Cited by 1,737Mental Health Treatment and AccessTreatment of Major DepressionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 24 of the 68 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States

Open access

Hasin, Deborah S., Sarvet, Aaron L., Meyers, Jacquelyn L., Saha, Tulshi D., Ruan, W. June, Stohl, Malka, Grant, Bridget F.·2018·JAMA Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602PMC PMC5875313

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Abstract

Importance: No US national data are available on the prevalence and correlates of DSM-5-defined major depressive disorder (MDD) or on MDD specifiers as defined in DSM-5. Objective: To present current nationally representative findings on the prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidity, functioning, and treatment of DSM-5 MDD and initial information on the prevalence, severity, and treatment of DSM-5 MDD severity, anxious/distressed specifier, and mixed-features specifier, as well as cases that would have been characterized as bereavement in DSM-IV. Design, Setting, and Participants: In-person interviews with a representative sample of US noninstitutionalized civilian adults (≥18 years) (n = 36 309) who participated in the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III (NESARC-III). Data were collected from April 2012 to June 2013 and were analyzed in 2016-2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Prevalence of DSM-5 MDD and the DSM-5 specifiers. Odds ratios (ORs), adjusted ORs (aORs), and 95% CIs indicated associations with demographic characteristics and other psychiatric disorders. Results: Of the 36 309 adult participants in NESARC-III, 12-month and lifetime prevalences of MDD were 10.4% and 20.6%, respectively. Odds of 12-month MDD were significantly lower in men (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.46-0.55) and in African American (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.54-0.68), Asian/Pacific Islander (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.45-0.67), and Hispanic (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.62-0.78) adults than in white adults and were higher in younger adults (age range, 18-29 years; OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.48-3.55) and those with low incomes ($19 999 or less; OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.49-2.04). Associations of MDD with psychiatric disorders ranged from an aOR of 2.1 (95% CI, 1.84-2.35) for specific phobia to an aOR of 5.7 (95% CI, 4.98-6.50) for generalized anxiety disorder. Associations of MDD with substance use disorders ranged from an aOR of 1.8 (95% CI, 1.63-2.01) for alcohol to an aOR of 3.0 (95% CI, 2.57-3.55) for any drug. Most lifetime MDD cases were moderate (39.7%) or severe (49.5%). Almost 70% with lifetime MDD had some type of treatment. Functioning among those with severe MDD was approximately 1 SD below the national mean. Among 12.9% of those with lifetime MDD, all episodes occurred just after the death of someone close and lasted less than 2 months. The anxious/distressed specifier characterized 74.6% of MDD cases, and the mixed-features specifier characterized 15.5%. Controlling for severity, both specifiers were associated with early onset, poor course and functioning, and suicidality. Conclusions and Relevance: Among US adults, DSM-5 MDD is highly prevalent, comorbid, and disabling. While most cases received some treatment, a substantial minority did not. Much remains to be learned about the DSM-5 MDD specifiers in the general population.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602

