Measurement properties of tools used to assess depression in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions: A systematic review

Cassidy, S. A.; Bradley, L.; Bowen, E.; Wigham, S.; Rodgers, J.

doi:10.1002/aur.1922

Cited by 144Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

Measurement properties of tools used to assess depression in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions: A systematic review

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Cassidy, S. A., Bradley, L., Bowen, E., Wigham, S., Rodgers, J.·2018·Autism Research

DOI 10.1002/aur.1922PMC PMC6001465

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Abstract

Depression is the most commonly experienced mental health condition in adults with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). However, it is unclear what tools are currently being used to assess depression in ASC, or whether tools need to be adapted for this group. This systematic review therefore aimed to identify tools used to assess depression in adults with and without ASC, and then evaluate these tools for their appropriateness and measurement properties. Medline, PsychINFO and Web of Knowledge were searched for studies of depression in: (a) adults with ASC, without co‐morbid intellectual disability; and (b) adults from the general population without co‐morbid conditions. Articles examining the measurement properties of these tools were then searched for using a methodological filter in PubMed, and the quality of the evidence was evaluated using the COSMIN checklist. Twelve articles were identified which utilized three tools to assess depression in adults with ASC, but only one article which assessed the measurement properties of one of these tools was identified and thus evaluated. Sixty‐four articles were identified which utilized five tools to assess depression in general population adults, and fourteen articles had assessed the measurement properties of these tools. Overall, two tools were found to be robust in their measurement properties in the general population—the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI‐II), and the patient health questionnaire (PHQ‐9). Crucially only one study was identified from the COSMIN search, which showed weak evidence in support of the measurement properties of the BDI‐II in an ASC sample. Implications for effective measurement of depression in ASC are discussed. Autism Res 2018, 11: 738–754 . © 2018 The Authors Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary: Depression is the most common mental health problem experienced by adults with autism. However, the current study found very limited evidence regarding how useful tools developed for the general population are for adults with autism. We therefore suggest how these tools could be adapted to more effectively assess depression in adults with autism, and improve these individuals access to mental health assessment and support.

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The TAS-20 has never undergone a thorough examination as to whether autistic individuals understand items in the same way as non-autistic people.
“Another instance is the TAS-20, which despite being robustly used in autism research (see, for instance, [80, 82, 141]), has never undergone a thorough examination (e.g. [118, 119]) as to whether autistic individuals understand items in the same way as non-autistic people”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [118]
The Introduction and Discussion call for examining how autistic adults interpret items in depression measures, but they do not address the TAS-20. Searches for “TAS-20” and “Toronto Alexithymia Scale” found no passage establishing whether its items have undergone the examination claimed. (LLM, conf=0.77)
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Prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness and associated factors in the adult population of Korea
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Psychosocial Determinants of Cigarette Smoking Among College Students
Kear, M. E. (2002) · Journal of Community Health Nursing · doi:10.1207/s15327655jchn1904_05 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Development of an internet-based support and coaching model for adolescents and young adults with ADHD and autism spectrum disorders: a pilot study
Wentz, E., Nydén, A., & Krevers, B. (2012) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0297-2 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms predict medical care utilization in a population-based sample
Rowan, P. J., Davidson, K. W., CAMPBELL, J. A., Dobrez, D., & MacLean, D. R. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702005767 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Quality of life instruments in depression
Bech, P. (1997) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(97)89104-3 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…Radloff, 1977]; The Human Population Laboratory Depression Scale [HPL; Kaplan, Roberts, Camacho, & Coyne, 1987]; the Major Depression Inventory [MDI; Bech, 1997]; the patient health questionnaire, 2 and 9 item versions [PHQ-2/9; Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002]; the Short Depression-Happiness Scale…”
Background
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Depressive Symptoms among Young Adult Men and Women
Polak, M., Houghton, L. A., Reeder, A. I., Harper, M. J., & Conner, T. S. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6114720 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…d St ef an ad is [2 00 5 ] INSAR Cassidy et al./Measurement Properties of Depression Tools 743 for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale [CESD, Radloff, 1977]; The Human Population Laboratory Depression Scale [HPL; Kaplan, Roberts, Camacho, & Coyne, 1987]; the Major Depression Inventory…”
Untitled work
(2008) · Örebro University Library (Örebro University) · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Epidemiological Study and Risk Factors of Stroke in Assiut Governorate, Egypt: Community-Based Study
Khedr, E. M., Elfetoh, N. A., Al-Attar, G. S. T., Ahmed, M. A. O., Ali, A. M., Hamdy, A., Kandil, M. R., & Farweez, H. M. (2013) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000346270 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Factors associated with the onset of an episode of depressive symptoms in the general population
Carroll, L. J., Cassidy, J. D., & Côté, P. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00118-5 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Reference values for major depression questionnaires: The Leiden Routine Outcome Monitoring Study
Schulte-van Maaren, Y. W. M., Carlier, I. V. E., Zitman, F. G., van Hemert, A. M., de Waal, M. W. M., van der Does, A. J. W., van Noorden, M. S., & Giltay, E. J. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.009 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Is a lifetime history of neck injury in a traffic collision associated with prevalent neck pain, headache and depressive symptomatology?
