The DOI matches its Crossref record; 106 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 24 of the 68 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States
Open accessAbstract
Importance: No US national data are available on the prevalence and correlates of DSM-5-defined major depressive disorder (MDD) or on MDD specifiers as defined in DSM-5. Objective: To present current nationally representative findings on the prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidity, functioning, and treatment of DSM-5 MDD and initial information on the prevalence, severity, and treatment of DSM-5 MDD severity, anxious/distressed specifier, and mixed-features specifier, as well as cases that would have been characterized as bereavement in DSM-IV. Design, Setting, and Participants: In-person interviews with a representative sample of US noninstitutionalized civilian adults (≥18 years) (n = 36 309) who participated in the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III (NESARC-III). Data were collected from April 2012 to June 2013 and were analyzed in 2016-2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Prevalence of DSM-5 MDD and the DSM-5 specifiers. Odds ratios (ORs), adjusted ORs (aORs), and 95% CIs indicated associations with demographic characteristics and other psychiatric disorders. Results: Of the 36 309 adult participants in NESARC-III, 12-month and lifetime prevalences of MDD were 10.4% and 20.6%, respectively. Odds of 12-month MDD were significantly lower in men (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.46-0.55) and in African American (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.54-0.68), Asian/Pacific Islander (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.45-0.67), and Hispanic (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.62-0.78) adults than in white adults and were higher in younger adults (age range, 18-29 years; OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.48-3.55) and those with low incomes ($19 999 or less; OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.49-2.04). Associations of MDD with psychiatric disorders ranged from an aOR of 2.1 (95% CI, 1.84-2.35) for specific phobia to an aOR of 5.7 (95% CI, 4.98-6.50) for generalized anxiety disorder. Associations of MDD with substance use disorders ranged from an aOR of 1.8 (95% CI, 1.63-2.01) for alcohol to an aOR of 3.0 (95% CI, 2.57-3.55) for any drug. Most lifetime MDD cases were moderate (39.7%) or severe (49.5%). Almost 70% with lifetime MDD had some type of treatment. Functioning among those with severe MDD was approximately 1 SD below the national mean. Among 12.9% of those with lifetime MDD, all episodes occurred just after the death of someone close and lasted less than 2 months. The anxious/distressed specifier characterized 74.6% of MDD cases, and the mixed-features specifier characterized 15.5%. Controlling for severity, both specifiers were associated with early onset, poor course and functioning, and suicidality. Conclusions and Relevance: Among US adults, DSM-5 MDD is highly prevalent, comorbid, and disabling. While most cases received some treatment, a substantial minority did not. Much remains to be learned about the DSM-5 MDD specifiers in the general population.
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Claims the paper makes
24 of 68 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Demographic correlates were consistent with previous surveys.2,5”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [2] 2. Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(6):pii:e20161878. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not available in our copy) identify sociodemographic correlates of major depressive episodes in adolescents and young adults. The Discussion says the larger increase among girls than boys aligns with past studies, but it does not establish that the demographic correlates overall were consistent with previous surveys. The paper reports major depressive episodes, rather than MDD diagnoses. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder was assoc iated w ith SUDs, particularly drug disorders, as found previously for cannabis, 40,62 nonmedical prescription opioids, 5,57,63 and drug use disorders.41”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [40] 40. Grant BF, Saha TD, Ruan WJ, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(1): 39-47.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [62] 62. Martins SS, Fenton MC, Keyes KM, Blanco C, Zhu H, Storr CL. Mood/anxiety disorders and their association with non-medical prescription opioid use and prescription opioid use disorder: longitudinal evidence from the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychol Med. 2012;42(6):1261-1272. source
This source is cited for the nonmedical prescription opioid example, not for every substance use disorder in the sentence. The Results (‘The self-medication pathway,’ Table 3) report that baseline MDD was associated with incident opioid disorder due to nonmedical prescription opioid use after adjustment for other disorders and substance use. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] 57. Mehta K, Kramer H, Durazo-Arvizu R, Cao G, Tong L, Rao M. Depression in the US population during the time periods surrounding the Great Recession. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(4):e499-e504. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. Compton WM, Han B, Jones CM, Blanco C, Hughes A. Marijuana use and use disorders in adults in the USA, 2002-14. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(10): 954-964. source
- Partly supportedcites [41] 41. Saha TD, Kerridge BT, Goldstein RB, et al. Nonmedical prescription opioid use and DSM-5 nonmedical prescription opioid use disorder in the United States. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(6):772-780. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results > Comorbidity section (page unavailable) reports an association between nonmedical prescription opioid use and major depressive disorder, limited to 12-month MDD. It does not report that MDD was associated with nonmedical prescription opioid use disorder, or establish that the association was particularly strong for drug disorders. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the increases in depression and suicide that have accompanied growing income inequality suggest that the relationship of low income to MDD is due to stress from inadequate financial resources for life necessities or pessimism about improved future prospects.1”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) suggests that economic insecurity may be tied to rising suicide and describes concern about not being better off than one’s parents. It does not establish that low income causes MDD, identify inadequate resources for necessities as the mechanism, or show that depression rose with income inequality. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“With increasingly positive attitudes toward substance use [64][65][66] and increasing rates of adult SUDs and associated problems, 24,41,42,[67][68][69] MDD comorbidity with SUDs remains a substantial public health 24,70 and economic 16 burden.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24] 24. Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Saha TD, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015; 72(8):757-766.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] 70. Bonn-Miller MO, Boden MT, Bucossi MM, Babson KA. Self-reported cannabis use characteristics, patterns and helpfulness among medical cannabis users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2014;40(1):23-30. source
- Partly supportedcites [16] 16. Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, Pike CT, Kessler RC. The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010). J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(2): 155-162. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports a substantial economic burden among people with MDD and attributes a large share to comorbid conditions. The Demographics section identifies alcohol and drug abuse as comorbidities, but the paper does not isolate the economic burden of MDD comorbid with substance use disorders. In the citing sentence, this source is attached to the economic-burden claim; the public-health claim has separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“O ver the past 25 years, the US prevalence of adolescent and adult depression indicators has increased.1,2”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Midlife Morbidity section reports that serious psychological distress increased among white non-Hispanic adults aged 45–54 between 1997–1999 and 2011–2013. It does not establish an increase in depression indicators among adolescents or the broader US adult population, nor does that comparison span 25 years. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [2] 2. Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(6):pii:e20161878. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Results report increased 12-month major depressive episode prevalence among US adolescents and young adults from 2005 to 2014. The study does not establish a 25-year trend or an increase among adults generally; the Discussion says the increase was limited to ages 12–20, with no change at ages 21–25. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Test-retest reliability of AUDADIS-5 DSM-5 MDD was fair 29 (κ = 0.40) 26”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Key Points