Cites

106 of 106 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

24 of 68 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Demographic correlates were consistent with previous surveys.2,5”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Results (page not available in our copy) identify sociodemographic correlates of major depressive episodes in adolescents and young adults. The Discussion says the larger increase among girls than boys aligns with past studies, but it does not establish that the demographic correlates overall were consistent with previous surveys. The paper reports major depressive episodes, rather than MDD diagnoses. (LLM, conf=0.82)
  cites [2] 2. Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(6):pii:e20161878. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder was assoc iated w ith SUDs, particularly drug disorders, as found previously for cannabis, 40,62 nonmedical prescription opioids, 5,57,63 and drug use disorders.41”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [40] 40. Grant BF, Saha TD, Ruan WJ, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(1): 39-47.
- Supported
  This source is cited for the nonmedical prescription opioid example, not for every substance use disorder in the sentence. The Results (‘The self-medication pathway,’ Table 3) report that baseline MDD was associated with incident opioid disorder due to nonmedical prescription opioid use after adjustment for other disorders and substance use. (LLM, conf=0.91)
  cites [62] 62. Martins SS, Fenton MC, Keyes KM, Blanco C, Zhu H, Storr CL. Mood/anxiety disorders and their association with non-medical prescription opioid use and prescription opioid use disorder: longitudinal evidence from the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychol Med. 2012;42(6):1261-1272. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] 57. Mehta K, Kramer H, Durazo-Arvizu R, Cao G, Tong L, Rao M. Depression in the US population during the time periods surrounding the Great Recession. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(4):e499-e504. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Compton WM, Han B, Jones CM, Blanco C, Hughes A. Marijuana use and use disorders in adults in the USA, 2002-14. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(10): 954-964. source
- Partly supported
  The Results > Comorbidity section (page unavailable) reports an association between nonmedical prescription opioid use and major depressive disorder, limited to 12-month MDD. It does not report that MDD was associated with nonmedical prescription opioid use disorder, or establish that the association was particularly strong for drug disorders. (LLM, conf=0.86)
  cites [41] 41. Saha TD, Kerridge BT, Goldstein RB, et al. Nonmedical prescription opioid use and DSM-5 nonmedical prescription opioid use disorder in the United States. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(6):772-780. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the increases in depression and suicide that have accompanied growing income inequality suggest that the relationship of low income to MDD is due to stress from inadequate financial resources for life necessities or pessimism about improved future prospects.1”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Discussion (page unavailable) suggests that economic insecurity may be tied to rising suicide and describes concern about not being better off than one’s parents. It does not establish that low income causes MDD, identify inadequate resources for necessities as the mechanism, or show that depression rose with income inequality. (LLM, conf=0.82)
  cites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“With increasingly positive attitudes toward substance use [64][65][66] and increasing rates of adult SUDs and associated problems, 24,41,42,[67][68][69] MDD comorbidity with SUDs remains a substantial public health 24,70 and economic 16 burden.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [24] 24. Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Saha TD, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015; 72(8):757-766.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] 70. Bonn-Miller MO, Boden MT, Bucossi MM, Babson KA. Self-reported cannabis use characteristics, patterns and helpfulness among medical cannabis users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2014;40(1):23-30. source
- Partly supported
  The Discussion reports a substantial economic burden among people with MDD and attributes a large share to comorbid conditions. The Demographics section identifies alcohol and drug abuse as comorbidities, but the paper does not isolate the economic burden of MDD comorbid with substance use disorders. In the citing sentence, this source is attached to the economic-burden claim; the public-health claim has separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.83)
  cites [16] 16. Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, Pike CT, Kessler RC. The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010). J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(2): 155-162. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“O ver the past 25 years, the US prevalence of adolescent and adult depression indicators has increased.1,2”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Midlife Morbidity section reports that serious psychological distress increased among white non-Hispanic adults aged 45–54 between 1997–1999 and 2011–2013. It does not establish an increase in depression indicators among adolescents or the broader US adult population, nor does that comparison span 25 years. (LLM, conf=0.88)
  cites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Partly supported
  The Abstract and Results report increased 12-month major depressive episode prevalence among US adolescents and young adults from 2005 to 2014. The study does not establish a 25-year trend or an increase among adults generally; the Discussion says the increase was limited to ages 12–20, with no change at ages 21–25. (LLM, conf=0.91)
  cites [2] 2. Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(6):pii:e20161878. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Test-retest reliability of AUDADIS-5 DSM-5 MDD was fair 29 (κ = 0.40) 26”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Key Points
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [26] 26. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). https://niaaa.nih.gov/research/nesarc-III. Accessed October 5, 2017.
- Partly supported
  The Introduction says AUDADIS-5 mood and anxiety disorders had test–retest reliability comparable to AUDADIS-IV, but gives no κ = 0.40 for DSM-5 MDD. Its κ = 0.40–0.65 range refers to AUDADIS-IV diagnoses. The Results (§3.2) instead report AUDADIS-5/PRISM-5 concordance, a different comparison. (LLM, conf=0.86)
  cites [29] 29. Hasin DS, Shmulewitz D, Stohl M, et al. Procedural validity of the AUDADIS-5 depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder modules. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;152:246-256. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,006
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder was associated with other psychiatric disorders, especially generalized anxiety disorder and borderline personality disorder, associations found in previous studies.5,[46][47][48][49]”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] 46. Yoshimatsu K, Palmer B. Depression in patients with borderline personality disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014;22(5):266-273. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] 47. Richman MJ, Unoka Z. Mental state decoding impairment in major depression and borderline personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;207(6): 483-489. source
- Partly supported
  The Introduction describes major depressive disorder as comorbid with other mental disorders, and the Results and Discussion identify borderline personality disorder and anxiety disorders as relevant to its persistence. The paper does not single out generalized anxiety disorder as an especially strong association; the Results instead name specific phobia and panic disorder as predictors of persistence. Its main finding concerns the course of MDD, not a ranking of disorders associated with MDD generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
  cites [48] 48. Skodol AE, Grilo CM, Keyes KM, Geier T, Grant BF, Hasin DS. Relationship of personality disorders to the course of major depressive disorder in a nationally representative sample. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(3):257-264. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Could not verify
  The Methods > Measures section identifies MDD and GAD as separate study outcomes, and the Results relate each to the gender wage gap; neither reports an association between MDD and GAD. Searches for MDD–GAD comorbidity and borderline personality disorder found no passage addressing the claimed associations. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
  cites [49] 49. Platt J, Prins S, Bates L, Keyes K. Unequal depression for equal work? how the wage gap explains gendered disparities in mood disorders. Soc Sci Med. 2016;149:1-8. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Data were adjusted for oversampling and nonresponse and weighted to represent the US civilian population based on the 2012 American Community Survey.25”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Sample and Procedures
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Methods (Section 2.1 Sample; page unavailable) identify the target as the US non-institutionalized civilian adult population and describe higher selection probabilities for minority respondents. The paper reports response rates, but our copy does not say that the data were adjusted for oversampling or nonresponse, or weighted using the 2012 American Community Survey. (LLM, conf=0.82)
  cites [25] 25. Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Smith SM, et al. The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5 (AUDADIS-5): reliability of substance use and psychiatric disorder modules in a general population sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;148:27-33. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The likelihood that NESARC-III indicates valid increases in prevalence is supported by the coherence of its results with 6 other reports showing national increases in depression indicators 1,2 (also Katherine M. Keyes, PhD, written communication, January 2, 2018) and suicidality.1,86,91,92”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Significance section reports rising suicide mortality from 1999 to 2013 across all four US census regions, but specifically among white non-Hispanics aged 45–54. This supports the cited paper as one report of an increase in a suicidality-related outcome; it does not establish a population-wide increase in suicidality or validate NESARC-III prevalence estimates. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
  cites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Supported
  The Results report a national increase in 12-month major depressive episodes among US adolescents and young adults from 2005 to 2014. The Discussion also notes recent US suicide-trend data, though suicidality was not measured in this study. The source supports its role as one of the reports cited; the inference about NESARC-III’s validity is the citing authors’ own. (LLM, conf=0.87)
  cites [2] 2. Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(6):pii:e20161878. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] 86. Fahimi M, Link M, Mokdad A, Schwartz DA, Levy P. Tracking chronic disease and risk behavior prevalence as survey participation declines. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(3):A80.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] 91. Olfson M, Wang S, Blanco C. National trends in hospital-treated self-harm events among middle-aged adults. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2015; 37(6):613-619. source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [92]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The likelihood of treatment for depression is reduced in those with SUDs.79”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verify
  The Statistical Analyses section examines depression treatment by sociodemographic characteristics and psychological distress, not substance use disorder. The Discussion identifies low treatment likelihood among racial and ethnic minorities but does not address whether substance use disorders reduce the likelihood of depression treatment. Searches for substance use disorders, SUDs, and alcohol or drug dependence found no passage establishing the claimed association. (LLM, conf=0.74)
  cites [79] 79. Olfson M, Blanco C, Marcus SC. Treatment of adult depression in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(10):1482-1491. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes

Show all 75 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 25
Probably not a substantial claim. 15
The quote only partly states this claim. 15

Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder was more prevalent among women, possibly related to gender discrimination, 50 differential exposure to childhood or adult adversities 51 such as sexual abuse, 52 differential exposure to a complex host of different developmentally organized risk factors, 53 or biologically different stress responses.54”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Disputed
  Citation 51 is attached to differential exposure to childhood or adult adversities as a possible explanation for higher depression prevalence among women. The Results section, “Prevalence of Childhood Adversities and Stressful Life Events” (page unavailable), says childhood-adversity exposure was similar among men and women and found no gender differences in the prevalence of minor or major life events. The Discussion considers differences in event severity, but does not offer differential exposure as an explanation for higher depression prevalence among women. (LLM, conf=0.87)
  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
  cites [50] 50. McLaughlin KA, Conron KJ, Koenen KC, Gilman SE. Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder. Psychol Med. 2010;40(10):1647-1658. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] 51. Weiss EL, Longhurst JG, Mazure CM. Childhood sexual abuse as a risk factor for depression in women: psychosocial and neurobiological correlates. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(6):816-828. source
- Partly supported
  Citation 53 attaches to the proposed role of developmentally organized risk factors. The Discussion reports sex differences across developmental tiers of the model, supporting that part of the claim. It describes differences in the factors’ effects on depression risk, however, rather than showing that differential exposure to those factors explains the higher prevalence of depression among women. (LLM, conf=0.84)
  cites [52] 52. Kendler KS, Gardner CO. Sex differences in the pathways to major depression: a study of opposite-sex twin pairs. Am J Psychiatry. 2014; 171(4):426-435. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD was associated with impairment, 3,4 psychiatric and substance use disorders (SUDs), [5][6][7][8][9] poor health, 10,11 mortality, 12 disease and economic burden, 12 and disability-years.[13][14][15][16]”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Discussion reports worse functioning during depression and improvement after recovery, supporting the impairment portion of the sentence. However, the Diagnostic instrument section specifies DSM-III-R diagnoses, not the DSM-IV diagnosis named in the claim. The other outcomes are attached to different citations in the citing sentence and are not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
  cites [3] 3. Spijker J, Graaf R, Bijl RV, Beekman AT, Ormel J, Nolen WA. Functional disability and depression in the general population: results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004; 110(3):208-214. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [4] 4. Kessler RC, Bromet EJ. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annu Rev Public Health. 2013;34:119-138.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] 6. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. JAMA. 1990;264(19): 2511-2518. source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [7] 7. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(1):8-19.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. Grant BF, Harford TC. Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995;39(3):197-206. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al; National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289(23):3095-3105. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] 10. Goldstein BI, Carnethon MR, Matthews KA, et al; American Heart Association Atherosclerosis; Hypertension and Obesity in Youth Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder predispose youth to accelerated atherosclerosis and early cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2015; 132(10):965-986. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] 11. Vancampfort D, Mitchell AJ, De Hert M, et al. Type 2 diabetes in patients with major depressive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32(10):763-773. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Impaired functioning was assessed with version 2 of the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12v2), a reliable, valid, widely used measure of impairment in the prior 30 days.39”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Impairment
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Method > Disability/Impairment passage describes the SF-12v2 as a widely used measure of current disability and says the study used it to assess functioning. It does not specify a prior-30-day period or state that the SF-12v2 is reliable and valid; the reliability and validity statements in Method > Assessments concern a different interview. (LLM, conf=0.87)
  cites [39] 39. Hasin DS, Kerridge BT, Saha TD, et al. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, 2012-2013: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(6):588-599. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This study found association between low income and 12-month MDD, consistent with other studies conducted within the last 3 years.1,57,58”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verify
  The Midlife Morbidity section reports trends in psychological distress among white non-Hispanic adults aged 45–54. The Discussion considers possible ties between economic insecurity and worsening health, but neither passage reports an association between low income and 12-month major depressive disorder. Searches for MDD, low income, and depression did not locate that finding in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
  cites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] 57. Mehta K, Kramer H, Durazo-Arvizu R, Cao G, Tong L, Rao M. Depression in the US population during the time periods surrounding the Great Recession. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(4):e499-e504. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Galea S, Annas GJ. Aspirations and strategies for public health. JAMA. 2016;315(7):655-656. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that efforts to selfmanage depression with cannabis are increasing [71][72][73][74][75] (also Aaron L. Sarvet, MPH, written communication, January 2, 2018) despite lack of evidence that cannabinoids are effective for this purpose 76,77 ; prospectively, cannabis worsens the course of depressive disorders.78”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Results (Comorbidities) report that respondents used cannabis to manage depression, supporting the self-management part of the cited clause. This cross-sectional study does not establish that such efforts are increasing over time. The statements about effectiveness and the prospective course of depression have separate citations and are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
  cites [71] 71. Corroon JM Jr, Mischley LK, Sexton M. Cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs. J Pain Res. 2017;10:989-998. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Partly supported
  The Results section, “Applicants’ Self Reports of the Therapeutic Benefits of Marijuana” (page unavailable), reports that 26.1% of applicants said they used marijuana for relief of depression. That supports the self-management portion of the clause to which this source is cited, but the paper does not establish that such efforts are increasing. The separate claims about efficacy and the prospective course of depression carry different citations in the citing sentence and are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
  cites [72] 72. Nunberg H, Kilmer B, Pacula RL, Burgdorf J. An analysis of applicants presenting to a medical marijuana specialty practice in California. J Drug Policy Anal. 2011;4(1):pii:1. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] 73. Bradford AC, Bradford WD. Medical marijuana laws may be associated with a decline in the number of prescriptions for Medicaid enrollees. Health Aff (Millwood). 2017;36(5):945-951. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] 74. Bradford AC, Bradford WD. Medical marijuana laws reduce prescription medication use in Medicare Part D. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35(7): 1230-1236. source
- Supported
  The citation to this review supports the clause about lack of evidence that cannabinoids treat depression. The Depression section reports that no treatment studies met the inclusion criteria and that three studies assessing depression as an outcome found no difference from placebo. The separate claims about increasing self-management and the prospective course of depressive disorders have other citations. (LLM, conf=0.93)
  cites [75] 75. Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, et al. Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;313(24):2456-2473. source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [76] 76. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2017.
- Supported
  Citation 78 supports the final clause of the citing sentence, not its separate claims about self-management or cannabinoid efficacy. The Results report that marijuana use worsened depression symptoms over six months, and the Discussion describes poorer recovery among psychiatry outpatients with depression. (LLM, conf=0.90)
  cites [77] 77. Bahorik AL, Leibowitz A, Sterling SA, Travis A, Weisner C, Satre DD. Patterns of marijuana use among psychiatry patients with depression and its impact on recovery. J Affect Disord. 2017;213:168-171. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] 78. Han B, Olfson M, Mojtabai R. Depression care among depressed adults with and without comorbid substance use disorders in the United States. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34(3):291-300. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The NESARC-III treatment rates are plausible given the extent of direct-toconsumer advertising of antidepressants 83 and widespread distribution through primary care.79”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] 83. Qaseem A, Barry MJ, Kansagara D; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Nonpharmacologic versus pharmacologic treatment of adult patients with major depressive disorder: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(5):350-359. source
- Supported
  Citation 79 is attached to the primary-care part of the sentence, not the advertising part. The Health Care Professionals section reports that 73.3% of patients treated for depression were treated exclusively by general medical professionals and that most patients treated by that group received antidepressants. This supports the claim of widespread provision through primary care; the paper does not need to establish the separate advertising claim attributed to citation 83. (LLM, conf=0.91)
  cites [79] 79. Olfson M, Blanco C, Marcus SC. Treatment of adult depression in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(10):1482-1491. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Of participants with lifetime DSM-5 MDD, 69.4% received any treatment for their disorder, slightly higher than in the 2001-2002 NESARC (60.6%).5”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“were higher in younger adults (age range, 18-29 years; OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.48-3.55)”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 MDD Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates · plain
  “Compared with respondents 65 years or older, odds of 12month MDD were greater for younger age groups.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“those with low incomes ($19 999 or less; OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.49-2.04)”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 MDD Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates · plain
  “Compared with the highest income category ($70 000 or higher), odds of 12-month MDD were greater in each successively lower household income category”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the mixed-features specifier characterized 15.5%.”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 Specifiers and Bereavement · plain
  “the mixed-features specifier characterized 15.5% of those with lifetime MDD”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Controlling for severity, both specifiers were associated with early onset, poor course and functioning, and suicidality.”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 Specifiers and Bereavement · plain
  “Both specifiers were significantly associated with earlier onset, number of episodes, longest duration, severity, MDD treatment overall and by type, suicidality, and poorer SF-12v2 scores.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, NESARC-III response rates compare favorably with other recent national health surveys.[86][87][88]”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [86] 86. Fahimi M, Link M, Mokdad A, Schwartz DA, Levy P. Tracking chronic disease and risk behavior prevalence as survey participation declines. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(3):A80.
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [87] 87. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Methodological Summary and Definitions. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2016.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] 88. Simon NM, Shear KM, Thompson EH, et al. The prevalence and correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in individuals with complicated grief. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(5):395-399. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This result is higher than the treatment rate in one recent study 80 that used less specific measures to identify depression but is consistent with rates from other studies published in the last 4 years.81,82”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] 80. Olfson M, Kroenke K, Wang S, Blanco C. Trends in office-based mental health care provided by psychiatrists and primary care physicians. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(3):247-253. source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [81] 81. Han B, Hedden S, Lipari R, Copello E, Kroutil L. Receipt of Services for Behavioral Health Problems: Results From the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2015.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] 82. Avery RJ, Eisenberg MD, Simon KI. The impact of direct-to-consumer television and magazine advertising on antidepressant use. J Health Econ. 2012;31(5):705-718. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, dual-focused treatment is more effective when 2 disorders are present.70”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] 70. Bonn-Miller MO, Boden MT, Bucossi MM, Babson KA. Self-reported cannabis use characteristics, patterns and helpfulness among medical cannabis users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2014;40(1):23-30. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Also, as noted, 85 DSM-5 left differentiating MDD from normal bereavement to clinical judgment.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [85] 85. Curtin SC, Warner M, Hedegaard H. Increase in suicide in the United States, 1999-2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2016;(241):1-8.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.