Côté, P., Cassidy, J. D., & Carroll, L. (2000) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/s0001-4575(99)00117-7 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Mental Health Aspects of Autism and Asperger Syndrome
Priest, H. M. (2006) · Learning Disability Practice · doi:10.7748/ldp.9.2.25.s20 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Active and Passive Problem Solving as Moderators of the Relation Between Negative Life Event Stress and Suicidal Ideation Among Suicide Attempters and Non-Attempters
Linda, W. P., Marroquín, B. M., & Miranda, R. (2012) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2012.695233 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Relational pathways between socioeconomic position and cardiovascular risk in a multiethnic urban sample: complexities and their implications for improving health in economically disadvantaged populations
Schulz, A. J., House, J. S., Israel, B. A., Mentz, G. B., Dvonch, J. T., Miranda, P. Y., Kannan, S., & Koch, M. (2008) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2007.063222 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Gender-specific association between childhood trauma and rheumatoid arthritis: A case–control study
Spitzer, C., Wegert, S., Wollenhaupt, J., Wingenfeld, K., Barnow, S., & Grabe, H. J. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.10.007 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Paternal and maternal bonding styles in childhood are associated with the prevalence of chronic pain in a general adult population: the Hisayama Study
Anno, K., Shibata, M., Ninomiya, T., Iwaki, R., Kawata, H., Sawamoto, R., Kubo, C., Kiyohara, Y., Sudo, N., & Hosoi, M. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0574-y · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Fish consumption and severely depressed mood, findings from the first national nutrition follow-up study
Li, Y., Dai, Q., Ekperi, L., Dehal, A. N., & Zhang, J. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.05.012 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Psychoses in Adult Life
Clarke, D. J., Littlejohns, C. S., Corbett, J. A., et al. (1989) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000018213 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Systematic Review of the Measurement Properties of Tools Used to Measure Behaviour Problems in Young Children with Autism
Hanratty, J., Livingstone, N., Robalino, S., Terwee, C. B., Glod, M., Oono, I. P., Rodgers, J., Macdonald, G. M., & McConachie, H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144649 · Cited by 46 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A growing number of studies are using COSMIN to assess the evidence for the appropriateness and measurement properties of tools in ASC [Hanratty et al., 2015; Wigham & McConachie, 2014], in order to make evidence based recommendations for future research and clinical practice.”