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26] 26. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). https://niaaa.nih.gov/research/nesarc-III. Accessed October 5, 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [29] 29. Hasin DS, Shmulewitz D, Stohl M, et al. Procedural validity of the AUDADIS-5 depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder modules. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;152:246-256. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says AUDADIS-5 mood and anxiety disorders had test–retest reliability comparable to AUDADIS-IV, but gives no κ = 0.40 for DSM-5 MDD. Its κ = 0.40–0.65 range refers to AUDADIS-IV diagnoses. The Results (§3.2) instead report AUDADIS-5/PRISM-5 concordance, a different comparison. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,006Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder was associated with other psychiatric disorders, especially generalized anxiety disorder and borderline personality disorder, associations found in previous studies.5,[46][47][48][49]”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] 46. Yoshimatsu K, Palmer B. Depression in patients with borderline personality disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014;22(5):266-273. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] 47. Richman MJ, Unoka Z. Mental state decoding impairment in major depression and borderline personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;207(6): 483-489. source
- Partly supportedcites [48] 48. Skodol AE, Grilo CM, Keyes KM, Geier T, Grant BF, Hasin DS. Relationship of personality disorders to the course of major depressive disorder in a nationally representative sample. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(3):257-264. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes major depressive disorder as comorbid with other mental disorders, and the Results and Discussion identify borderline personality disorder and anxiety disorders as relevant to its persistence. The paper does not single out generalized anxiety disorder as an especially strong association; the Results instead name specific phobia and panic disorder as predictors of persistence. Its main finding concerns the course of MDD, not a ranking of disorders associated with MDD generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Could not verifycites [49] 49. Platt J, Prins S, Bates L, Keyes K. Unequal depression for equal work? how the wage gap explains gendered disparities in mood disorders. Soc Sci Med. 2016;149:1-8. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods > Measures section identifies MDD and GAD as separate study outcomes, and the Results relate each to the gender wage gap; neither reports an association between MDD and GAD. Searches for MDD–GAD comorbidity and borderline personality disorder found no passage addressing the claimed associations. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Data were adjusted for oversampling and nonresponse and weighted to represent the US civilian population based on the 2012 American Community Survey.25”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Sample and Procedures
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [25] 25. Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Smith SM, et al. The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5 (AUDADIS-5): reliability of substance use and psychiatric disorder modules in a general population sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;148:27-33. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Section 2.1 Sample; page unavailable) identify the target as the US non-institutionalized civilian adult population and describe higher selection probabilities for minority respondents. The paper reports response rates, but our copy does not say that the data were adjusted for oversampling or nonresponse, or weighted using the 2012 American Community Survey. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The likelihood that NESARC-III indicates valid increases in prevalence is supported by the coherence of its results with 6 other reports showing national increases in depression indicators 1,2 (also Katherine M. Keyes, PhD, written communication, January 2, 2018) and suicidality.1,86,91,92”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Significance section reports rising suicide mortality from 1999 to 2013 across all four US census regions, but specifically among white non-Hispanics aged 45–54. This supports the cited paper as one report of an increase in a suicidality-related outcome; it does not establish a population-wide increase in suicidality or validate NESARC-III prevalence estimates. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Supportedcites [2] 2. Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(6):pii:e20161878. source
The Results report a national increase in 12-month major depressive episodes among US adolescents and young adults from 2005 to 2014. The Discussion also notes recent US suicide-trend data, though suicidality was not measured in this study. The source supports its role as one of the reports cited; the inference about NESARC-III’s validity is the citing authors’ own. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] 86. Fahimi M, Link M, Mokdad A, Schwartz DA, Levy P. Tracking chronic disease and risk behavior prevalence as survey participation declines. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(3):A80.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] 91. Olfson M, Wang S, Blanco C. National trends in hospital-treated self-harm events among middle-aged adults. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2015; 37(6):613-619. source
- Not matchedcites [92]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The likelihood of treatment for depression is reduced in those with SUDs.79”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [79] 79. Olfson M, Blanco C, Marcus SC. Treatment of adult depression in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(10):1482-1491. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Statistical Analyses section examines depression treatment by sociodemographic characteristics and psychological distress, not substance use disorder. The Discussion identifies low treatment likelihood among racial and ethnic minorities but does not address whether substance use disorders reduce the likelihood of depression treatment. Searches for substance use disorders, SUDs, and alcohol or drug dependence found no passage establishing the claimed association. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Could not verify
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 15
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder was more prevalent among women, possibly related to gender discrimination, 50 differential exposure to childhood or adult adversities 51 such as sexual abuse, 52 differential exposure to a complex host of different developmentally organized risk factors, 53 or biologically different stress responses.54”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [50] 50. McLaughlin KA, Conron KJ, Koenen KC, Gilman SE. Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder. Psychol Med. 2010;40(10):1647-1658. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 51 is attached to differential exposure to childhood or adult adversities as a possible explanation for higher depression prevalence among women. The Results section, “Prevalence of Childhood Adversities and Stressful Life Events” (page unavailable), says childhood-adversity exposure was similar among men and women and found no gender differences in the prevalence of minor or major life events. The Discussion considers differences in event severity, but does not offer differential exposure as an explanation for higher depression prevalence among women. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] 51. Weiss EL, Longhurst JG, Mazure CM. Childhood sexual abuse as a risk factor for depression in women: psychosocial and neurobiological correlates. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(6):816-828. source
- Partly supportedcites [52] 52. Kendler KS, Gardner CO. Sex differences in the pathways to major depression: a study of opposite-sex twin pairs. Am J Psychiatry. 2014; 171(4):426-435. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation 53 attaches to the proposed role of developmentally organized risk factors. The Discussion reports sex differences across developmental tiers of the model, supporting that part of the claim. It describes differences in the factors’ effects on depression risk, however, rather than showing that differential exposure to those factors explains the higher prevalence of depression among women. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD was associated with impairment, 3,4 psychiatric and substance use disorders (SUDs), [5][6][7][8][9] poor health, 10,11 mortality, 12 disease and economic burden, 12 and disability-years.[13][14][15][16]”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] 3. Spijker J, Graaf R, Bijl RV, Beekman AT, Ormel J, Nolen WA. Functional disability and depression in the general population: results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004; 110(3):208-214. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports worse functioning during depression and improvement after recovery, supporting the impairment portion of the sentence. However, the Diagnostic instrument section specifies DSM-III-R diagnoses, not the DSM-IV diagnosis named in the claim. The other outcomes are attached to different citations in the citing sentence and are not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites [4] 4. Kessler RC, Bromet EJ. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annu Rev Public Health. 2013;34:119-138.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] 6. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. JAMA. 1990;264(19): 2511-2518. source