48 of 48

The paper relies on this without support.
National epidemiologic information on major depressive disorder is limited to pre-DSM-5 studies conducted more than 15 years ago.
“However, national epidemiologic information on major depressive disorder (MDD) is limited to pre-DSM-5 studies conducted more than 15 years ago.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The proportion of MDD cases diagnosed as positive after bereavement has not been studied.
“the proportion of MDD cases diagnosed as positive after bereavement has also not been studied.”
The paper relies on this without support.
DSM-IV and DSM-5 include a severity specifier (mild, moderate, or severe) that had not previously been examined in national data.
“The DSM-IV and DSM-5 include a severity specifier (mild, moderate, or severe) not previously examined in national data.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DSM-5 does not state the number of MDD symptoms required for each severity level.
“The DSM-5 does not state the number of MDD symptoms required for each severity level, so these levels were defined as follows: mild is 5 symptoms (minimum for a diagnosis), moderate is 6 to 7 symptoms, and severe is 8 to 9 symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DSM-5 states that distress and impairment should increase across severity levels but without clear definitions.
“The DSM-5 also states that distress and impairment should increase across levels but without clear definitions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DSM-5 suggests incorporation of distress and impairment levels into the severity classifications but defines these vaguely.
“The DSM-5 also suggests incorporation of distress and impairment levels into the severity classifications but defines these vaguely.”

6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Reported median falls below its implied duration category
Minor
For participants whose MDD began in the past 12 months, 38.35% had a longest episode of 8 weeks or less, and 53.07% had one of 12 weeks or less. The median must therefore be in the 9-12-week category, not 8.81 weeks.

1 of 1

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148
Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
The Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 · Cited by 7,988
Selective Cortical Undercutting As a Means of Modifying and Studying Frontal Lobe Function in Man
Scoville, W. B. (1949) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1949.6.1.0065 · Cited by 7,374
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Vos, T., Barber, R. M., Bell, B., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Biryukov, S., Bolliger, I., Charlson, F., Davis, A., Degenhardt, L., Dicker, D., et al. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4 · Cited by 6,414
Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys
Moussavi, S., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Tandon, A., Patel, V., & Ustun, B. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61415-9 · Cited by 4,070
Comorbidity of Mental Disorders With Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse: Results From the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study
Regier, D. A. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450190043026 · Cited by 3,962
Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in the United States: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Ogburn, E., & Grant, B. F. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.830 · Cited by 2,908
Self-citation
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Raber, G., & Spokas, M. (2024) · doi:10.4135/9781071886229.n145 · Cited by 2,806

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 113 references

7 of the 113 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 12

[8]8. Grant BF, Harford TC. Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995;39(3):197-206.
[11]11. Vancampfort D, Mitchell AJ, De Hert M, et al. Type 2 diabetes in patients with major depressive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32(10):763-773.
[13]13. Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, Tandon A, Patel V, Ustun B. Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health. Lancet. 2007;370(9590): 851-858.
[22]22. Targum SD, Suppes T, Pendergrass JC, et al. Major depressive disorder with subthreshold hypomania (mixed features). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2016; 68:9-14.
[23]23. Goldberg JF, Ng-Mak D, Siu C, Chuang CC, Rajagopalan K, Loebel A. Remission and recovery associated with lurasidone in the treatment of major depressive disorder with subthreshold hypomanic symptoms (mixed features). CNS Spectr. 2017;22(2):220-227.
[29]29. Hasin DS, Shmulewitz D, Stohl M, et al. Procedural validity of the AUDADIS-5 depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder modules. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;152:246-256.
[50]50. McLaughlin KA, Conron KJ, Koenen KC, Gilman SE. Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder. Psychol Med. 2010;40(10):1647-1658.
[53]53. Zorn JV, Schür RR, Boks MP, Kahn RS, Joëls M, Vinkers CH. Cortisol stress reactivity across psychiatric disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;77:25-36.
[63]63. Compton WM, Han B, Jones CM, Blanco C, Hughes A. Marijuana use and use disorders in adults in the USA, 2002-14. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(10): 954-964.
[65]65. Pacek LR, Mauro PM, Martins SS. Perceived risk of regular cannabis use in the United States from 2002 to 2012. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015; 149:232-244.
[71]71. Corroon JM Jr, Mischley LK, Sexton M. Cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs. J Pain Res. 2017;10:989-998.
[86]86. Fahimi M, Link M, Mokdad A, Schwartz DA, Levy P. Tracking chronic disease and risk behavior prevalence as survey participation declines. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(3):A80.

