were treated exclusively by general medical professionals and that most patients treated by that group received antidepressants. This supports the claim of widespread provision through primary care; the paper does not need to establish the separate advertising claim attributed to citation 83. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder was associated with anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, as well as with PTSD.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further adjusting for psychiatric comorbidity reduced asso-ciations by a factor of approximately 50%, although ORs remained statistically significant.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few were mild; most were moderate or severe.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additional adjustment for other psychiatric disorders decreased all aORs (some substantially), but most remained significant.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Associations With Other Psychiatric Disorders
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of participants with lifetime DSM-5 MDD, 69.4% received any treatment for their disorder, slightly higher than in the 2001-2002 NESARC (60.6%).5”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“were higher in younger adults (age range, 18-29 years; OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.48-3.55)”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 MDD Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates · plain
“Compared with respondents 65 years or older, odds of 12month MDD were greater for younger age groups.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 MDD Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“those with low incomes ($19 999 or less; OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.49-2.04)”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 MDD Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates · plain
“Compared with the highest income category ($70 000 or higher), odds of 12-month MDD were greater in each successively lower household income category”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 MDD Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater prevalence was found among younger adults and among white adults and Native American adults than among African American, Asian American, and Hispanic adults.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the mixed-features specifier characterized 15.5%.”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 Specifiers and Bereavement · plain
“the mixed-features specifier characterized 15.5% of those with lifetime MDD”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 Specifiers and Bereavement · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Controlling for severity, both specifiers were associated with early onset, poor course and functioning, and suicidality.”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 Specifiers and Bereavement · plain
“Both specifiers were significantly associated with earlier onset, number of episodes, longest duration, severity, MDD treatment overall and by type, suicidality, and poorer SF-12v2 scores.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 Specifiers and Bereavement · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While many with MDD receive treatment, others remain untreated.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Talk therapy with a professional | 62.49 (0.79) | 44.01 (2.95)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any MDD (n = 448) | 42.29 (0.71) | <.001 | 43.85 (0.80) | <.001 | 42.94 (0.70) | <.001 | 42.10 (0.76) | <.001”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Wanted to die | 46.74 (0.91) | 32.05 (2.45)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mixed-Features Specifier c | No Yes | (n = 6235) (n = 1197) | 29.60 (0.22) 26.11 (0.47) | 3.69 (0.12) 4.81 (0.36) | 25.70 (0.12) 51.41 (0.39)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mixed-Features Specifier c | No Yes | (n = 6235) (n = 1197) | 29.60 (0.22) 26.11 (0.47) | 3.69 (0.12) 4.81 (0.36) | 25.70 (0.12) 51.41 (0.39)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any MDD (n = 448) | 42.29 (0.71) | <.001 | 43.85 (0.80) | <.001 | 42.94 (0.70) | <.001 | 42.10 (0.76) | <.001”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mixed-Features Specifier c | No Yes | (n = 6235) (n = 1197) | 29.60 (0.22) 26.11 (0.47) | 3.69 (0.12) 4.81 (0.36) | 25.70 (0.12) 51.41 (0.39)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thought a lot about one's own death | 34.78 (0.72) | 28.79 (2.69)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any MDD (n = 448) | 42.29 (0.71) | <.001 | 43.85 (0.80) | <.001 | 42.94 (0.70) | <.001 | 42.10 (0.76) | <.001”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any MDD (n = 448) | 42.29 (0.71) | <.001 | 43.85 (0.80) | <.001 | 42.94 (0.70) | <.001 | 42.10 (0.76) | <.001”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thought a lot about suicide | 39.31 (0.80) | 22.75 (2.19)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attempted suicide | 13.62 (0.58) | 4.77 (1.09)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among US adults, DSM-5 MDD is highly prevalent, comorbid, and disabling.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparing participants with the total eligible sample (including nonrespondents), no significant differences were found in percentages of African American, Asian, or Hispanic individuals or in population density, vacancy rate, or proportion in group quarters or renters.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Sample and Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While most cases received some treatment, a substantial minority did not.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, MDD remains a widespread, serious US health problem.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total response rate was 60.1%.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Sample and Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The high prevalence of MDD among US adults is a substantial concern given the personal, public health, and economic burdens that the disorder imposes.