- Not matchedcites [7] 7. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(1):8-19.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] 8. Grant BF, Harford TC. Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995;39(3):197-206. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al; National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289(23):3095-3105. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] 10. Goldstein BI, Carnethon MR, Matthews KA, et al; American Heart Association Atherosclerosis; Hypertension and Obesity in Youth Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder predispose youth to accelerated atherosclerosis and early cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2015; 132(10):965-986. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] 11. Vancampfort D, Mitchell AJ, De Hert M, et al. Type 2 diabetes in patients with major depressive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32(10):763-773. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Impaired functioning was assessed with version 2 of the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12v2), a reliable, valid, widely used measure of impairment in the prior 30 days.39”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Impairment
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [39] 39. Hasin DS, Kerridge BT, Saha TD, et al. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, 2012-2013: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(6):588-599. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Method > Disability/Impairment passage describes the SF-12v2 as a widely used measure of current disability and says the study used it to assess functioning. It does not specify a prior-30-day period or state that the SF-12v2 is reliable and valid; the reliability and validity statements in Method > Assessments concern a different interview. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This study found association between low income and 12-month MDD, consistent with other studies conducted within the last 3 years.1,57,58”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [1] 1. Case A, Deaton A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112 (49):15078-15083. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Midlife Morbidity section reports trends in psychological distress among white non-Hispanic adults aged 45–54. The Discussion considers possible ties between economic insecurity and worsening health, but neither passage reports an association between low income and 12-month major depressive disorder. Searches for MDD, low income, and depression did not locate that finding in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] 57. Mehta K, Kramer H, Durazo-Arvizu R, Cao G, Tong L, Rao M. Depression in the US population during the time periods surrounding the Great Recession. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(4):e499-e504. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] 58. Galea S, Annas GJ. Aspirations and strategies for public health. JAMA. 2016;315(7):655-656. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that efforts to selfmanage depression with cannabis are increasing [71][72][73][74][75] (also Aaron L. Sarvet, MPH, written communication, January 2, 2018) despite lack of evidence that cannabinoids are effective for this purpose 76,77 ; prospectively, cannabis worsens the course of depressive disorders.78”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [71] 71. Corroon JM Jr, Mischley LK, Sexton M. Cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs. J Pain Res. 2017;10:989-998. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Comorbidities) report that respondents used cannabis to manage depression, supporting the self-management part of the cited clause. This cross-sectional study does not establish that such efforts are increasing over time. The statements about effectiveness and the prospective course of depression have separate citations and are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [72] 72. Nunberg H, Kilmer B, Pacula RL, Burgdorf J. An analysis of applicants presenting to a medical marijuana specialty practice in California. J Drug Policy Anal. 2011;4(1):pii:1. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Applicants’ Self Reports of the Therapeutic Benefits of Marijuana” (page unavailable), reports that 26.1% of applicants said they used marijuana for relief of depression. That supports the self-management portion of the clause to which this source is cited, but the paper does not establish that such efforts are increasing. The separate claims about efficacy and the prospective course of depression carry different citations in the citing sentence and are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] 73. Bradford AC, Bradford WD. Medical marijuana laws may be associated with a decline in the number of prescriptions for Medicaid enrollees. Health Aff (Millwood). 2017;36(5):945-951. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] 74. Bradford AC, Bradford WD. Medical marijuana laws reduce prescription medication use in Medicare Part D. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35(7): 1230-1236. source
- Supportedcites [75] 75. Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, et al. Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;313(24):2456-2473. source
The citation to this review supports the clause about lack of evidence that cannabinoids treat depression. The Depression section reports that no treatment studies met the inclusion criteria and that three studies assessing depression as an outcome found no difference from placebo. The separate claims about increasing self-management and the prospective course of depressive disorders have other citations. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites [76] 76. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2017.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [77] 77. Bahorik AL, Leibowitz A, Sterling SA, Travis A, Weisner C, Satre DD. Patterns of marijuana use among psychiatry patients with depression and its impact on recovery. J Affect Disord. 2017;213:168-171. source
Citation 78 supports the final clause of the citing sentence, not its separate claims about self-management or cannabinoid efficacy. The Results report that marijuana use worsened depression symptoms over six months, and the Discussion describes poorer recovery among psychiatry outpatients with depression. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] 78. Han B, Olfson M, Mojtabai R. Depression care among depressed adults with and without comorbid substance use disorders in the United States. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34(3):291-300. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The NESARC-III treatment rates are plausible given the extent of direct-toconsumer advertising of antidepressants 83 and widespread distribution through primary care.79”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] 83. Qaseem A, Barry MJ, Kansagara D; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Nonpharmacologic versus pharmacologic treatment of adult patients with major depressive disorder: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(5):350-359. source
- Supportedcites [79] 79. Olfson M, Blanco C, Marcus SC. Treatment of adult depression in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(10):1482-1491. source
Citation 79 is attached to the primary-care part of the sentence, not the advertising part. The Health Care Professionals section reports that 73.3% of patients treated for depression were treated exclusively by general medical professionals and that most patients treated by that group received antidepressants. This supports the claim of widespread provision through primary care; the paper does not need to establish the separate advertising claim attributed to citation 83. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder was associated with anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, as well as with PTSD.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further adjusting for psychiatric comorbidity reduced asso-ciations by a factor of approximately 50%, although ORs remained statistically significant.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few were mild; most were moderate or severe.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additional adjustment for other psychiatric disorders decreased all aORs (some substantially), but most remained significant.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Associations With Other Psychiatric Disorders
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of participants with lifetime DSM-5 MDD, 69.4% received any treatment for their disorder, slightly higher than in the 2001-2002 NESARC (60.6%).5”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097-1106. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“were higher in younger adults (age range, 18-29 years; OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.48-3.55)”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 MDD Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates · plain
“Compared with respondents 65 years or older, odds of 12month MDD were greater for younger age groups.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 MDD Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“those with low incomes ($19 999 or less; OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.49-2.04)”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 MDD Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates · plain
“Compared with the highest income category ($70 000 or higher), odds of 12-month MDD were greater in each successively lower household income category”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 MDD Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater prevalence was found among younger adults and among white adults and Native American adults than among African American, Asian American, and Hispanic adults.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the mixed-features specifier characterized 15.5%.”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 Specifiers and Bereavement · plain
“the mixed-features specifier characterized 15.5% of those with lifetime MDD”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 Specifiers and Bereavement · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Controlling for severity, both specifiers were associated with early onset, poor course and functioning, and suicidality.”