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 1,734

Post-translational modifications in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity
Ke, T., Gonçalves, F. M., Gonçalves, C. L., dos Santos, A. A., da Rocha, J. B. T., Farina, M., Skalny, A. V., Tsatsakis, A. M., Bowman, A. B., & Aschner, M. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.10.024 · Cited by 47
Rapastinel, a novel glutamatergic agent with ketamine-like antidepressant actions: Convergent mechanisms
KATO, T., & Duman, R. S. (2019) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172827 · Cited by 49
Depression alters the circadian pattern of online activity
ten Thij, M., Bathina, K. C., Rutter, L. A., Lorenzo‐Luaces, L., van de Leemput, I. A., Scheffer, M., & Bollen, J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74314-3 · Cited by 43
Quality of life and depression in haemodialysis patients
Teles, F., de Albuquerque, A. L. A., Lins, I. K. F. G., et al. (2018) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2018.1469779 · Cited by 47
“The present study reveals a high prevalence of depression and low quality of life in dialysis patients compared with the general population and finds a correlation between these variables in this population (Hasin et al., 2018).”
Background
Depression in Poststroke Aphasia
Laures-Gore, J. S., Dotson, V. M., & Belagaje, S. R. (2020) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00040 · Cited by 47
Global and reflective rumination are related to suicide attempts among patients experiencing major depressive episodes
Tang, H., Xiong, T., Shi, J., Chen, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, S., Wang, H., Lü, Q., & Yao, Z. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03119-z · Cited by 46
“Firstly, it is now well established there is high psychiatric comorbidity in both MDD and BD [52, 53].”
Background
Psychological distress among persons with upper extremity limb loss
Armstrong, T. W., Williamson, M. L. C., Elliott, T. R., Jackson, W. T., Kearns, N. T., & Ryan, T. (2019) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12360 · Cited by 54
Major depression and enhanced molecular senescence abnormalities in young and middle-aged adults
Diniz, B. S., Reynolds, C. F., Sibille, E. L., Bot, M., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0541-3 · Cited by 49
Pharmacological Treatment of Mood Disorders and Comorbid Addictions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Traitement Pharmacologique des Troubles de L’humeur et des Dépendances Comorbides: Une Revue Systématique et une Méta-Analyse
Stokes, P. R. A., Jokinen, T., Amawi, S. O., Qureshi, M. M., Husain, M. I., Yatham, L. N., Strang, J., & Young, A. H. (2020) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743720915420 · Cited by 48
“5 times increased rate of substance use disorders.(3) People with mood disorders are also at increased risks of behavioral addictions, such as gambling disorder, and 1 in 10 people with BD may have a moderate to severe lifetime risk of problem gambling.”
Background
Whole-Brain Functional Dynamics Track Depressive Symptom Severity
Goodman, Z. T., Bainter, S. A., Kornfeld, S., Chang, C., Nomi, J. S., & Uddin, L. Q. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab047 · Cited by 46
“6% experiencing depression at some point in their life (Hasin et al. 2018).”
Background
Multi-omics driven predictions of response to acute phase combination antidepressant therapy: a machine learning approach with cross-trial replication
Joyce, J. B., Grant, C. W., Liu, D., MahmoudianDehkordi, S., Kaddurah-Daouk, R. F., Skime, M. K., Biernacka, J. M., Frye, M. A., Mayes, T. L., Carmody, T. J., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01632-z · Cited by 46
Depression and cardiovascular disease
Hare, D. L. (2021) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000749 · Cited by 47
Anxiety Symptoms in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: Commentary on Prevalence and Clinical Implications
Hopwood, M. (2023) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-023-00469-6 · Cited by 56
“6% of individuals with a lifetime history of MDD [17].”
BackgroundInfluential
The role of CD38 in inflammation-induced depression-like behavior and the antidepressant effect of (R)-ketamine
Zhang, X., He, T., Wu, Z., Wang, Y., Liu, H., Zhang, B., Yang, S., Wang, D., Huang, C., Duan, J., et al. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.026 · Cited by 46
Increased Health Care Costs and Opioid Use in Patients with Anxiety and Depression Undergoing Rotator Cuff Repair
Cronin, K. J., Mair, S. D., Hawk, G. S., Thompson, K. L., Hettrich, C. M., & Jacobs, C. A. (2020) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2020.05.038 · Cited by 45
“(37) It is not currently known why depression and anxiety are seen in such higher numbers in the rotator cuff surgery population.”
Background
Pioglitazone rescues high-fat diet-induced depression-like phenotypes and hippocampal astrocytic deficits in mice
Lam, Y.-Y., Tsai, S., Chen, P., Kuo, Y., & Chen, Y. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111734 · Cited by 45
Effects of pharmacological treatment on metabolomic alterations in animal models of depression
Pu, J., Liu, Y., Gui, S., Tian, L., Yu, Y., Wang, D., Zhong, X., Chen, W., Chen, X., Chen, Y., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01947-5 · Cited by 51
An Update on Glutamatergic System in Suicidal Depression and on the Role of Esketamine
Berardis, D. D., Tomasetti, C., Pompili, M., Serafini, G., Vellante, F., Fornaro, M., Valchera, A., Perna, G., Volpe, U., Martinotti, G., et al. (2020) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026620666200131100316 · Cited by 46
Associations between (sub) clinical stress- and anxiety symptoms in mentally healthy individuals and in major depression: a cross-sectional clinical study
Κωνσταντοπούλου, Γ., Iliou, T., Karaivazoglou, K., Iconomou, G., Assimakopoulos, K., & Alexopoulos, P. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02836-1 · Cited by 53
Nonpharmacologic and Pharmacologic Treatments of Adult Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis for a Clinical Guideline by the American College of Physicians
Gartlehner, G., Dobrescu, A. I., Chapman, A. L., Toromanova, A., Emprechtinger, R., Persad, E., Affengruber, L., Pieh, C., Klerings, I., & Wagner, G. (2023) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m22-1845 · Cited by 48
A Structured Approach to Detecting and Treating Depression in Primary Care: VitalSign6 Project
Jha, M. K., Grannemann, B. D., Trombello, J. M., Clark, E. W., Levinson, S., Lawson, T., Greer, T. L., Rush, A. J., & Trivedi, M. H. (2019) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.2418 · Cited by 44
“Follow-Up Options After the diagnostic assessment, clinicians could document their follow-up plan as (1) pharmacological treatment using MBC12; (2) active surveillance with symptomatic monitoring using the PHQ-9, GAD-7, and CAST-SR; (3) behavioral treatment from a licensed mental health clinician in the primary care s…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Diagnostic conversion from unipolar depression to bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder: A nationwide prospective 15‐year register study on 43 495 inpatients
Baryshnikov, I., Sund, R., MARTTUNEN, M. J., Svirskis, T., Partonen, T., Pirkola, S. P., & Isometsä, E. T. (2020) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12929 · Cited by 44
A prospective, multi-center randomized, controlled, blinded trial of vagus nerve stimulation for difficult to treat depression: A novel design for a novel treatment
Conway, C. R., Olin, B., Aaronson, S. T., Sackeïm, H. A., Bunker, M. T., Kriedt, C. L., Greco, T., Broglio, K., Vestrucci, M., & Rush, A. J. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.106066 · Cited by 42
Depression and Its Effect on the Menstrual Cycle
Padda, J., Khalid, K., Hitawala, G., Batra, N., Pokhriyal, S. C., Mohan, A., Zubair, U., Cooper, A. C., & Jean-Charles, G. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.16532 · Cited by 45
“Menorrhagia is a predominant complaint in women of the reproductive age group with an annual prevalence rate of 53 per 1000 women, contributing to 20-30% outpatient gynecological visits per year in the United States [49].”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of escitalopram therapy on resting-state functional connectivity of subsystems of the default mode network in unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder
Cui, J., Wang, Y., Liu, R., Chen, X., Zhang, Z., Feng, Y., Zhou, J., Zhou, Y., & Wang, G. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01754-4 · Cited by 43
“6% in adults [1], and MDD is regarded as the third non-fatal leading cause of the global burden of disease [2].”
Background
Relationship between burnout and Major Depressive Disorder in health professionals: A HEAR report
Zisook, S., Doran, N., Mortali, M. G., Hoffman, L. A., Downs, N. S., Davidson, J. E., Fergerson, B. D., Rubanovich, C. K., Shapiro, D. N., Tai‐Seale, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.047 · Cited by 49
Treatment-resistant depression and major depression with suicide risk—The cost of illness and burden of disease
de Sousa, R. D., Gouveia, M. R. D. A., Nunes-da-Silva, C., Rodrigues, A. M., Cardoso, G., Antunes, A. F., Canhão, H. M., & Caldas‐de‐Almeida, J. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.898491 · Cited by 52
An examination of pain, disability, and the psychological correlates of Chiari Malformation pre- and post-surgical correction
Garcia, M. A., Allen, P. A., Li, X., Houston, J. R., Loth, F., Labuda, R., & Delahanty, D. L. (2019) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2019.05.004 · Cited by 43
Chronic Systemic Inflammation Is Associated With Symptoms of Late-Life Depression: The ARIC Study
Sonsin-Diaz, N., Gottesman, R. F., Fracica, E., Walston, J., Windham, B. G., Knopman, D. S., & Walker, K. A. (2020) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.05.011 · Cited by 44
Mini-review: Brain energy metabolism and its role in animal models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and autism
Kolář, D., Kletečková, L., Brožka, H., & Valeš, K. (2021) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136003 · Cited by 46
Sex Differences in Depression-Like Behaviors in Adult Mice Depend on Endophenotype and Strain
Pitzer, C., Kurpiers, B., & Eltokhi, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.838122 · Cited by 50
Prevalence of depressive symptoms in U.S. adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review
Ettman, C. K., Fan, A. Y., Subramanian, M., Adam, G. P., Goicoechea, E. B., Abdalla, S. M., Stuart, E. A., & Galea, S. (2023) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101348 · Cited by 49
“adults experienced MDD in the last year (Hasin et al., 2018).”
A comparative analysis of the substance use and mental health characteristics of nurses who complete suicide
Choflet, A., Davidson, J. E., Lee, K. C., Ye, G. Y., Barnes, A., & Zisook, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15749 · Cited by 46
Safety and effectiveness of intranasal esketamine for treatment-resistant depression: a real-world retrospective study
Brendle, M., Ahuja, S., Valle, M. D., Moore, C., Thielking, P. D., Malone, D. C., & Robison, R. J. (2022) · Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research · doi:10.2217/cer-2022-0149 · Cited by 42
Activation of astrocytic sigma‐1 receptor exerts antidepressant‐like effect via facilitating CD38‐driven mitochondria transfer
Wang, Y., Ni, J., Gao, T., Gao, C., Guo, L., & Yin, X. (2020) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23850 · Cited by 42
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex, chronic, and recurring mood illness that affects nearly 17% of the population and is considered as one of the leading causes of disability worldwide (Hasin et al., 2018).”
Background
Loneliness and Depression in College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: the Role of Boredom and Repetitive Negative Thinking
Hager, N., Judah, M. R., & Milam, A. L. (2022) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-022-00135-z · Cited by 55
“…to be above and beyond the effects of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms, which were examined due to GAD’s high comorbidity with depression (Hasin et al., 2018) and association with loneliness and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic (Hoffart et al., 2020; Misirlis et al., 2020; Tso et…”
Background
Association between immigration status and anxiety, depression, and use of anxiolytic and antidepressant medications in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos
Ross, J., Hua, S., Perreira, K. M., Hanna, D. B., Castañeda, S. F., Gallo, L. C., Penedo, F. J., Tarraf, W., Hernández, R., Potler, N. V., et al. (2019) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.07.007 · Cited by 42
Stress to inflammation and anhedonia: Mechanistic insights from preclinical and clinical models
Boyle, C. C., Bower, J. E., Eisenberger, N. I., & Irwin, M. R. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105307 · Cited by 46
Zinc deficiency as possible link between immunosenescence and age-related diseases
Schulz, M. T., & Rink, L. (2025) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-025-00511-1 · Cited by 50
“MDD ranks among the top five disabling disorders globally [488], leading not only to mental health challenges but also to serious physical health risks, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and metabolic disorders [489, 490].”
Depression and Increased Risk of Alzheimer's Dementia: Longitudinal Analyses of Modifiable Risk and Sex-Related Factors
Kim, D.-Y., Wang, R., Kiss, A., Bronskill, S. E., Lanctôt, K. L., Herrmann, N., & Gallagher, D. (2021) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.12.031 · Cited by 45
The Relationship Between Obesity and Depression Is Partly Dependent on Metabolic Health Status: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database Study
Wang, Z., Cheng, Y., Li, Y., Han, J., Yuan, Z., Li, Q., Zhong, F., Wu, Y., Fan, X., Bo, T., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.880230 · Cited by 42
“All the participants were classified into eight different phenotype groups according to obesity status and number of metabolic risk factors: (1) nonobese patients with no”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Use of Drug Treatment Services Among Adults With Opioid Use Disorder: Rates, Patterns, and Correlates
Rhee, T. G., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2019) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201900163 · Cited by 40
Effectiveness of Vortioxetine in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder in Real-World Clinical Practice: Results of the RELIEVE Study
Mattingly, G. W., Ren, H., Christensen, M. C., Katzman, M. A., Polosan, M., Simonsen, K., & Hammer-Helmich, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.824831 · Cited by 43
The performance and accuracy of depression screening tools capable of self-administration in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Miller, P., Newby, D., Walkom, E., Schneider, J., Li, S. C., & Evans, T.-J. (2021) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2020.10.002 · Cited by 39
Stress circuitry: mechanisms behind nervous and immune system communication that influence behavior
Tong, R. L., Kahn, U. N., Grafe, L. A., Hitti, F. L., Fried, N. T., & Corbett, B. F. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1240783 · Cited by 44
“The main objectives of this narrative review are to: (1) summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms by which stress regulates inflammatory processes, (2) provide mechanisms by which inflammatory molecules can influence neuronal activity and mood, (3) describe how inflammatory pain might exacerbate inflammat…”
Background
Low levels of cholesterol and the cholesterol type are not associated with depression: Results of a cross-sectional NHANES study
Cepeda, M. S., Kern, D. M., Blacketer, C., & Drevets, W. C. (2020) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2020.06.001 · Cited by 38
Male depression risk, psychological distress, and psychotherapy uptake: Validation of the German version of the male depression risk scale
Walther, A., Grub, J., Ehlert, U., Wehrli, S., Rice, S., Seidler, Z. E., & Debelak, R. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100107 · Cited by 35
Using phenotype risk scores to enhance gene discovery for generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder
Wendt, F. R., Pathak, G. A., Deak, J. D., Angelis, F. D., Koller, D., Cabrera‐Mendoza, B., Lebovitch, D. S., Levey, D. F., Stein, M. B., Kranzler, H. R., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01469-y · Cited by 35
“Liabilityscale h(2) estimates were generated using the following population prevalence estimates: GAD= 16% [20], PTSD= 7% [21], MDD= 20% [22].”
Method
Strain-, Sex-, and Time-Dependent Antidepressant-like Effects of Cannabidiol
