The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 35 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: Despite variation in lifestyle and environment, first signs of human facial aging show between the ages of 20–30 years. It is a cumulative process of changes in the skin, soft tissue, and skeleton of the face. As quantifications of facial aging in living humans are still scarce, we set out to study age‐related changes in three‐dimensional facial shape using geometric morphometrics. Materials and methods: We collected surface scans of 88 human faces (aged 26–90 years) from the coastal town Split (Croatia) and neighboring islands. Based on a geometric morphometric analysis of 585 measurement points (landmarks and semilandmarks), we modeled sex‐specific trajectories of average facial aging. Results: Age‐related facial shape change was similar in both sexes until around age 50, at which time the female aging trajectory turned sharply. The overall magnitude of facial shape change (aging rate) was higher in women than men, especially in early postmenopause. Aging was generally associated with a flatter face, sagged soft tissue (“broken” jawline), deeper nasolabial folds, smaller visible areas of the eyes, thinner lips, and longer nose and ears. In postmenopausal women, facial aging was best predicted by the years since last menstruation and mainly attributable to bone resorption in the mandible. Discussion: With high spatial and temporal resolution, we were able to extract a shared facial aging pattern in women and men, and its divergence after menopause. This fully quantitative three‐dimensional analysis of human facial aging may not only find applications in forensic and ancient human facial reconstructions, but shall include lifestyle and endocrinological measures, and also reach out to studies of social perception.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Using 3D surface scans and geometric morphometrics, this study finds a shared average facial aging pattern in men and premenopausal women, with female faces aging faster. After menopause, the female trajectory bends sharply and is better predicted by years since last menstruation than by chronological age, mainly reflecting mandibular bone resorption.
Key findings
- Among 88 Croatian adults (32 men aged 27.7–82.9 years; 56 women aged 26.0–89.8 years), age-related facial shape change was similar in both sexes until about age 50, when the female aging trajectory turned sharply.
- Male facial shape regression on age was significant (p < .001), explaining 7% of total shape variation and 38% of regression-score variance; in women younger than 55 years it explained 15% of total shape variance and 40% of regression-score variance (p < .0001).
- In women beyond age 50, chronological age had little explanatory power (2% explained variance, not significant), whereas time since last menstruation predicted 5% of total facial shape variance and 35% of regression scores (p < .0001), mainly via reduced mandibular size, particularly the chin.
- Female facial aging rate was higher than male: about twice as fast before age 50 and after age 60, and up to three times faster between ages 50 and 60.
Methods
- Cross-sectional sample of 88 Croatian adults from Split and the islands Korčula and Vis, collected as part of the 10,001 Dalmatians project; faces were surface scanned with an Artec MHT scanner between May 2013 and May 2014.
- Each face was parameterized by 585 landmarks and semilandmarks (40 fixed landmarks, 64 curve semilandmarks, 481 surface semilandmarks), slid to minimize bending energy, superimposed by Generalized Procrustes Analysis, and symmetrized.
- Sex-specific average aging trajectories were estimated by local linear regressions in a moving window of 23 individuals; principal component analysis summarized age-specific mean shapes, and aging rate was computed as the average amount of shape change in Procrustes distance per year.
Limitations
- The authors state that because of the sample structure, they did not measure individual aging sensu stricto but estimated sex-specific average patterns, and could not assess associations with individual lifestyle, endocrine status, or molecular aging markers.
- The authors note the sample is a relatively homogeneous Croatian “genetic isolate,” which they argue is appropriate as a proxy for longitudinal data and may generalize to other European-descent populations, but they call for further study of within- and between-population variation and environmental factors.
- Evident from the text: the sample is modest (88 faces; 26 postmenopausal women), cross-sectional, and some figure visualizations extrapolate beyond the sampled age range, so individual-level and longitudinal inferences are limited.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
3 of 35 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Both hormones are known to affect bone metabolism, but bone resorption is primarily controlled by estrogen in both sexes (Clarke & Khosla, 2010; Falahati‐Nini et al., 2000; Khosla, Melton, & Riggs, 2001).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clarke & Khosla, 2010 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Partly supportedcites Falahati‐Nini et al., 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The study summary (p. 1) and conclusion (p. 7) identify estrogen as the dominant sex steroid regulating bone resorption in normal elderly men. The Introduction (p. 1) says estrogen’s role in women’s bone metabolism is well established, but does not specifically establish that estrogen primarily controls bone resorption in women; the study itself examined only elderly men. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Khosla, Melton, & Riggs, 2001 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not checked yet
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In postmenopausal women, facial aging was best predicted by the years since last menstruation and mainly attributable to bone resorption in the mandible.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
“This sex difference presumably results from the various hormonal changes during menopause and andropause, which are dominated by the estrogen reduction in females and the testosterone reduction in males.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > Abstract > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clarke & Khosla, 2010 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Could not verifycites Falahati‐Nini et al., 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The study description (p. 1) and discussion (Table 4, p. 7) concern hormone-related bone resorption in elderly men, not facial aging or mandibular bone in postmenopausal women. Searches for facial aging, mandibular resorption, and years since last menstruation found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Khosla, Melton, & Riggs, 2001 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported menopause status and time since last menstruation are accurate.