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 Specifiers and Bereavement · plain
“Both specifiers were significantly associated with earlier onset, number of episodes, longest duration, severity, MDD treatment overall and by type, suicidality, and poorer SF-12v2 scores.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DSM-5 Specifiers and Bereavement · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While many with MDD receive treatment, others remain untreated.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Talk therapy with a professional | 62.49 (0.79) | 44.01 (2.95)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any MDD (n = 448) | 42.29 (0.71) | <.001 | 43.85 (0.80) | <.001 | 42.94 (0.70) | <.001 | 42.10 (0.76) | <.001”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Wanted to die | 46.74 (0.91) | 32.05 (2.45)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mixed-Features Specifier c | No Yes | (n = 6235) (n = 1197) | 29.60 (0.22) 26.11 (0.47) | 3.69 (0.12) 4.81 (0.36) | 25.70 (0.12) 51.41 (0.39)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mixed-Features Specifier c | No Yes | (n = 6235) (n = 1197) | 29.60 (0.22) 26.11 (0.47) | 3.69 (0.12) 4.81 (0.36) | 25.70 (0.12) 51.41 (0.39)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any MDD (n = 448) | 42.29 (0.71) | <.001 | 43.85 (0.80) | <.001 | 42.94 (0.70) | <.001 | 42.10 (0.76) | <.001”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mixed-Features Specifier c | No Yes | (n = 6235) (n = 1197) | 29.60 (0.22) 26.11 (0.47) | 3.69 (0.12) 4.81 (0.36) | 25.70 (0.12) 51.41 (0.39)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thought a lot about one's own death | 34.78 (0.72) | 28.79 (2.69)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any MDD (n = 448) | 42.29 (0.71) | <.001 | 43.85 (0.80) | <.001 | 42.94 (0.70) | <.001 | 42.10 (0.76) | <.001”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any MDD (n = 448) | 42.29 (0.71) | <.001 | 43.85 (0.80) | <.001 | 42.94 (0.70) | <.001 | 42.10 (0.76) | <.001”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thought a lot about suicide | 39.31 (0.80) | 22.75 (2.19)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attempted suicide | 13.62 (0.58) | 4.77 (1.09)”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among US adults, DSM-5 MDD is highly prevalent, comorbid, and disabling.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparing participants with the total eligible sample (including nonrespondents), no significant differences were found in percentages of African American, Asian, or Hispanic individuals or in population density, vacancy rate, or proportion in group quarters or renters.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Sample and Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While most cases received some treatment, a substantial minority did not.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, MDD remains a widespread, serious US health problem.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total response rate was 60.1%.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Sample and Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The high prevalence of MDD among US adults is a substantial concern given the personal, public health, and economic burdens that the disorder imposes.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AUDADIS-5 used a slightly different algorithm for PTSD than the final DSM-5 definition, caused by a last-minute DSM-5 change that occurred too late to implement in NESARC-III.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, NESARC-III response rates compare favorably with other recent national health surveys.[86][87][88]”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86] 86. Fahimi M, Link M, Mokdad A, Schwartz DA, Levy P. Tracking chronic disease and risk behavior prevalence as survey participation declines. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(3):A80.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [87] 87. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Methodological Summary and Definitions. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] 88. Simon NM, Shear KM, Thompson EH, et al. The prevalence and correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in individuals with complicated grief. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(5):395-399. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This result is higher than the treatment rate in one recent study 80 that used less specific measures to identify depression but is consistent with rates from other studies published in the last 4 years.81,82”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] 80. Olfson M, Kroenke K, Wang S, Blanco C. Trends in office-based mental health care provided by psychiatrists and primary care physicians. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(3):247-253. source
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. Han B, Hedden S, Lipari R, Copello E, Kroutil L. Receipt of Services for Behavioral Health Problems: Results From the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2015.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] 82. Avery RJ, Eisenberg MD, Simon KI. The impact of direct-to-consumer television and magazine advertising on antidepressant use. J Health Econ. 2012;31(5):705-718. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This approach enabled us to examine the association between these severity levels and SF-12v2 impairment scores.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, dual-focused treatment is more effective when 2 disorders are present.70”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] 70. Bonn-Miller MO, Boden MT, Bucossi MM, Babson KA. Self-reported cannabis use characteristics, patterns and helpfulness among medical cannabis users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2014;40(1):23-30. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Removing the bereavement exclusion in DSM-5 could have accounted for a small amount of the prevalence increase in NESARC-III, but not for all of it by any means.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was cross-sectional; associations do not necessarily indicate causal relationships.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our definition of the anxious/ distressed specifier used a lower threshold than DSM-5, which may have somewhat inflated the rates, an issue meriting future study using different data.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also, as noted, 85 DSM-5 left differentiating MDD from normal bereavement to clinical judgment.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [85] 85. Curtin SC, Warner M, Hedegaard H. Increase in suicide in the United States, 1999-2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2016;(241):1-8.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These limitations are offset by the large sample, reliable and valid measures of psychiatric and substance disorders, and rigorous study methods.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lifetime associations of MDD with other psychiatric disorders may be influenced by recall bias, although this possibility is less likely for 12-month findings, which were similar.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some groups were not included (eg, homeless and prisoners), so NESARC-III may underestimate MDD prevalence.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we defined the DSM-5 severity specifier by MDD symptom counts, which are straightforward, transparent, and replicable.”
§ Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States > Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
National epidemiologic information on major depressive disorder is limited to pre-DSM-5 studies conducted more than 15 years ago.
“However, national epidemiologic information on major depressive disorder (MDD) is limited to pre-DSM-5 studies conducted more than 15 years ago.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The proportion of MDD cases diagnosed as positive after bereavement has not been studied.
“the proportion of MDD cases diagnosed as positive after bereavement has also not been studied.”
The paper relies on this without support.
DSM-IV and DSM-5 include a severity specifier (mild, moderate, or severe) that had not previously been examined in national data.
“The DSM-IV and DSM-5 include a severity specifier (mild, moderate, or severe) not previously examined in national data.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DSM-5 does not state the number of MDD symptoms required for each severity level.
“The DSM-5 does not state the number of MDD symptoms required for each severity level, so these levels were defined as follows: mild is 5 symptoms (minimum for a diagnosis), moderate is 6 to 7 symptoms, and severe is 8 to 9 symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DSM-5 states that distress and impairment should increase across severity levels but without clear definitions.
“The DSM-5 also states that distress and impairment should increase across levels but without clear definitions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DSM-5 suggests incorporation of distress and impairment levels into the severity classifications but defines these vaguely.
“The DSM-5 also suggests incorporation of distress and impairment levels into the severity classifications but defines these vaguely.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Half of the women with infertility in LMICs experience lifetime abuse that culminates in anxiety and depressive episodes [6,14,15].”
From Psychosocial interventions for improving marital intimacy, sexual satisfaction, and quality of life of women and couples with infertility problems in low and middle-income countries: Systematic review protocol (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although MDD is present in individuals of various social situations, it seems to increase considerably in poor populations and low socioeconomic status, suggesting that this condition is a significant risk factor for the disorder [7],[16],[17].”
From Stress and serum cortisol levels in major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional study (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Given that MDD is highly comorbid with other mental and physical health conditions [7,43]”
From The Economic Burden of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2019) (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“A multi-site fully remote e-clinical validation study that enrolled participants with MDD to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Kintsugi's technology's prediction has recently been completed.”
From Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [115]
In the citing paper
“Kintsugi is a passive vocal biomarker instrument that uses short clips of free-form speech for depression screening.”
From Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [115]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Reported median falls below its implied duration category
MinorFor participants whose MDD began in the past 12 months, 38.35% had a longest episode of 8 weeks or less, and 53.07% had one of 12 weeks or less. The median must therefore be in the 9-12-week category, not 8.81 weeks.
“| Duration of longest or only lifetime | 25.90 (1.47) | 8.81 (0.69) |”
“| 2-3 | 8.59 (0.38) | 18.34 (1.96) | | 4-8 | 12.26 (0.47) | 20.01 (2.48) | | 9-12 | 9.24 (0.42) | 14.72 (2.20) |”
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Items 101–200 of 1,734
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Periodontal disease and emotional disorders: A meta‐analysis
Zheng, D., Kang, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Pang, C., Chen, Y., Kuang, Z., & Peng, Y. W. (2020) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13395 · Cited by 87
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Mental Health and Wealth: Depression, Gender, Poverty, and Parenting
Smith, M. V., & Mazure, C. M. (2021) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071219-022710 · Cited by 84
Sharma, R. K., Chern, A., & Golub, J. S. (2021) · Seminars in Hearing · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1725997 · Cited by 89
Horne, S. J., Topp, T. E., & Quigley, L. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102065 · Cited by 96
Is depression the missing link between inflammatory mediators and cancer?
Polityńska, B., Pokorska, O., Wojtukiewicz, A. M., Sawicka, M., Mysliwiec, M., Honn, K. V., Tucker, S. C., & Wojtukiewicz, M. Z. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108293 · Cited by 83
A review on linking stress, depression, and insulin resistance via low-grade chronic inflammation
Mehdi, S., Wani, S. U. D., Krishna, K. L., Kinattingal, N., & Roohi, T. F. (2023) · Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101571 · Cited by 87
“According to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), MDD is considered an extremely widespread, comorbid, and debilitating condition affecting the adult population in the United States of America [10].”
MethodRomeo, B., Hermand, M., Pétillion, A., Karila, L., & Benyamina, A. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.002 · Cited by 76
Beyond Haemostasis and Thrombosis: Platelets in Depression and Its Co-Morbidities
Izzi, B., Tirozzi, A., Cerletti, C., Donati, M. B., de Gaetano, G., Hoylaerts, M., Iacoviello, L., & Gialluisi, A. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21228817 · Cited by 79
“MDD presents as a persistent low mood, with associated changes in behavior, cognition, sleep and appetite, impaired social and occupational functioning, increased risk of self-harm or suicide [17,18].”
BackgroundTreating depression With Tai Chi: state of the art and future perspectives
Kong, J., Wilson, G., Park, J., Pereira, K., Walpole, C., & Yeung, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00237 · Cited by 75
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent mental illness in the United States (1).”
BackgroundInfluentialAgerbo, E., Trabjerg, B. B., Børglum, A. D., Schork, A. J., Vilhjálmsson, B. J., Pedersen, C. B., Hakulinen, C. A., Albiñana, C., HOUGAARD, D. M., Grove, J., et al. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4172 · Cited by 79
Anxiety and depression: A top‐down, bottom‐up model of circuit function
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Sex Differences in Variability of Brain Structure Across the Lifespan
Forde, N. J., Jeyachandra, J., Joseph, M. J. E., Jacobs, G. R., Dickie, E. W., Satterthwaite, T. D., Shinohara, R. T., Ameis, S. H., & Voineskos, A. N. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa123 · Cited by 66
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Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Amitriptyline
McClure, E. W., & Daniels, R. N. (2021) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00467 · Cited by 75
The neural signature of psychomotor disturbance in depression
Wüthrich, F., Lefebvre, S., Mittal, V. A., Shankman, S. A., Alexander, N., Brosch, K., Flinkenflügel, K., Goltermann, J., Grotegerd, D., Hahn, T., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02327-1 · Cited by 70
Glutamatergic Modulators for Major Depression from Theory to Clinical Use
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“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent disease, and depressive disorders have been a leading cause of chronic disease burden worldwide for the past 3 decades [1, 2].”