Silote, G. P., Gatto, M. C., Eskelund, A., Guimarães, F. S., Wegener, G., & Joca, S. R. L. (2021) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph14121269 · Cited by 40
Only Human: Mental-Health Difficulties Among Clinical, Counseling, and School Psychology Faculty and Trainees
Victor, S. E., Devendorf, A. R., Lewis, S. P., Rottenberg, J. A., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Stage, D. L., & Miller, R. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211071079 · Cited by 56
“population prevalence estimates of major depressive disorder derived from clinical interviews (21%; Hasin et al., 2018).”
Background
Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder
McIntyre, R. S., Greenleaf, W., Bulaj, G., Taylor, S. T., Mitsi, G., Saliu, D., Czysz, A., Silvesti, G., Garcia, M., & Jain, R. (2023) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852923002225 · Cited by 38
Suicide‐specific mortality among patients with treatment‐resistant major depressive disorder, major depressive disorder with prior suicidal ideation or suicide attempts, or major depressive disorder alone
Kern, D. M., Canuso, C. M., Daly, E., Johnson, J., Fu, D., Doherty, T., Blauer-Peterson, C. J., & Cepeda, M. S. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3171 · Cited by 44
Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 and Patient Health Questionnaire–2 in the General Korean Population
Kim, M., Jung, S., Park, J. E., Sohn, J. H., Seong, S. J., Kim, B., Chang, S. M., Hong, J. P., Hahm, B., & Yeom, C. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0100 · Cited by 39
Epidemiology of mental health comorbidity in patients with atopic dermatitis: An analysis of global trends from 1998 to 2022
Cai, X., Wang, S., Wang, C., Liu, L., Wang, J., Shen, Y., & Li, X. (2023) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.19686 · Cited by 41
Determinants of suboptimal medication adherence in patients with a major depressive episode
Baeza‐Velasco, C., Olié, É., Béziat, S., Guillaume, S., & Courtet, P. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22852 · Cited by 40
“6%; Dold et al., 2018; Hasin et al., 2018) and disabling disorder having often a chronic course requiring a long-term pharmacological treatment (Demyttenaere, 2003; Olié & Courtet, 2010).”
Background
Self‐Reported Everyday Psychosocial Stressors Are Associated With Greater Impairments in Endothelial Function in Young Adults With Major Depressive Disorder
Greaney, J., Koffer, R., Saunders, E. F. H., Almeida, D., & Alexander, L. M. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association : Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.010825 · Cited by 24
Virtual Reality Behavioral Activation as an Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: Case Report
Paul, M., Bullock, K., & Bailenson, J. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/24331 · Cited by 31
The Health-Related Quality of Life, Work Productivity, Healthcare Resource Utilization, and Economic Burden Associated with Levels of Suicidal Ideation Among Patients Self-Reporting Moderately Severe or Severe Major Depressive Disorder in a National Survey
Benson, C. J., Singer, D., Carpinella, C. M., Shawi, M., & Alphs, L. D. (2021) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s229530 · Cited by 39
“6%.(10) The incremental economic burden of MDD in the US is considerable; in 2010, it was approximately $210.”
Background
Resilience: a mediator of the negative effects of pandemic-related stress on women’s mental health in the USA
Kumar, S., Lee, N. K., Pinkerton, E., Wroblewski, K. E., Lengyel, E., & Tobin, M. (2022) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-021-01184-7 · Cited by 38
Role of estrogen in treatment of female depression
Sun, Q., Li, G., Zhao, F., Dong, M., Xie, W., Liu, Q., Yang, W., & Cui, R. (2024) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.205507 · Cited by 40
“Epidemiological surveys have reported that the twelve-month and lifetime prevalence of major depression exceeds 10% and 20%, respectively, with over 39% of patients exhibiting suicidal tendencies [3].”
Background
The MARIGOLD study: Feasibility and enhancement of an online intervention to improve emotion regulation in people with elevated depressive symptoms
Addington, E. L., Cheung, E. O., Bassett, S. M., Kwok, I., Schuette, S., Shiu, E. W., Yang, D., Cohn, M., Leykin, Y., Saslow, L. R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.049 · Cited by 36
“Though effective interventions, including those focusing on positive emotions, have been developed, many individuals with elevated depressive symptoms remain untreated or undertreated (González et al., 2010; Hasin et al., 2018).”
Background
Astrocyte-Derived Lactate Modulates the Passive Coping Response to Behavioral Challenge in Male Mice
Yin, Y., Hu, J., Wei, Y., Li, Z., Luo, Z.-C., Wang, R., Yang, K.-X., Li, S.-J., Li, X., Yang, J., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-020-00553-z · Cited by 39
Differential Experiences of Mental Health among Trans/Gender Diverse Adults in Michigan
Kattari, S. K., Kattari, L., Johnson, I. M., Lacombe‐Duncan, A., & Misiolek, B. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186805 · Cited by 41
“Epidemiological studies have indicated demographic disparities in depression prevalence among women [5,6] and people experiencing poverty [5].”
BackgroundInfluential
Deaths Of Despair: Adults At High Risk For Death By Suicide, Poisoning, Or Chronic Liver Disease In The US
Olfson, M., Cosgrove, C. M., Altekruse, S. F., Wall, M. M., & Blanco, C. (2021) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01573 · Cited by 37
Longitudinal association between cardiovascular risk factors and depression in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
Chaplin, A. B., Daniels, N. F., Ples, D., Anderson, R. Z., Gregory-Jones, A., Jones, P. B., & Khandaker, G. M. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721002488 · Cited by 44
“Depression is a common and serious mental illness with a lifetime risk of 10 – 20% (Hasin et al., 2018).”
Subcallosal Cingulate Cortex Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review
Sobstyl, M. R., Kupryjaniuk, A., Prokopienko, M., & Rylski, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.780481 · Cited by 38
“Extension malfunction (2) Skin erosion (1)”
BackgroundInfluential
Personalized mood prediction from patterns of behavior collected with smartphones
Balliu, B., Douglas, C., Seok, D., Shenhav, L., Wu, Y., Chatzopoulou, D., Kaiser, W., Chen, V., Kim, J. S., Deverasetty, S., et al. (2024) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01035-6 · Cited by 37
Association Between Rhinitis and Depression in United States Adults
Roxbury, C. R., Qiu, M., Shargorodsky, J., Woodard, T. D., Sindwani, R. H., & Lin, S. Y. (2019) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2019.02.034 · Cited by 38
Ages at Onset of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease
Seritan, A. L., Rienas, C., Duong, T., Delucchi, K., & Ostrem, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18090201 · Cited by 39
Social inequalities in antidepressant treatment outcomes: a systematic review
Elwadhi, D., & Cohen, A. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01918-5 · Cited by 38
Blues in the Brain and Beyond: Molecular Bases of Major Depressive Disorder and Relative Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatments
Maffioletti, E., Minelli, A., Tardito, D., & Gennarelli, M. (2020) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes11091089 · Cited by 36
“MDD and other forms of clinical depression are characterized by persistent low mood with associated changes in behaviour, cognition, sleep and appetite, impaired social and occupational functioning, increased risk of self-harm or suicide, and increased mortality due to co-occurring general medical disorders [1].”
Background
Alexithymia is a mediating factor in the relationship between adult attachment and severity of depression and social anxiety
Radetzki, P. A., Wrath, A. J., Le, T., & Adams, G. C. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.057 · Cited by 40
Mental health and economic stressors associated with high-risk drinking and increased alcohol consumption early in the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Nesoff, E. D., Gutkind, S., Sirota, S., McKowen, A. L. W., & Veldhuis, C. B. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106854 · Cited by 38
“Studies prior to the pandemic have shown that mental health problems such as stress, anxiety, and mood disorders have been linked to increased alcohol consumption (Smith and Randall, 2012; Grant et al., 2015; Hasin et al., 2018; Clay and Parker, 2018).”