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AUDADIS-5 used a slightly different algorithm for PTSD than the final DSM-5 definition, caused by a last-minute DSM-5 change that occurred too late to implement in NESARC-III.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, NESARC-III response rates compare favorably with other recent national health surveys.[86][87][88]”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86] 86. Fahimi M, Link M, Mokdad A, Schwartz DA, Levy P. Tracking chronic disease and risk behavior prevalence as survey participation declines. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(3):A80.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [87] 87. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Methodological Summary and Definitions. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] 88. Simon NM, Shear KM, Thompson EH, et al. The prevalence and correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in individuals with complicated grief. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(5):395-399. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This result is higher than the treatment rate in one recent study 80 that used less specific measures to identify depression but is consistent with rates from other studies published in the last 4 years.81,82”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] 80. Olfson M, Kroenke K, Wang S, Blanco C. Trends in office-based mental health care provided by psychiatrists and primary care physicians. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(3):247-253. source
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. Han B, Hedden S, Lipari R, Copello E, Kroutil L. Receipt of Services for Behavioral Health Problems: Results From the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2015.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] 82. Avery RJ, Eisenberg MD, Simon KI. The impact of direct-to-consumer television and magazine advertising on antidepressant use. J Health Econ. 2012;31(5):705-718. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This approach enabled us to examine the association between these severity levels and SF-12v2 impairment scores.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, dual-focused treatment is more effective when 2 disorders are present.70”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] 70. Bonn-Miller MO, Boden MT, Bucossi MM, Babson KA. Self-reported cannabis use characteristics, patterns and helpfulness among medical cannabis users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2014;40(1):23-30. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Removing the bereavement exclusion in DSM-5 could have accounted for a small amount of the prevalence increase in NESARC-III, but not for all of it by any means.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was cross-sectional; associations do not necessarily indicate causal relationships.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our definition of the anxious/ distressed specifier used a lower threshold than DSM-5, which may have somewhat inflated the rates, an issue meriting future study using different data.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also, as noted, 85 DSM-5 left differentiating MDD from normal bereavement to clinical judgment.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [85] 85. Curtin SC, Warner M, Hedegaard H. Increase in suicide in the United States, 1999-2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2016;(241):1-8.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These limitations are offset by the large sample, reliable and valid measures of psychiatric and substance disorders, and rigorous study methods.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lifetime associations of MDD with other psychiatric disorders may be influenced by recall bias, although this possibility is less likely for 12-month findings, which were similar.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some groups were not included (eg, homeless and prisoners), so NESARC-III may underestimate MDD prevalence.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we defined the DSM-5 severity specifier by MDD symptom counts, which are straightforward, transparent, and replicable.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
National epidemiologic information on major depressive disorder is limited to pre-DSM-5 studies conducted more than 15 years ago.
“However, national epidemiologic information on major depressive disorder (MDD) is limited to pre-DSM-5 studies conducted more than 15 years ago.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The proportion of MDD cases diagnosed as positive after bereavement has not been studied.
“the proportion of MDD cases diagnosed as positive after bereavement has also not been studied.”
The paper relies on this without support.
DSM-IV and DSM-5 include a severity specifier (mild, moderate, or severe) that had not previously been examined in national data.
“The DSM-IV and DSM-5 include a severity specifier (mild, moderate, or severe) not previously examined in national data.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DSM-5 does not state the number of MDD symptoms required for each severity level.
“The DSM-5 does not state the number of MDD symptoms required for each severity level, so these levels were defined as follows: mild is 5 symptoms (minimum for a diagnosis), moderate is 6 to 7 symptoms, and severe is 8 to 9 symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DSM-5 states that distress and impairment should increase across severity levels but without clear definitions.
“The DSM-5 also states that distress and impairment should increase across levels but without clear definitions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DSM-5 suggests incorporation of distress and impairment levels into the severity classifications but defines these vaguely.