BackgroundDepression and coronary heart disease: mechanisms, interventions, and treatments
Xu, L., Zhai, X., Shi, D., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1328048 · Cited by 86
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“6%) that, according to the World Health Organization projections, could become the leading cause of disability by 2030 [15, 16].”
BackgroundQuality of life among patients with cardiac disease: the impact of comorbid depression
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Citrome, L., Jain, R., Tung, A., Landsman-Blumberg, P. B., Kramer, K. L., & Ali, S. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.044 · Cited by 67
Burnout and depression among psychiatry residents during COVID-19 pandemic
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“Similar to the result shown in our study, females were reported to have more depression than males among psychiatry residents and the general population [15, 31].”
ResultZhang, L., Duvvuri, R., Chandra, K. K. L., Nguyen, T., & Ghomi, R. H. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23020 · Cited by 67
Economic Burden of Treatment-Resistant Depression on the U.S. Health Care System
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Characteristics of depressive and bipolar disorder patients with mixed features
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“These pooled rates from previous reports were similar to the present (33, 34).”
ResultHett, D., Rogers, J., Humpston, C. S., & Marwaha, S. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.058 · Cited by 53
Liang, G., Kow, A. S. F., Yusof, R., Tham, C. L., Ho, Y.-C., & Lee, M. T. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12010184 · Cited by 68
“Epidemiological studies have shown that approximately 20% of women may experience an episode of MDD at some point in their lives [6].”
BackgroundWhere Sex Meets Gender: How Sex and Gender Come Together to Cause Sex Differences in Mental Illness
Christiansen, D. M., McCarthy, M. M., & Seeman, M. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.856436 · Cited by 65
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“The summary contains findings from (Hasin et al., 2018) structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), (Malhi and Mann, 2018) functional MRI as well as (Ali et al., 2006) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).”
BackgroundAten, S., Du, Y., Taylor, O., Dye, C., Collins, K., Thomas, M., Kiyoshi, C., & Zhou, M. (2023) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-022-03663-4 · Cited by 60
“The lifetime incidence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in adults is over 20% [1].”
BackgroundBekhbat, M., Chu, K., Le, N., Woolwine, B. J., Haroon, E., Miller, A. H., & Felger, J. C. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.004 · Cited by 66
“Depression is a heterogenous and widespread disorder with a lifetime prevalence >20% (Hasin et al., 2018) that confers increased risk for medical illnesses which are known to be associated with inflammation, obesity and/or metabolic dysregulation including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer (Currier and Neme…”
BackgroundNitric oxide signalling and antidepressant action revisited
Joca, S. R. L., Sartim, A. G., Roncalho, A. L., Diniz, C. F. A., & Wegener, G. (2019) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-018-02987-4 · Cited by 63
Prevalence of Anxiety or Depression Diagnosis in Deaf Adults
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When Anxiety and Depression Coexist: The Role of Differential Diagnosis Using Clinimetric Criteria
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Bridging Rapid and Sustained Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine
Kim, J.-W., Suzuki, K., Kavalali, E. T., & Monteggia, L. M. (2023) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2023.02.003 · Cited by 59
Childhood adversity and mental health comorbidity in men and women with opioid use disorders
Evans, E., Goff, S. L., Upchurch, D. M., & Grella, C. E. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106149 · Cited by 69
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Savings, home ownership, and depression in low-income US adults
Ettman, C. K., Cohen, G. H., Vivier, P. M., & Galea, S. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01973-y · Cited by 61
“1 3 70% greater odds of 12-month MDD than adults earning more [9].”
BackgroundDepression in multiple sclerosis: Is one approach for its management enough?
Jones, C. D., Motl, R. W., & Sandroff, B. M. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.102904 · Cited by 64
Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effects of Medicinal Cannabis Use in an Observational Trial
Martin, E. L., Strickland, J. C., Schlienz, N. J., Munson, J., Jackson, H., Bonn‐Miller, M. O., & Vandrey, R. G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.729800 · Cited by 62
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Gender inequality and depression among medical students: A global meta-regression analysis
Pacheco, J. P. G., Silveira, J. B., Ferreira, R. P. C., Lo, K. K.-H., Schineider, J. R., Giacomin, H. T. A., & Tam, W. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.01.013 · Cited by 63
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Heterogeneity and Polygenicity in Psychiatric Disorders: A Genome-Wide Perspective
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“7%.(118) To date, GWAS have identified many loci conferring risk for MDD, the largest of which (N1⁄4 807,553 individuals) detected 102 MDD risk loci.”
BackgroundMajor Depressive Disorder and gut microbiota – Association not causation. A scoping review
Łoniewski, I., Misera, A., Skonieczna‐Żydecka, K., Kaczmarczyk, M., Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, K., Misiak, B., Marlicz, W. M., & Samochowiec, J. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110111 · Cited by 64
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Do statins have an effect on depressive symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Yatham, M. S., Yatham, K. S., Ravindran, A. V., & Sullivan, F. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.002 · Cited by 60
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Food Insecurity and Depression among US Adults: NHANES 2005–2016
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“Depression is one of the largest contributors to disability globally [26] and affects about 8% of adults in the US [27,28].”
BackgroundFactors associated with depression among the Lebanese population: Results of a cross‐sectional study
Obeïd, S., Lahoud, N., Haddad, C., Sacre, H., Akel, M., Fares, K., Salameh, P., & Hallit, S. R. (2020) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12518 · Cited by 59
Validity of the DSM-5 anxious distress specifier for major depressive disorder
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Connectome-based models can predict early symptom improvement in major depressive disorder
Ju, Y., Horien, C. L., Chen, W., Guo, W., Lu, X., Sun, J., Dong, Q., Liu, B., Liu, J., Yan, D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.028 · Cited by 51
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Lee, J., & Allen, J. (2020) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00672-x · Cited by 56
Anxiety and Depression: What Do We Know of Neuropeptides?