MethodResultSelf-citation
Daytime sleepiness associated with poor sustained attention in middle and late adulthood
Yun, C., Kim, H., Lee, S. K., Suh, S. A., Lee, S. H., Park, S.-H., THOMAS, R. J., Au, R., & Shin, C. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.07.028 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Rumination, Sexual Orientation Uncertainty, and Psychological Distress in Sexual Minority University Students
Borders, A., Guillén, L. A., & Meyer, I. H. (2014) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000014527002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms in Rural West Virginia: Labor Market and Health Services Correlates
Muntaner, C., & Barnett, E. (2000) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2010.0788 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Factor analysis of Zung Scale scores in a Japanese general population
Chida, F., Okayama, A., Nishi, N., & SAKAI, A. (2004) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2004.01277.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Low Energy Reporting Related to Lifestyle, Clinical, and Psychosocial Factors in a Randomly Selected Population Sample of Greek Adults: The ATTICA Study
Yannakoulia, M., Panagiotakos, D. B., Pitsavos, C. E., Bathrellou, E., Chrysohoou, C. A., Skoumas, Y., & Stefanadis, C. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2007.10719619 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Internet-based treatment for older adults with depression and co-morbid cardiovascular disease: protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial
Cockayne, N. L., Glozier, N., Naismith, S. L., Christensen, H. M., Neal, B. C., & Hickie, I. B. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-10 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
II. The Colorado Social Health Survey of mental health service needs
Ciarlo, J. A., Shern, D. L., Tweed, D. L., Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Sachs‐Ericsson, N. (1992) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(92)90004-e · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Prevalence of self-reported seasonal affective disorders and the validity of the seasonal pattern assessment questionnaire in young adults
Steinhausen, H., Gundelfinger, R., & Metzke, C. W. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.09.016 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Are Sensory Processing Features Associated with Depressive Symptoms in Boys with an ASD?
Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C. F., & Mills, R. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2569-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A comparison of depression prevalence estimates measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire with two administration modes: computer-assisted telephone interviewing versus computer-assisted personal interviewing
Li, C., Ford, E. S., Zhao, G., Tsai, J. H., & Balluz, L. S. (2011) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-011-0253-9 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-help behaviors for sleep and depression: A Japanese nationwide general population survey
Furihata, R., Uchiyama, M., Takahashi, S., Konno, C., Suzuki, M., Osaki, K., Kaneita, Y., & Ohida, T. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.019 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Adaptation and Latent Structure of the Swahili Version of Beck Depression Inventory-II in a Low Literacy Population in the Context of HIV
Abubakar, A. A., Kalu, R. B., Katana, K., Kabunda, B., Hassan, A. S., Newton, C. R. J. C., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151030 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sub-threshold depression and antidepressants use in a community sample: searching anxiety and finding bipolar disorder
Carta, M. G., Tondo, L., Balestrieri, M., Caraci, F., Dell’Osso, L., Sciascio, G. D., Faravelli, C., Hardoy, M. C., Lecca, M. E., Moro, M. F., et al. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-164 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Assessing measurement invariance of three depression scales between neurologic samples and community samples
Chung, H., Kim, J., Askew, R. L., Jones, S. M. W., Cook, K. F., & Amtmann, D. (2015) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-015-0927-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Prevalence and cognitive underpinnings of isolated apathy in young healthy subjects.
Pardini, M., Cordano, C., Guida, S., Grafman, J., Krueger, F., Sassos, D., Massucco, D., Abate, L., Yaldizli, Ö., Serrati, C., et al. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.062 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Risk and protective factors for depressive symptomatology among a community sample of adolescents and young adults
Donald, M., & Dower, J. (2002) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2002.tb00366.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Depression: Point-prevalence and sociodemographic correlates in a Buenos Aires community sample
Leiderman, E. A., Lolich, M., Vázquez, G. H., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.032 · Cited by 23 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Hence, despite depression being a common difficulty among adults with ASC [Ghaziuddin, 2005; Lever & Geurts, 2016], few studies have used a validated depression measure, and no tool is available that has been specifically developed for or comprehensively validated with this group.”
Background
Is a history of work-related low back injury associated with prevalent low back pain and depression in the general population?
Hincapié, C. A., Cassidy, J. D., & Côté, P. (2008) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-9-22 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Depression has been shown to increase risk of adults with ASC contemplating, planning [Cassidy et al., 2014], or dying by suicide [Hirvikoski et al., 2016].”
Background
Trajectory of Suicidal Ideation in Relation to Perceived Overweight From Adolescence to Young Adulthood in a Representative United States Sample
Lee, C. G., & Seo, D. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.06.013 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Exposure to tricyclic antidepressants is associated with an increased risk of incident CHD events in a population-based study
Rosenberg, L. B., Whang, W., Shimbo, D., Shah, A. M., Shapiro, P. A., & Davidson, K. W. (2009) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.06.036 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Depressive episodes and depressive tendencies among a sample of adults in Kielce, south-eastern Poland.