“The DSM-5 also suggests incorporation of distress and impairment levels into the severity classifications but defines these vaguely.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Half of the women with infertility in LMICs experience lifetime abuse that culminates in anxiety and depressive episodes [6,14,15].”
From Psychosocial interventions for improving marital intimacy, sexual satisfaction, and quality of life of women and couples with infertility problems in low and middle-income countries: Systematic review protocol (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although MDD is present in individuals of various social situations, it seems to increase considerably in poor populations and low socioeconomic status, suggesting that this condition is a significant risk factor for the disorder [7],[16],[17].”
From Stress and serum cortisol levels in major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional study (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Given that MDD is highly comorbid with other mental and physical health conditions [7,43]”
From The Economic Burden of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2019) (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“A multi-site fully remote e-clinical validation study that enrolled participants with MDD to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Kintsugi's technology's prediction has recently been completed.”
From Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [115]
In the citing paper
“Kintsugi is a passive vocal biomarker instrument that uses short clips of free-form speech for depression screening.”
From Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [115]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Reported median falls below its implied duration category
MinorFor participants whose MDD began in the past 12 months, 38.35% had a longest episode of 8 weeks or less, and 53.07% had one of 12 weeks or less. The median must therefore be in the 9-12-week category, not 8.81 weeks.
“| Duration of longest or only lifetime | 25.90 (1.47) | 8.81 (0.69) |”
“| 2-3 | 8.59 (0.38) | 18.34 (1.96) | | 4-8 | 12.26 (0.47) | 20.01 (2.48) | | 9-12 | 9.24 (0.42) | 14.72 (2.20) |”
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Brivio, P., Gallo, M. T., Gruca, P., Łasoń, M., Litwa, E., Fumagalli, F., Papp, M., & Calabrese, F. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24087321 · Cited by 14
“Despite depression being one of the largest causes of disease burden globally [1], the currently available antidepressants show several limitations, as they exhibit a low rate of full remission, residual symptoms after treatment and a high relapse rate [2,3].”
BackgroundGerber, M., Cody, R., Beck, J., Brand, S., Donath, L., Eckert, A., Faude, O., Hatzinger, M., Imboden, C., Kreppke, J.-N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12103370 · Cited by 16
Factors associated with depressive symptoms in long-haul truck drivers
Makuto, N., Kristman, V. L., Bigelow, P., & Bédard, M. (2023) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2023.100851 · Cited by 15
Unraveling Chinese talk about emotion
Yik, M., & Chen, C. Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1157863 · Cited by 16
Xu, C. D., Wang, S., Su, B., Ozuna, K., Mao, C., Dai, Z., & Wang, K. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.066 · Cited by 14
Li, Y., Wang, Y., Sun, Q., Li, M.-Y., Xu, J.-Z., Li, Y., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105789 · Cited by 17
Ho, S.-I., Lin, I., Hsieh, J., & Yen, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.041 · Cited by 13
Nelson, J. C., Gandelman, J. A., & Mackin, R. S. (2024) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2024.08.015 · Cited by 19
Strodl, E. S., Bambling, M., Parnam, S., Ritchie, G., Cramb, S. M., & Vitetta, L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71093-z · Cited by 19
“Lifetime prevalence rates range between 10% 2 and 20% 3 , with incidence rates surging worldwide during COVID-19 4 .”
BackgroundFossa, A. J., D’Souza, J. C., Bergmans, R. S., Zivin, K., & Adar, S. D. (2024) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2024.109016 · Cited by 14
Association of aging related genes and immune microenvironment with major depressive disorder
Yan, B., Liao, P., Han, Z., Zhao, J. H., Gao, H., Liu, Y., Chen, F., & Lei, P. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.053 · Cited by 14
Rosas, L. G., Xiao, L., Lv, N., Lavori, P. W., Venditti, E. M., Snowden, M. B., Smyth, J. M., Lewis, M. A., Williams, L. M., Suppes, T. M., et al. (2020) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibaa024 · Cited by 14
“Obesity affects approximately 40% of US adults [5] and depression affects 21% of US adults at least once in their lifetime [6].”