Kupcová, I., Danišovič, Ľ., Grgac, I., & Harsányi, Š. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12080262 · Cited by 62
Stress and serum cortisol levels in major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional study
G Bertollo, A., 1 Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, G. P. I. B. S., E Grolli, R., E Plissari, M., A Gasparin, V., Quevedo, J., Z Réus, G., D Bagatini, M., M Ignácio, Z., 2 Santa Catarina State University, W. H. E. C., et al. (2020) · AIMS Neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2020028 · Cited by 56
“In adulthood, personal losses, marital disagreements, or other chronic stressors can become triggers for MDD development [7,8].”
BackgroundJain, S., Gupta, S., Li, V. W., Suthoff, E., & Arnaud, A. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04165-x · Cited by 53
Brain regulation of emotional conflict predicts antidepressant treatment response for depression
Fonzo, G. A., Etkin, A., Zhang, Y., Wu, W., Cooper, C. M., Fatt, C. C., Jha, M. K., Trombello, J. M., Deckersbach, T., Adams, P., et al. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0732-1 · Cited by 57
Cosmo, C. S. A., Zandvakili, A., Petrosino, N. J., Berlow, Y. A., & Philip, N. S. (2021) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-021-00238-y · Cited by 65
Pamplin, J. R., & Bates, L. M. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114085 · Cited by 58
Eggenberger, L., Fordschmid, C., Ludwig, C., Weber, S., Grub, J., Komlenac, N., & Walther, A. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11060083 · Cited by 53
“Indeed, depressive and anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental health disorders worldwide and men seem to suffer from depression only half as often as women [8,9].”
BackgroundPonton, E., Turecki, G., & Nagy, C. (2021) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyab082 · Cited by 59
“The lifetime prevalence of MDD is more than 20% (Harvard Medical School 2007; Hasin et al., 2018), and at its most severe form, MDD can result in suicide (Turecki and Brent 2016; Bachmann 2018).”
BackgroundPredicting treatment outcome in depression: an introduction into current concepts and challenges
Rost, N., Binder, E. B., & Brückl, T. M. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01418-4 · Cited by 66
Role of trazodone in treatment of major depressive disorder: an update
Fagiolini, A. M., González-Pinto, A. M., Miskowiak, K. W., Morgado, P. F., Young, A. H., & Vieta, E. (2023) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-023-00465-y · Cited by 68
Burden of treatment-resistant depression in Medicare: A retrospective claims database analysis
Pilon, D., Joshi, K., Sheehan, J. J., Zichlin, M. L., Zuckerman, P. R., Lefèbvre, P., & Greenberg, P. E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223255 · Cited by 53
New Onset Depression and Anxiety After Spinal Fusion Surgery
Bekeris, J., Wilson, L. A., Fiasconaro, M., Poeran, J., Liu, J., Girardi, F. P., & Memtsoudis, S. G. (2020) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000003467 · Cited by 54
“Depression and anxiety are among the most common psychiatric disorders in the United States, burdening approximately 17% and 21% of the overall population at least once during a lifetime.(1,2) Although depression and anxiety can present with symptoms ranging from relatively mild to very severe, when encountered, they…”
BackgroundMizuno, Y., Ashok, A. H., Bhat, B. B., Jauhar, S., & Howes, O. D. (2023) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811231200881 · Cited by 63
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is common, affects 10% of the population and is a leading cause of global disability (Hasin et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInternational society of sport psychology position stand: elite athlete mental health revisited
Schinke, R. J., Henriksen, K., Moore, Z. E., Stambulova, N. B., Bartley, J. D., Cosh, S., Wagstaff, C. R. D., Quartiroli, A., Wylleman, P., Maher, C. A., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2024.2359872 · Cited by 76
Knox, J., Scodes, J. M., Wall, M. M., Witkiewitz, K. A., Kranzler, H. R., Falk, D. E., Litten, R. Z., Mann, K. F., O’Malley, S. S., Anton, R. F., et al. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.009 · Cited by 56
“, 2018) and highly comorbid with AUD (Grant et al., 2004a; Grant et al., 2015; Hasin et al., 2005; Hasin et al., 2007; Hasin et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSchure, M. B., Lindow, J. C., Greist, J. H., Nakonezny, P. A., Bailey, S. J., Bryan, W. L., & Byerly, M. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/14754 · Cited by 50
“Depression is the leading cause of disability globally [1] and is associated with impaired function [2], higher morbidity and mortality [3,4], greater health care use [5], and higher risk of suicide [6].”
InfluentialBiological correlates of early life stressful events in major depressive disorder
Silva, R. C., Maffioletti, E., Gennarelli, M., Baune, B. T., & Minelli, A. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105103 · Cited by 57
Wang, S., Kim, N.-Y., Na, H.-R., Lim, H. K., Woo, Y. S., Pae, C., & Bahk, W. (2021) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2021.19.2.341 · Cited by 61
“4% of patients with MDD actually commit or complete suicide [6,7].”
BackgroundYelton, B., Friedman, D. B., Noblet, S. B., Lohman, M. C., Arent, M. A., Macauda, M. M., Sakhuja, M., & Leith, K. H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031498 · Cited by 54
“For example, while income and household poverty level are also associated with depression [29,30], causation is less clear, and these indicators may be offset by federal assistance programs that improve ability to meet basic needs.”
BackgroundZhang, H., Sun, Y., Yau, S., Zhou, Y., Song, X., Zhang, H., Zhu, B., Wu, H., & Chen, G. (2022) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15847 · Cited by 52
“In a recent epidemiological study of major depressive disorder in the United States, the month and life prevalence of major depressive disorder in adult is about 10% and 20%, along with a high comorbidity and disability rate (Hasin et al., 2018).”
BackgroundDecoding Depression Severity From Intracranial Neural Activity
Xiao, J., Provenza, N. R., Asfouri, J., Myers, J. C., Mathura, R. K., Metzger, B. A., Adkinson, J. A., Allawala, A. B., Pirtle, V., Oswalt, D. N., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.01.020 · Cited by 50
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a lifetime incidence of 10% to 15% and has immense 56 social and economic consequences(5).”
BackgroundKołodziej, D., Sobczak, Ł., & Łączkowski, K. Z. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25137033 · Cited by 60
“Other criteria involve the duration of time exceeding 2 weeks and presence of fi ve or more out of nine severity markers [91].”