Aarø, L. E., Herbeć, A., Bjø‌rngaard, J. H., Mańczuk, M., & Zatoński, W. A. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Validation of the Vulnerable Attachment Style Questionnaire
Kupeli, N., Norton, S., Chilcot, J., Schmidt, U. H., Campbell, I. C., & Troop, N. A. (2014) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9432-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sociotropic cognition and eating disordered attitudes and behavior in young adults
Pedlow, C. T., & Niemeier, H. M. (2012) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.10.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Depressive Cognition Scale
Sousa, V. D., Zauszniewski, J. A., & Jaber, A. F. (2010) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2010.03.004 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Predictability of levels of physical and mental health in adults and adolescents: a 2 years longitudinal study.
Zdanowicz, N., Lepièce, B., Tordeurs, D., Jacques, D., & Reynaert, C. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Differences in specific depressive symptoms among community-dwelling middle-aged Japanese adults before and after a universal screening intervention
Oyama, H., & Sakashita, T. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0735-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

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Sorted by citations

Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults
Cassidy, S., Bradley, L., Shaw, R., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Self-citation
‘People like me don’t get support’: Autistic adults’ experiences of support and treatment for mental health difficulties, self-injury and suicidality
Camm-Crosbie, L., Bradley, L., Shaw, R., Baron-Cohen, S., & Cassidy, S. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318816053 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Self-citation
Co-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism spectrum disorder
Rosen, T. E., Mazefsky, C. A., Vasa, R. A., & Lerner, M. D. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1450229 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Is Camouflaging Autistic Traits Associated with Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours? Expanding the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide in an Undergraduate Student Sample
Cassidy, S., Gould, K., Townsend, E., Pelton, M., Robertson, A., & Rodgers, J. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04323-3 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citation
Systematic review of the measurement properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales–21 by applying updated COSMIN methodology
Lee, J., Lee, E., & Moon, S. H. (2019) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-019-02177-x · Cited by 276 · see citing works
A capabilities approach to understanding and supporting autistic adulthood
Pellicano, E., Fatima, U., Hall, G., Heyworth, M., Lawson, W., Lilley, R., Mahony, J., & Stears, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00099-z · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Creating Accessible Survey Instruments for Use with Autistic Adults and People with Intellectual Disability: Lessons Learned and Recommendations
Nicolaidis, C., Raymaker, D. M., McDonald, K. E., Lund, E. M., Leotti, S., Kapp, S. K., Katz, M., Beers, L. M., Kripke, C., Maslak, J., et al. (2020) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2019.0074 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Depression in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Pezzimenti, F., Han, G. T., Vasa, R. A., & Gotham, K. (2019) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2019.02.009 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Experience of mental health diagnosis and perceived misdiagnosis in autistic, possibly autistic and non-autistic adults
Au-Yeung, S. K., Bradley, L., Robertson, A. E., Shaw, R., Baron-Cohen, S., & Cassidy, S. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318818167 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citation
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: An unexplored co-occurrence of conditions
Haruvi-Lamdan, N., Horesh, D., Zohar, S., Kraus, M., & Golan, O. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320912143 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“On the other hand, such measures may overpathologize individuals with ASD given that some symptoms of ASD and related co-occurring conditions (e.g. anxiety, depression) could resemble and elevate scores on a PTSD measure erroneously (Cassidy et al., 2018).”
Background
Alexithymia in autism: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with social-communication difficulties, anxiety and depression symptoms
Oakley, B. F. M., Jones, E. J. H., Crawley, D., Charman, T., Buitelaar, J., Tillmann, J., Murphy, D. G., Loth, E., & The EU-AIMS LEAP Group (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003244 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“…were chosen on the basis of their fast administration time (reducing longitudinal participant burden) and ability to accurately screen for mental health problems in general population and autism samples (Cassidy, Bradley, Bowen, Wigham, & Rodgers, 2018; Leyfer, Ruberg, & Woodruff-Borden, 2006).”