BackgroundThe Effect of Cognitive Impairment on the Prognosis of Major Depressive Disorder
Zhang, B., Feng, L., Feng, Y., Xin, L.-M., Zhu, X., Tan, Y., & Wang, G. (2020) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001180 · Cited by 16
Structural and biochemical imaging reveals systemic LPS-induced changes in the rat brain
Fritz, M., Klawonn, A. M., Zhao, Q., Sullivan, E. V., Zahr, N. M., & Adolf Pfefferbaum, A. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577367 · Cited by 15
Sfärlea, A., Takano, K., Buhl, C., Löchner, J., Greimel, E., Salemink, E., Schulte‐Körne, G., & Platt, B. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00814-z · Cited by 18
“Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders with a lifetime prevalence of around 20% (Hasin et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSmith, A. J., Wright, H., Griffin, B. J., Ehman, A. C., Shoji, K., Love, T., Morrow, E. H., Locke, A., Call, M., Kerig, P. K., et al. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100285 · Cited by 18
Key considerations in the pharmacological management of treatment-resistant depression
Yavi, M., Henter, I. D., Park, L. T., & Zarate, C. A. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2021.1951225 · Cited by 14
“fier, reflecting the high prevalence of anxious comorbidity in depressed patients [1].”
BackgroundFiori, L. M., Orri, M., Aouabed, Z., Théroux, J., Lin, R., Nagy, C., Frey, B. N., Lam, R. W. M., MacQUEEN, G. M., Milev, R. V., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01564-8 · Cited by 14
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Fischer-Kern, M., Tmej, A., Naderer, A., Zimmermann, J., & Nolte, T. (2022) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2021.2015794 · Cited by 14
“…Accepted 4 December 2021 KEYWORDS Adult attachment interview; unresolved attachment; reflective functioning; depression; chronicity Depression is one of the most prevalent and debilitating disorders worldwide, with increasing prevalence of 26% in women over the last 25 years (Hasin et al., 2018).”
BackgroundZheng, H., Sun, J., Pang, T., Liu, J., Lu, L., & Chang, S. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.036 · Cited by 15
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Detecting Anxiety via Machine Learning Algorithms: A Literature Review
Najaran, M. H. T., & Shahid, S. I. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tetci.2025.3543307 · Cited by 16
“Anxiety disorder is a prevalent mental health concern, affecting around 4% of the world population [6], [7] (according to the WHO 2019 report).”
Minelli, A., Barlati, S., Vitali, E., Bignotti, S., Dattilo, V., Tura, G. B., Maffioletti, E., Giacopuzzi, E., Santoro, V., Perusi, G., et al. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05775-8 · Cited by 15
“cause of years lived with disability, resulting in a substantial socio-economic impact [1].”
BackgroundMinelli, A., Barlati, S., & Baune, B. T. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.04.007 · Cited by 15
Lespine, L., Bramness, J. G., Pignon, B., Vaïva, G., Thomas, P., Roelandt, J.-L., Benradia, I., Amad, A., Geoffroy, P. A., & Rolland, B. (2022) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-022-01253-5 · Cited by 13
“This reflects a stable gender differences in epidemiological psychiatry (e.g., Kessler 2003; Kessler et al. 2005; Wittchen and Jacobi 2005; Hasin et al. 2018).”