BackgroundShmulewitz, D., Aharonovich, E., Witkiewitz, K. A., Anton, R. F., Kranzler, H. R., Scodes, J. M., Mann, K. F., Wall, M. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20050610 · Cited by 53
Self-citationInflamed brain: Targeting immune changes and inflammation for treatment of depression
Sakamoto, S., Zhu, X., Hasegawa, Y., Karma, S., Obayashi, M., Alway, E., & Kamiya, A. (2021) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13286 · Cited by 51
“high lifetime prevalence that imposes a substantial public health burden.(1) Although there are a number of clinically effective treatments”
BackgroundBernstein, D. N., Atkinson, J. D., Fear, K., Baumhauer, J. F., Mesfin, A., Rubery, P. T., & Hammert, W. C. (2019) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/corr.0000000000000782 · Cited by 52
“This final sample was larger than the sample of an earlier single-institution study [14] by one-quarter of a million patient encounters.”
ResultStatins in the treatment of depression: Hype or hope?
Köhler‐Forsberg, O., Otte, C., Gold, S. M., & Østergaard, S. D. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107625 · Cited by 52
Trends in big data analyses by multicenter collaborative translational research in psychiatry
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“1 years in the USA.(17) In contrast, in Japan, the 12-month prevalence of MDD was lower (2.”
BackgroundInfluentialRutter, L. A., Howard, J., Lakhan, P., Valdez, D., Bollen, J., & Lorenzo‐Luaces, L. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/39206 · Cited by 58
“Our findings also reveal that self-reported diagnoses are more accurate for more commonly occurring conditions; for example, depression and GAD showed high accuracy in self-diagnosis, but they are also among the most common mental disorders [42,43], unlike other anxiety disorders like panic that occur at lower frequen…”
BackgroundWearable devices for anxiety & depression: A scoping review
Ahmed, A., Aziz, S., Alzubaidi, M., Schneider, J., Irshaidat, S., Abu Serhan, H., Abd-alrazaq, A. A., Solaiman, B., & Househ, M. (2023) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update · doi:10.1016/j.cmpbup.2023.100095 · Cited by 50
Depression and anxiety in glioma patients
van der Meer, P. B., Dirven, L., Hertler, C., Boele, F. W., Batalla, A., Walbert, T., Rooney, A. G., & Koekkoek, J. A. F. (2023) · Neuro-Oncology Practice · doi:10.1093/nop/npad019 · Cited by 54
Enhanced ERK activity extends ketamine’s antidepressant effects by augmenting synaptic plasticity
Ma, Z., Guzikowski, N. J., Kim, J., Kavalali, E. T., & Monteggia, L. M. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb6748 · Cited by 54
Mindfulness‐based program for stress reduction in infertile women: Randomized controlled trial
Nery, S. F., Paiva, S. P. C., Vieira, É. L., Barbosa, A. B., Sant'Anna, E. M., Casalechi, M., Dela Cruz, C., Teixeira, A. L., & Reis, F. M. (2019) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2839 · Cited by 50
Caroleo, M., Carbone, E. A., Primerano, A., FOTI, D. P., Brunetti, A., & Segura‐Garcìa, C. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.015 · Cited by 50
Trivedi, M., Jha, M., Kahalnik, F., Pipes, R., Levinson, S., Lawson, T., Rush, A., Trombello, J., Grannemann, B., Tovian, C., et al. (2019) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph12020071 · Cited by 49
MENDA: a comprehensive curated resource of metabolic characterization in depression
Pu, J., Yu, Y., Liu, Y., Tian, L., Gui, S., Zhong, X., Fan, C., Xu, S., Song, X., Liu, L., et al. (2019) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbz055 · Cited by 47
“Depression is a seriously disabling psychiatric disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 20% [1], characterized by high disease burden and excess mortality [2].”
BackgroundBernstein, E. E., Kleiman, E. M., van Bork, R., Moriarity, D. P., Giollabhui, N. M., McNally, R. J., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2019) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22935 · Cited by 49
“Nearly one‐fifth of Americans experience major depression in their lifetime and many more suffer from subthreshold symptoms (Hasin et al., 2018).”
BackgroundAn epigenome-wide association study of early-onset major depression in monozygotic twins
Roberson‐Nay, R., Lapato, D. M., Wolen, A. R., Lancaster, E. E., Webb, B. T., Verhulst, B., Hettema, J. M., & York, T. P. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00984-2 · Cited by 67
Mo, Z., Qin, Z., Ye, J., Hu, X., Wang, R., Zhao, Y., Zheng, P., Lu, Q., Li, Q., & Tang, X. (2024) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796024000295 · Cited by 55
“In a survey on adults in the United States, 12-month and lifetime prevalence of MDD were 10.4% and 20.6%, respectively, and MDD was associated with impaired functioning, low income and substance use disorders (Hasin et al. , 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialAnxious distress in depressed outpatients: Prevalence, comorbidity, and incremental validity
Rosellini, A. J., Bourgeois, M. L., Correa, J. K., Tung, E. S., Goncharenko, S., & Brown, T. A. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.05.006 · Cited by 52
“Preliminary research nonetheless suggests that AD is highly prevalent, occurring in 50–75% of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) (Hasin et al., 2018; McIntyre et al., 2016; Zimmerman et al., 2014), and that AD may outperform comorbid anxiety diagnoses in predicting important clinical correlates such as d…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Hasin, D. S., Sarvet, A. L., Meyers, J. L., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Stohl, M., & Grant, B. F.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Fedpoint Systems, LLC, Arlington, Virginia
- Corresponding author
- Hasin, Deborah S.
- Venue
- JAMA Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2018-04-01
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 336
- ISSN
- 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5875313
- OpenAlex
- W2789034326
- Cited by
- 1,737
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 166 · 2025: 217 · 2024: 268 · 2023: 269 · 2022: 256 · 2021: 263 · 2020: 166 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 28
- FWCI
- 189.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA037914)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, DSM-5, prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, bereavement, depressive symptoms, functional disability, antidepressant treatment, sex differences, racial and ethnic disparities, income, NESARC-III, United States adults, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders
- MeSH terms
- Correlation of Data, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Social Class, United States, Comorbidity, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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