Measurement properties of tools used to assess suicidality in autistic and general population adults: A systematic review
Cassidy, S. A., Bradley, L., Bowen, E., Wigham, S., & Rodgers, J. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“…study (de Beurs et al. 2016) showed low specificity (.2) but high sensitivity (.95) for the BSS predicting future suicidal behaviour, a good study (Chang and Tan, 2015) showed a poor AUC (<.44) for predicting future adverse events and a poor study (due to small sample size) showed excellent…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Brief Report: Psychometric Properties of the Patient Health Questionaire-9 (PHQ-9) in Autistic Adults
Arnold, S. R. C., Uljarević, M., Hwang, Y. I., Richdale, A. L., Trollor, J. N., & Lawson, L. P. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03947-9 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Greater gender diversity among autistic children by self-report and parent-report
Corbett, B. A., Muscatello, R. A., Klemencic, M. E., West, M., Kim, A., & Strang, J. F. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221085337 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“The C-SSRS has not been validated in autistic samples specifically; however, several studies with autistic adults and adolescents suggest that the C-SSRS provides one of the most comprehensive assessments of suicidality of the measures available (Cassidy et al., 2018a, 2018b; Howe et al., 2020).”
Background
A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability
Moseley, R. L., Gregory, N. J., Smith, P., Allison, C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2019) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0267-3 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Understanding Suicide Risk in Autistic Adults: Comparing the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in Autistic and Non-autistic Samples
Pelton, M., Crawford, H., Robertson, A., Rodgers, J., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Cassidy, S. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04393-8 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citation
The role of loneliness as a mediator between autism features and mental health among autistic young adults
Schiltz, H. K., McVey, A. J., Dolan, B. K., Haendel, A. D., Stanley, R. E., Arias, A. A., Gordon, N. S., & Hecke, A. V. V. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320967789 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“The BDI-II has been identified as a reasonable instrument for measuring depression in adults on the autism spectrum (Cassidy et al., 2018; Gotham et al., 2015).”
Method
A blind spot in mental healthcare? Psychotherapists lack education and expertise for the support of adults on the autism spectrum
Lipinski, S., Bögl, K., Blanke, E. S., Suenkel, U., & Dziobek, I. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211057973 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Furthermore, a lack of support for this group has been associated with an increased risk of depression and suicidality (Cassidy et al., 2018c).”
Background
Autistic traits in adults who have attempted suicide
Richards, G., Kenny, R., Griffiths, S., Allison, C. L., Mosse, D., Holt, R., O’Connor, R. C., Cassidy, S., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2019) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0274-4 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citation
Measuring Depression in Autistic Adults: Psychometric Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II
Williams, Z. J., Everaert, J., & Gotham, K. O. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120952889 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“…autistic adults and TD controls, empirically testing the claim that individuals on the autism spectrum answer depression questionnaires in a qualitatively different manner from the general population (Cassidy et al., 2018b; Gotham et al., 2015; Pezzimenti et al., 2019; Uljarević et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Development and validation of the suicidal behaviours questionnaire - autism spectrum conditions in a community sample of autistic, possibly autistic and non-autistic adults
Cassidy, S., Bradley, L., Cogger-Ward, H., & Rodgers, J. (2021) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-021-00449-3 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Assessing the appropriateness and measurement properties of the SBQ-ASC followed recommended best practice according to a validated research tool used to assess the quality of evidence for and against the measurement properties of health outcome assessment tools (COSMIN) [50].”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Validation of the 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder
Park, S. H., Song, Y. J. C., Demetriou, E. A., Pepper, K. L., Thomas, E. E., Hickie, I. B., & Guastella, A. J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113300 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
What are we targeting when we treat autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review of 406 clinical trials
Provenzani, U., Fusar‐Poli, L., Brondino, N., Damiani, S., Vercesi, M., Meyer, N., Rocchetti, M., & Politi, P. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319854641 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
A Comparative Study of Suicidality and Its Association with Emotion Regulation Impairment in Large ASD and US Census-Matched Samples
Conner, C. M., Golt, J., Righi, G., Shaffer, R., Siegel, M., & Mazefsky, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04370-1 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“It is further possible that suicidality in ASD may stem from different risk and mechanistic factors than what is seen in the typically developing population (Cassidy et al., 2018; Lai et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Anxiety in children with autism at school: a systematic review
Adams, D., Young, K., & Keen, D. (2019) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-019-00172-z · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Network Analysis of Behaviors in the Depression and Autism Realms: Inter-Relationships and Clinical Implications
Montazeri, F., de Bildt, A. A., Dekker, V., & Anderson, G. M. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03914-4 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Measurement Properties of the Suicidal Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised in Autistic Adults
Cassidy, S., Bradley, L., Cogger-Ward, H., Shaw, R., Bowen, E., Glod, M., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Rodgers, J. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04431-5 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mental health challenges faced by autistic people
Lai, M. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01718-2 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Conventional depression measures (for example, the Beck Depression Inventory–II and the Patient Health Questionnaire–9) can be used for autistic youth and adults who can self-report 85,86 , but new development to improve sensitivity and specificity is needed.”