BackgroundDelta Opioid Receptor-Mediated Antidepressant-Like Effects of Diprenorphine in Mice
Olson, K. M., Hillhouse, T. M., Burgess, G. E., West, J. L., Hallahan, J. E., Dripps, I. J., Ladetto, A. G., Rice, K. C., Jutkiewicz, E. M., & Traynor, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.122.001182 · Cited by 14
“Approximately 21 million adults in the USA (8.4 % of the population) had one or more major depressive episode in 2020 (NIMH, 2020) with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 20.6% (Hasin et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialSalsabil, L., Shahriar, M., Islam, S. M. A., Bhuiyan, M. A., Qusar, M. S., & Islam, M. R. (2023) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605231166222 · Cited by 14
“Over the last 25 years, the prevalence of MDD has risen in adolescents and adults in the United States.10 In 2012 and 2013, more than 10% of US individuals had experienced MDD in the previous 12 months, and more than 20% had experienced MDD during their lifetime.10 The current prevalence estimates of MDD in China are…”
BackgroundInfluentialArjmand, S., Pedersen, M. V., da Silva, N. R., Landau, A. M., Joca, S. R. L., & Wegener, G. (2023) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyad016 · Cited by 13
“Major depressive disorder is a debilitating mental illness and a leading cause of death by suicide, which carries a significant burden with a lifetime prevalence of more than 20% (Otte et al., 2016; Hasin et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMa, X., Wang, J., Quan, Q., Zhang, H., Tian, Y., Wang, L., & Liu, L. (2023) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000001988 · Cited by 15
“According to the latest statistical report of the WHO, depression will become a major source of the global burden of disease by 2030 [3 – 5].”
BackgroundSmith, M. M., & Hewitt, P. L. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23649 · Cited by 22
McGuire, F. H., Beccia, A. L., Peoples, J. E., Williams, M. R., Schuler, M. S., & Duncan, A. E. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae121 · Cited by 17
RetractedMokhtari, A., Ibrahim, E. C., Gloaguen, A., Barrot, C.-C., Cohen, D., Derouin, M., Vachon, H., Charbonnier, G., Loriod, B., Decraene, C., et al. (2025) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105569 · Cited by 20
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Nestor, S. M., & Blumberger, D. M. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20030271 · Cited by 13
Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for depression: How dire is the need? How could we do it?
Earleywine, M., & Leo, J. A. D. (2020) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2020.00134 · Cited by 13
“Lifetime prevalence in the United States is approximately 20% (Hasin et al., 2018).”
BackgroundHow optimism and physical activity interplay to promote happiness
Fortier, M., & Morgan, T. L. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01294-y · Cited by 18
Quave, C. B., Nieto, S. J., Haile, C. N., & Kosten, T. A. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100248 · Cited by 13
Parami, S., Tapak, L., Poorolajal, J., Moghimbeigi, A., & Ghaleiha, A. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03559-7 · Cited by 17
Datta, S., Suryadevara, U., & Cheong, J. (2021) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001051 · Cited by 21
Dalby, M., Vitezic, M., Plath, N., Hammer-Helmich, L., Jiang, Y., Tian, C., Dhamija, D., Wilson, C. H., Hinds, D. A., Aslibekyan, S. W., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01877-2 · Cited by 14
“Indeed, a history of psychiatric hospitalization among MD cases was higher (29%) than that reported in a representative sample of US adults (12%) [52].”
BackgroundResultO’Shields, J., Patel, D., & Mowbray, O. P. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.077 · Cited by 15
“The underwhelming treatment response is further underscored by findings that even subsyndromal levels of depression are likely to lead to a future depressive episode, and those that do experience depression are likely to experience an episode of moderate to severe symptom levels (Hasin et al., 2018; Rush and Jain, 201…”
BackgroundStuart, R., Fischer, H. J., Leitzke, A., Becker, D., Saheba, N., & Coleman, K. J. (2022) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/21.183 · Cited by 12
Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Ni, B., Jiang, Y., & Ouyang, Y. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0284113 · Cited by 13
Kim, J. Y., Linos, E., Rodríguez, C. I., Chen, M. L., Dove, M. S., & Keegan, T. H. M. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115622 · Cited by 13
“Poor mental health has been found to be more common among those with low socioeconomic status (SES) in multiple studies (Hasin et al., 2018; Richardson et al., 2015), including a meta-analysis that identified a dose-response relation between depression and low education and income.”
BackgroundAssociation between anxious distress in a major depressive episode and bipolarity
Sugawara, H., Tsutsumi, T., Inada, K., Ishigooka, J., Hashimoto, M., Takebayashi, M., & Nishimura, K. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s188947 · Cited by 14
“However, a higher prevalence of ANXD in MDD was reported in other studies.(15,16) This lack of concordance may reflect differences in patient’s characteristics, including race.”