Background
The Potential of KCNQ Potassium Channel Openers as Novel Antidepressants
Costi, S., Han, M., & Murrough, J. W. (2022) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-021-00885-y · Cited by 37
“Approximately 20% of adults in the USA may experience a major depressive episode at some point in their lifetime [2], while in Europe, recent data suggest a 6.”
Background
Past-year hallucinogen use in relation to psychological distress, depression, and suicidality among US adults
Yang, K. H., Han, B. H., & Palamar, J. J. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107343 · Cited by 38
“Introduction 210 Depressive disorders are common in the US, affecting more than 10% of adults in any 211 given year (Hasin et al., 2018).”
Background
Association between long-term sedentary behavior and depressive symptoms in U.S. adults
Guo, Y., Li, K., Zhao, Y., Wang, C., Mo, H., & Li, Y. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55898-6 · Cited by 45
Therapeutic and Preventive Effect of Voluntary Running Wheel Exercise on Social Defeat Stress (SDS)-induced Depressive-like Behavior and Chronic Pain in Mice
Pagliusi, M., Bonet, I. J. M., Brandão, A. D. F., de Magalhães, S. F., Tambeli, C. H., Parada, C. A., & Sartori, C. R. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.037 · Cited by 34
Depressive symptoms in parents are associated with reduced empathy toward their young children
Salo, V. C., Schunck, S. J., & Humphreys, K. L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230636 · Cited by 38
Depression in Ménière's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Patel, J. J., Levy, D. A., Nguyen, S. A., Rizk, H. G., & Meyer, T. A. (2020) · The Journal of Laryngology & Otology · doi:10.1017/s002221512000081x · Cited by 35
Expectation-induced placebo effect on acute sadness in women with major depression: An experimental investigation
Haas, J. W., Rief, W., Glombiewski, J. A., Winkler, A., & Doering, B. K. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.056 · Cited by 37
The cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil has antidepressant-like properties in the mouse forced swim test
Fitzgerald, P. J., Hale, P. J., Ghimire, A., & Watson, B. O. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00928-w · Cited by 35
“S2: (1) animals previously given vehicle injections were given 0.”
Method
A Scoping Review Investigating Relationships between Depression, Anxiety, and the PrEP Care Continuum in the United States
Miller, S. J., Harrison, S. E., & Sanasi-Bhola, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111431 · Cited by 37
Vasopressin V1B receptor antagonists as potential antidepressants
Chaki, S. (2021) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyab013 · Cited by 34
Association Between Plasma Levels of BDNF and GDNF and the Diagnosis, Treatment Response in First-Episode MDD
Liu, X., Li, P., Ma, X., Zhang, J., Sun, X., Luo, X., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.041 · Cited by 34
The prevalence of subthreshold psychiatric symptoms and associations with alcohol and substance use disorders: from a nationally representative survey of 36,309 adults
Johnson, J. C. S., Byrne, G. J., & Pelecanos, A. M. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03834-1 · Cited by 36
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Associated Bleeding Risks: A Narrative and Clinical Review
Edinoff, A. N., Raveendran, K., Colon, M. A., Thomas, B. H., Trettin, K. A., Hunt, G., Kaye, A. M., Cornett, E. M., & Kaye, A. D. (2022) · Health Psychology Research · doi:10.52965/001c.39580 · Cited by 34
Escitalopram versus other antidepressive agents for major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Yin, J., Song, X., Wang, C., Lin, X., & Miao, M. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05382-8 · Cited by 44
The Economic Impact of Depression Treatment in India: Evidence from Community-Based Provision of Pharmacotherapy
Angelucci, M., & Bennett, D. (2023) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20210687 · Cited by 53
Ascorbic acid presents rapid behavioral and hippocampal synaptic plasticity effects
Fraga, D. B., Costa, A. P., Olescowicz, G., Camargo, A., Pazini, F. L., Freitas, A. E., Moretti, M., Brocardo, P. S., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109757 · Cited by 34
Estimating the influence of adolescent delinquent behavior on adult health using sibling fixed effects
Kim, J., Kim, R., Oh, H., Lippert, A. M., & Subramanian, S. V. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113397 · Cited by 36
Overlap of functional heartburn and reflux hypersensitivity with proven gastroesophageal reflux disease
Rengarajan, A., Pomarat, M., Zerbib, F., et al. (2020) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14056 · Cited by 34
The Role of Impulsivity in Major Depression: A Systematic Review
Fields, S. A., Schueler, J., Arthur, K. M., & Harris, B. (2021) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-021-00231-y · Cited by 39
Use of Geographic Information Systems to Explore Associations between Neighborhood Attributes and Mental Health Outcomes in Adults: A Systematic Review
Park, Y., McMorris, B. J., Pruinelli, L., Song, Y., Kaas, M. J., & Wyman, J. F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168597 · Cited by 36
“In the United States, prevalence estimates from 2013 to 2016 indicate that approximately 8% of communityresiding adults reported current depression [1], with a lifetime prevalence of depression of 20% [2].”
Background
Opioid Therapy in Cancer Patients and Survivors at Risk of Addiction, Misuse or Complex Dependency
Pergolizzi, J. V., Magnusson, P., Christo, P. J., LeQuang, J. A., Breve, F., Mitchell, K., & Varrassi, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2021.691720 · Cited by 34
Mistaken Identity: Many Diagnoses are Frequently Misattributed to Lyme Disease
Kobayashi, T., Higgins, Y., Melia, M. T., et al. (2021) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.10.040 · Cited by 34
Gender Differences in Attachment Anxiety and Avoidance and Their Association with Psychotherapy Use—Examining Students from a German University
Weber, R., Eggenberger, L., Stosch, C., & Walther, A. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12070204 · Cited by 34
Auditory event-related potentials in separating patients with depressive disorders and non-depressed controls: A narrative review
Kangas, E. S., Vuoriainen, E., Lindeman, S. M., & Astikainen, P. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.07.003 · Cited by 33
Aberrant brain dynamics in major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation
Yang, J., Liu, Z., Tao, H., Cheng, Y., Fan, Z., Sun, F., Ouyang, X., & Yang, J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.043 · Cited by 36
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“In one national survey conducted in the US, the 12-month prevalence of depression was 10.4% and the lifetime prevalence was 20.6% (Hasin 2018).”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Hasin, D. S., Sarvet, A. L., Meyers, J. L., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Stohl, M., & Grant, B. F.
Affiliations: Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
Fedpoint Systems, LLC, Arlington, Virginia
Corresponding author: Hasin, Deborah S.
ORCID: Hasin, Deborah S.
Sarvet, Aaron L.
Meyers, Jacquelyn L.
Ruan, W. June
Venue: JAMA Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2018-04-01
Volume: 75
Issue: 4
Pages: 336
ISSN: 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602
PMC: PMC5875313
OpenAlex: W2789034326
Cited by: 1,737
References: 113
Citations by year: 2026: 166 · 2025: 217 · 2024: 268 · 2023: 269 · 2022: 256 · 2021: 263 · 2020: 166 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 28
FWCI: 189.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA037914)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: major depressive disorder, DSM-5, prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, bereavement, depressive symptoms, functional disability, antidepressant treatment, sex differences, racial and ethnic disparities, income, NESARC-III, United States adults, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders
MeSH terms: Correlation of Data, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Social Class, United States, Comorbidity, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States

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