Method
Suicidality in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role of Depressive Symptomatology, Alexithymia, and Antidepressants
Costa, A. P., Loor, C., & Steffgen, G. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04433-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Suicidality among children and youth with and without autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of existing risk assessment tools
Howe, S. J., Hewitt, K., Baraskewich, J., Cassidy, S., & McMorris, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04394-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citation
Potential Associations Among Alteration of Salivary miRNAs, Saliva Microbiome Structure, and Cognitive Impairments in Autistic Children
Ragusa, M., Santagati, M., Mirabella, F., Lauretta, G., Cirnigliaro, M., Brex, D., Barbagallo, C., Domini, C., Gulisano, M., Barone, R. M. E., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21176203 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Levels of circulating miR-451a in the blood of depressed patients were found reduced and negatively associated with the Hamilton Depression Scale that is used to rate the severity of depression: a depression-like phenotype is often observed in autistic patients [92,93].”
Method
Autism and depression are connected: A report of two complimentary network studies
van Heijst, B. F., Deserno, M. K., Rhebergen, D., & Geurts, H. M. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319872373 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“However, as this is the case for the majority of depression measures (Cassidy et al., 2018), it remains unclear whether another measure might have been more valid to assess depressive symptoms in autistic adults.”
Background
Autism and mood disorders
Oakley, B. F. M., Loth, E., & Murphy, D. (2021) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2021.1872506 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Employment profiles of autistic adults in Australia
Harvery, M., Froude, E., Foley, K., Trollor, J. N., & Arnold, S. R. C. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2588 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“%) in detecting depressive disorder (Cassidy et al., 2018) and has been validated in an autistic sample (Arnold et al., 2019b).”
Method
Stability of co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses in autistic men and women
Kentrou, V., Oostervink, M., Scheeren, A. M., & Begeer, S. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101736 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“In addition, living without an established ASD diagnosis is linked to negative experiences involving feelings of distress, isolation, anxiety, or confusion (Camm-Crosbie, Bradley, Shaw, Baron-Cohen, & Cassidy, 2018; Leedham et al., 2019; Takara & Kondo, 2014).”
Background
Towards the measurement of autistic burnout
Arnold, S. R. C., Higgins, J. M., Weise, J. C., Desai, A., Pellicano, E., & Trollor, J. N. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221147401 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“2001), and acceptable sensitivity and specificity (>79%) in detecting depressive disorder (Cassidy et al. 2018).”
Background
Mental health in autistic adults: A rapid review of prevalence of psychiatric disorders and umbrella review of the effectiveness of interventions within a neurodiversity informed perspective
Curnow, E., Rutherford, M., Maciver, D., Johnston, L., Prior, S., Boilson, M., Shah, P. J., Jenkins, N. D., & Meff, T. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288275 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Anxiety, Depression, and the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in a Community Sample of Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Dow, D., Morgan, L., Hooker, J. L., Michaels, M. S., Joiner, T. E., Woods, J. J., & Wetherby, A. M. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1678537 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The feasibility of low-intensity psychological therapy for depression co-occurring with autism in adults: The Autism Depression Trial (ADEPT) – a pilot randomised controlled trial
Russell, A., Gaunt, D. M., Cooper, K., Barton, S., Horwood, J., Kessler, D., Metcalfe, C., Ensum, I., Ingham, B., Parr, J. R., et al. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319889272 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“There is some evidence about the reliability and validity of two self-report measures to screen and identify depression in the autistic population (Cassidy et al., 2018) but no information about whether measures are sensitive to change.”