BackgroundDunn, B. D., O’Mahen, H., Wright, K. A., & Brown, G. P. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103417 · Cited by 15
Hou, Z., Kong, Y., Yin, Y., Zhang, Y., & Yuan, Y. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110038 · Cited by 13
The prevalence of depression symptoms after smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Amiri, S. (2020) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2020.1826104 · Cited by 14
Wang, G. H.-M., Chen, W.-H., Chang, S.-H., Zhang, T., Shao, H., Guo, J., & Lo-Ciganic, W.-H. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04475-z · Cited by 13
“Furthermore, depression affects approximately 8.4% of US adults, [2] especially those aged 15–49 years [3].”
BackgroundInfluentialBai, Y., Liu, W., Zhang, F., Zheng, Y., Guo, Q., Hu, H., Hu, Y. F., Chen, H., Li, G., Tang, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.066 · Cited by 13
Pupillary response in reward processing in adults with major depressive disorder in remission
Guath, M., Willfors, C., Avdic, H. B., Nordgren, A., & Kleberg, J. L. (2022) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617722000224 · Cited by 13
“Finally, it should be noted that a relatively high number of participants in the current sample had a life time history of MDD (∼38%), which can be compared to an estimated life time prevalence of 10–20% in recent studies (Hasin et al., 2018; Lim et al., 2018).”
ResultFollmer, K. B., Geiger, M. K., Beatty, J. E., & Follmer, D. J. (2022) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011221107720 · Cited by 12
“Finally, evidence has shown that rates of depression and bipolar disorder are on the rise in the United States (Hasin et al., 2018), making organizations increasingly likely to employ individuals who have been (or will eventually be) diagnosed with a mood disorder.”
BackgroundInfluentialPharmacokinetics of Ketamine Transfer Into Human Milk
Majdinasab, E. J., Datta, P., Krutsch, K., Baker, T. E., & Hale, T. W. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001711 · Cited by 13
Eye-tracking in adult depression: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Noyes, B. K., Biorac, A., Vázquez, G. H., Khalid‐Khan, S., Munoz, D. P., & Booij, L. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069256 · Cited by 12
“5 In comparison to single major depressive episodes, recurrent depression is associated with impaired psychosocial functioning in adulthood, including lower positive and higher negative emotionality, more antisocial behaviour, increased use of mental health services and increased suicidal ideation.”
BackgroundChinyamurindi, W., Mathibe, M. S., & Marange, C. S. (2023) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v49i0.2057 · Cited by 14
Prevalence of depression among caregivers based on the condition and relationship of care recipient
Monahan, Z., Shores, D., Mack, A., Bray, N. N., Ford, A. I., & Hartwell, M. L. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.054 · Cited by 13
Delay discounting and family history of psychopathology in children ages 9–11
Sloan, M. E., Sanches, M., Tanabe, J., & Gowin, J. L. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49148-4 · Cited by 11
“White families would be expected to have higher lifetime rates of depression compared to Hispanic or African American families 30 and children identified as White and non-Hispanic also displayed shallower discounting compared to those identified as Black or Hispanic in this sample.”