- Rests on an assumption: Time since last menstruation is a valid proxy for menopausal hormonal changes.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further characteristics of advanced age were relatively thin lips, a drooping tip of the nose, and lengthened ears (Figures 4 and 5).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before age 50 and also after age 60, female faces age—on average—about twice as fast as male faces; between 50 and 60 years, this sex difference in aging rate is even more pronounced (up to three times faster).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further characteristics of advanced age were relatively thin lips, a drooping tip of the nose, and lengthened ears (Figures 4 and 5).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aging was generally associated with a flatter face, sagged soft tissue (“broken” jawline), deeper nasolabial folds, smaller visible areas of the eyes, thinner lips, and longer nose and ears.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Further characteristics of advanced age were relatively thin lips, a drooping tip of the nose, and lengthened ears (Figures 4 and 5).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
In the paper
“However, our results do not seem to confirm a decreasing mid‐facial width‐to‐height ratio as claimed by Hehman, Leitner, and Freeman (2014).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hehman, Leitner, and Freeman (2014) source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women generally had a faster average rate of facial aging than men, but it started to increase considerably at about 52–55 years; it decreased from 57 to 60 years and increased again thereafter.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite considerable individual variation in age at menopause, we found that the average trajectory of female facial aging bends at approximately 50 years (Figure 3), which fits well with published menopausal data.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After menopause, women show a stronger reduction in the jaw area, particularly in the chin, compared with men.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported menopause status and time since last menstruation are accurate.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Also, the epidemic of coronary heart disease in industrialized countries following several decades after increased consumption of dietary fats seems to have a greater toll on males than females (Lawlor, Ebrahim, & Davey Smith, 2001), accounting for 26% of male excess life years lost in the United States (Kruger & Nesse, 2004).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Lawlor, Ebrahim, & Davey Smith, 2001 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says the coronary heart disease epidemic affected men in England and Wales and other industrialised countries, and Secular trends reports a strong correlation between fat consumption and the male-to-female mortality ratio. The paper does not establish the claimed several-decade interval after increased fat consumption; its lag analysis assumes 10 years. The 26% figure is cited to Kruger and Nesse, not to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kruger & Nesse, 2004 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall magnitude of facial shape change (aging rate) was higher in women than men, especially in early postmenopause.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The female rate of facial aging (the average amount of shape change per year) is higher than the male rate (Figure 7).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
- Rests on an assumption: The facial aging pattern observed in this Croatian sample applies to humans generally.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to chronological age, however, the time since the last menstruation predicted 5% of total facial shape variance in postmenopausal women and 35% of the regression scores (p < .0001).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported menopause status and time since last menstruation are accurate.
- Rests on an assumption: Time since last menstruation is a valid proxy for menopausal hormonal changes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women generally had a faster average rate of facial aging than men, but it started to increase considerably at about 52–55 years; it decreased from 57 to 60 years and increased again thereafter.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before age 50 and also after age 60, female faces age—on average—about twice as fast as male faces; between 50 and 60 years, this sex difference in aging rate is even more pronounced (up to three times faster).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Independent of changes in aging pattern, we found that the rate of aging (the average magnitude of facial shape change, regardless of the pattern of shape change) was relatively constant in males and increased only after 60–65 years.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The linear regression of face shape on age in males was statistically significant (p < .001) and accounted for 7% of total shape variation and for 38% of the variance in the regression score (projection of shape vectors on the vector of regression coefficients).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age‐related facial shape change was similar in both sexes until around age 50, at which time the female aging trajectory turned sharply.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The female trajectory consisted of two approximately linear segments, separated by a sharp bend at about 50 years of age.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
“We demonstrated a shared average facial aging pattern in men and premenopausal women, but an average pace of aging twice as high in females than in males.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
- Rests on an assumption: The facial aging pattern observed in this Croatian sample applies to humans generally.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression of face shape on age in women beyond 50 years of age had little explanatory power (2% explained variance) and was not statistically significant.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thereafter, however, the female aging trajectory changed starkly in direction, indicating a different facial aging pattern (Figure 3).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
In the paper
“Further support comes from reported associations of collagen loss with the number of postmenopausal years, not chronological age (reviewed in Tobin, 2017).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tobin, 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They reported a decrease of serum estradiol concentration 2 years before the final menstrual period and a maximal rate of change around the final menstrual period. After another 2 years, the concentration stabilizes at about one third of the level before the decrease.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Randolph et al. (2011)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is also reflected by the somewhat unstable local linear regressions in the second half of the female trajectory (Figure 3).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