BackgroundCai, J., Li, Y., Liu, X., Zheng, Y., Zhong, D., Xue, C., Zhang, J., Zheng, Z., Jin, R., & Li, J. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.045 · Cited by 16
Gan, X., Li, X., Cai, Y. A., Yin, B., Pan, Q., Teng, T., He, Y., Tang, H., Wang, T., Li, J., et al. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107086 · Cited by 15
Sympathetic and blood pressure reactivity in young adults with major depressive disorder
Darling, A. M., Young, B. E., Skow, R. J., Dominguez, C. M., Saunders, E. F. H., Fadel, P. J., & Greaney, J. L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.053 · Cited by 12
Management of Depression and Anxiety in Perioperative Medicine
Rolfzen, M. L., Nägele, P., Conway, C. R., Gibbons, R. D., & Bartels, K. (2024) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000005076 · Cited by 13
Starr, H. L., Abell, J. E., Larish, A., Lewis, S., DeMuro, C., Gogate, J. P., Jamieson, C., Daly, E., Zaki, N., & Kramer, M. L. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113376 · Cited by 12
Multiple cholinesterase inhibitors have antidepressant-like properties in the mouse forced swim test
Fitzgerald, P. J., Hale, P. J., Ghimire, A., & Watson, B. O. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113323 · Cited by 12
Gianella, S., Saloner, R., Curtin, G., Little, S. J., Heaton, A., Montoya, J. L., Letendre, S. L., Marquine, M. J., Jeste, D. V., & Moore, D. J. (2021) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03373-y · Cited by 11
A Behavioral Economic Model of Help-Seeking for Depression
Trusty, W. T., Swift, J. K., & Rasmussen, E. B. (2021) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-021-00308-9 · Cited by 11
Shava, H., & Chinyamurindi, W. (2021) · SA Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v19i0.1437 · Cited by 12
Forma, F. M., Chiu, K., Shafrin, J. T., Boskovic, D. H., & Veeranki, S. P. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221084472 · Cited by 12
Zhu, Z. H., Song, X. Y., Man, L. J., Chen, P., Tang, Z., Li, R. H., Ji, C., Dai, N. B., Liu, F., Wang, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.858675 · Cited by 12
“The storage time might influence the IL-8 measurement in this study; (3) A cross-sectional design.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBraund, T. A., Breukelaar, I. A., Griffiths, K. R., Tillman, G., Palmer, D. M., Bryant, R. A., Phillips, M. L., Harris, A. W. F., & Korgaonkar, M. S. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.07.010 · Cited by 12
Judd-Glossy, L., Ariefdjohan, M. W., Ketzer, J., Wehrli, L. A., Peña, A., Torre, L. D. L., & Bischoff, A. (2022) · Pediatric Surgery International · doi:10.1007/s00383-022-05212-0 · Cited by 12
Esie, P., & Bates, L. M. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02412-w · Cited by 14
Liu, Y., Xu, Y., Yang, X., Miao, G., Wu, Y., & Yang, S. (2023) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5866 · Cited by 14
“6%.(27) In China, a national survey showed that 37.”
BackgroundPeiper, N. C., Nelson, B. W., Aschbacher, K., & Forman‐Hoffman, V. L. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02402-y · Cited by 11
“Major depression is one of the most common mental disorders, affecting 10% of the US adult population annually [1].”
BackgroundPamplin, J. R., Rudolph, K. E., Keyes, K. M., Susser, E., & Bates, L. M. (2023) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwad128 · Cited by 16
Rampersaud, R., Wu, G. W. Y., Reus, V. I., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. H., Epel, E. S., Hough, C. M., Mellon, S. H., & Wolkowitz, O. M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35912-z · Cited by 12
“(1) BMI score was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.”
MethodClinton, S. M., Shupe, E. A., Glover, M. E., Unroe, K. A., McCoy, C. R., Cohen, J. L., & Kerman, I. A. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15158 · Cited by 15
Pfeiffer, J. A., Hart, J. L., Wood, L. A., Bhatnagar, A., Keith, R. J., Yeager, R. A., Smith, T., Tomlinson, M. M., Gilkey, D., Kerstiens, S., et al. (2021) · Population Medicine · doi:10.18332/popmed/139173 · Cited by 12
Cosker, E., Moulard, M., Baumann, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.054 · Cited by 12
Meyerhoff, J., Nguyen, T., Karr, C. J., Reddy, M. C., Williams, J. J., Bhattacharjee, A., Mohr, D. C., & Kornfield, R. (2022) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2022.09.086 · Cited by 12
“In addition to the burden of symptoms these conditions place on young people, these affective conditions can have profound effects on individuals’ functioning across social, emotional, economic, and health domains [5–7].”