In the paper
“Similarly, Chen et al. (2015) found that Chinese people of the same chronological age differed by about plus or minus 6 years in terms of “facial age” (i.e., the age predicted from facial morphology) and that the amount of deviation increases after age 40.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chen et al. (2015) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our findings resemble the 3D visualizations of facial aging from Chinese and Czech samples (Chen et al., 2015; Mydlová et al., 2015) as well as the qualitative and quantitative descriptions of single regions as reviewed in the introductory paragraphs.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chen et al., 2015 source
- Not matchedcites Mydlová et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Brincat et al. (2005) also concluded, based on a wide literature review, that 30% of skin collagen is lost in the first five postmenopausal years, with an average decline of 2 % per year over a period of 15 years.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brincat et al. (2005) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Our geometric morphometric approach to study facial aging may contribute to facial imaging and reconstruction in forensic anthropology meeting the increasing demands for scientific and statistical rigor in case analysis and reporting (Algee‐Hewitt, Kim, & Hughes, 2018).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Algee‐Hewitt, Kim, & Hughes, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Kruger and Nesse (2006) calculated this ratio for Croatian data from 1998 to 2002, and found higher male mortality rates for all age categories, which holds true cross‐nationally (Kruger & Nesse, 2004).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kruger and Nesse (2006)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kruger & Nesse, 2004 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some quantitative approaches do not explicitly represent facial aging: For instance, in their landmark paper on modeling facial appearance from DNA, Claes et al. (2014) limited the age of their participants to the ages between 18 and 40 to “minimize age‐related variation in facial morphology” (p. 10).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Claes et al. (2014) source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not checked yet
In the paper
“Similarly, using methylation levels as epigenetic aging markers, Levine and colleagues (2016) found that menopause accelerates biological aging.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Levine and colleagues (2016)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A single linear shape regression across the whole female sample, as performed in earlier studies, would have overlooked this signal; only the use of local regressions made it possible to detect the nonlinear aging pattern in females.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to our sample structure, we did not measure individual aging sensu stricto, but estimated the sex‐specific average patterns of facial aging in this population.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, African faces tend to have thicker facial tissue than any other group, and Japanese faces have thinner tissues than most other groups except for the side of the head (Wilkinson, 2004).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wilkinson, 2004 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a meta‐analysis on age at natural menopause, European countries showed an average age of 50.5 years (Schoenaker, Jackson, Rowlands, & Mishra, 2014).”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schoenaker, Jackson, Rowlands, & Mishra, 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Part of this is explained by behavioral differences that can be attributed to larger male reproductive variation and the resulting evolutionarily shaped preference for risk taking.”
§ Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional age differences in facial shape reflect longitudinal aging trajectories.
“The sequences of age‐ and sex‐specific average shapes, as predicted by the local regressions, were interpreted as the male and female trajectories of average facial aging.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported menopause status and time since last menstruation are accurate.
“Twenty‐six women reported that they were postmenopausal and when they had their last menstruation; none of them had hormonal replacement therapy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The facial aging pattern observed in this Croatian sample applies to humans generally.
“Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause”
The paper relies on this without support.
Time since last menstruation is a valid proxy for menopausal hormonal changes.
“In contrast to chronological age, however, the time since the last menstruation predicted 5% of total facial shape variance in postmenopausal women and 35% of the regression scores (p < .0001).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physiological and lifestyle data are usually unavailable in forensic case identification.
“Nonetheless, the average facial aging pattern is most relevant to aid forensic case identification, where physiological and lifestyle data usually are unavailable.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The threshold for detecting patterns due to biological causes of facial shape variation (such as aging) is lower in the Eastern Adriatic genetic isolate than in a more heterogeneous reference population.
“Along these lines, we expect the threshold for detecting patterns due to biological causes of facial shape variation (such as aging) to be lower than in a more heterogenous reference population.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Windhager, S., Mitteroecker, P., Rupić, I., Lauc, T., Polašek, O., & Schaefer, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Department of Theoretical Biology University of Vienna Austria
- Dental Clinic Apolonija Zagreb Croatia
- University of Zagreb (HR)
- Gen-info (HR)
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology University of Vienna Austria
- Corresponding author
- Windhager, Sonja
- Venue
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-06-12
- Volume
- 169
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 678-688
- ISSN
- 0002-9483 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-8644
- PMC
- PMC6771603
- OpenAlex
- W2951808774
- Semantic Scholar
- cd907a8e5c073caafb9b32e69424084cdba74b49
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 8.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Austrian Science Fund (P29397)
- Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost (05‐PAR‐02‐2016)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Face recognition and analysis
- Keywords
- facial aging, menopause, sex differences, geometric morphometrics, mandibular resorption, nasolabial fold, facial soft tissue, facial reconstruction, skeletal remains
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Anthropology, Physical, Face, Female, Humans, Male, Menopause, Middle Aged, Models, Statistical
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