BackgroundAssessing potential of psilocybin for depressive disorders
Kozak, Z., Johnson, M. W., & Aaronson, S. T. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1080/13543784.2023.2273493 · Cited by 11
“Recent reports found that Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) was diagnosed in 10% of the general population in the United States in the past 12 months [3], and about one in three patients seeking treatment for MDD fail to respond to+ adequate trials of at least two antidepressant medications,…”
BackgroundPrecision medicine for depression: Improving treatment response and remission
Corrivetti, G., Monaco, F., Vignapiano, A., Marenna, A., Panarello, E., Gruttola, B. D., Landi, S., Malvone, R., Vecchi, C., Leo, S., et al. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104585 · Cited by 15
Mitochondrial dysfunction in depression: Mechanisms and targeted therapy strategies
Xue, X., Li, K., Jiang, B., Zou, W., & Wang, L. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104694 · Cited by 15
Jha, M. K. (2021) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyab078 · Cited by 13
Antonucci, L. A., Penzel, N., Sanfelici, R., Pigoni, A., Kambeitz‐Ilankovic, L., Dwyer, D., Ruef, A., Dong, M. S., Öztürk, Ö., Chisholm, K., et al. (2022) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2022.16 · Cited by 12
“57,58 We might speculate that the higher clinical variability in our CHR samples might have led to a more accurate and more representative multimodal predictive model for this population, and that the higher clinical homogeneity in our ROD samples may have driven the better generalisation of ROD…”
Gay, F., Singier, A., Aouizerate, B., Salvo, F., & Bienvenu, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.910897 · Cited by 13
Salem, H., Huynh, T., Topolski, N., Mwangi, B., Trivedi, M. H., Soares, J. C., Rush, A. J., & Selvaraj, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.076 · Cited by 12
Inflammation mediated the effect of dietary fiber on depressive symptoms
Zhang, T., Cui, X.-M., Zhang, Y., Xie, T., Deng, Y.-J., Guo, F.-X., Wang, Q., Wu, Q., Dong, M.-H., & Luo, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.989492 · Cited by 11
“4%, respectively (3), and the majority of Americans with depressive symptoms do not receive treatment (4).”
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O’Shields, J., Mowbray, O. P., & Cooper, Z. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116481 · Cited by 12
Baune, B. T., Minelli, A., Carpiniello, B., Contu, M., Barragán, J. D., Donlo, C., Ferensztajn‐Rochowiak, E., Glaser, R., Kelch, B., Kobelska, P., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1279688 · Cited by 11
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Self-citationJiang, H., Zeng, Y., He, P., Zhu, X., Zhu, J., & Gao, Y. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.099 · Cited by 11
Comai, S., Martin, S. D., Mattarei, A., Guidetti, C., Pappagallo, M., Folli, F. B., Alimonti, A., & Manfredi, P. L. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17121618 · Cited by 13
“In the USA, the reported lifetime prevalence for MDD is approximately 20% [2].”
Wu, J., Li, N., Gu, J., Shen, Y., Qiu, L., & Zhu, L. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.007 · Cited by 12
Hoffmann, J. P. (2018) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2018.108080 · Cited by 13
“Past month prevalence among adults was about 10% in 2017 [5], which is substantially higher than in 2002 (6%) [6].”
Bordering on the bipolar: a review of criteria for ICD-11 and DSM-5 persistent mood disorders
Luty, J. S. (2019) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2019.54 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Hasin, D. S., Sarvet, A. L., Meyers, J. L., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Stohl, M., & Grant, B. F.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Fedpoint Systems, LLC, Arlington, Virginia
- Corresponding author
- Hasin, Deborah S.
- Venue
- JAMA Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2018-04-01
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 336
- ISSN
- 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5875313
- OpenAlex
- W2789034326
- Cited by
- 1,737
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 166 · 2025: 217 · 2024: 268 · 2023: 269 · 2022: 256 · 2021: 263 · 2020: 166 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 28
- FWCI
- 189.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA037914)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, DSM-5, prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, bereavement, depressive symptoms, functional disability, antidepressant treatment, sex differences, racial and ethnic disparities, income, NESARC-III, United States adults, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders
- MeSH terms
- Correlation of Data, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Social Class, United States, Comorbidity, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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