Background
Prevalence and predictors of psychotropic medication use in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder in Italy: A cross-sectional study
Fusar‐Poli, L., Brondino, N., Rocchetti, M., Petrosino, B., Arillotta, D., Damiani, S., Provenzani, U., Petrosino, C., Aguglia, E., & Politi, P. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.04.013 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A systematic review of predictors of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among autistic adults: Making the case for the role of social connection as a protective factor
Mournet, A. M., Wilkinson, E. H., Bal, V. H., & Kleiman, E. M. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102235 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Interrupted Time Experience in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Empirical Evidence from Content Analysis
Vogel, D. H. V., Falter‐Wagner, C. M., Schoofs, T., Krämer, K., Kupke, C., & Vogeley, K. T. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3771-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2) elevations in a clinical sample of children and adolescents who do not have autism: Phenotypic profiles of false positives
Greene, R. K., Vasile, I., Bradbury, K. R., Olsen, A., & Duvall, S. W. (2021) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2021.1942220 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The cognitive profile of middle‐aged and older adults with high vs. low autistic traits
Stewart, G. R., Corbett, A., Ballard, C. G., Creese, B., Aarsland, D., Hampshire, A., Brooker, H. J., Charlton, R. A., & Happe, F. G. E. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2866 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The PHQ-9 has been found to have good psychometric properties for assessing depression symptoms in autistic populations, however, the psychometric properties of the GAD-7 in autistic populations are not known (Cassidy et al., 2018).”
Method
Validity of the WISC-V in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance
Stephenson, K. G., Beck, J. S., South, M., Norris, M., & Butter, E. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1846543 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…rating scales that were originally developed for the general population, and investigated their psychometric properties in autistic samples (S. A. Cassidy et al., 2018, 2020; Glod et al., 2017; e.g., Kaat & Lecavalier, 2015; Pandolfi et al., 2009, 2012; Stern et al., 2014; Uljarević et al.,…”
Background
The role of anxiety and depression in suicidal thoughts for autistic and non‐autistic people: A theory‐driven network analysis
Pelton, M., Crawford, H., Bul, K., Robertson, A., Adams, J., Beurs, D. P. D., Rodgers, J., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Cassidy, S. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12954 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Bradley, Bowen, et al., 2018; Cassidy, Bradley, Cogger-Ward, et al., 2021), anxiety (Boulter et al., 2014; Rodgers et al., 2020; Rodgers & Ofield, 2018), thwarted belonging, and perceived burdensomeness (Pelton et al., 2020a)— are conceptualized and measured so comparisons based on scale total…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Self-harm and Suicidality Experiences of Middle-Age and Older Adults With vs. Without High Autistic Traits
Stewart, G. R., Corbett, A., Ballard, C. G., Creese, B., Aarsland, D., Hampshire, A., Charlton, R. A., & Happe, F. G. E. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05595-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
AIDA: Artificial intelligence based depression assessment applied to Bangladeshi students
Siddiqua, R., Islam, N., Bolaka, J. F., Khan, R., & Momen, S. (2023) · Array · doi:10.1016/j.array.2023.100291 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale-Modified (SIDAS-M): Development and preliminary validation of a new scale for the measurement of suicidal ideation in autistic adults
Hedley, D., Batterham, P. J., Bury, S. M., Clapperton, A., Denney, K. E., Dissanayake, C., Fox, P., Frazier, T. W., Gallagher, E., Hayward, S. M., et al. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221131234 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Indeed, recent research has identified a clear need for instruments that can be used to assess suicide behavior in autistic people, in both research and clinical settings (Cassidy et al., 2018b; Hedley et al., 2022).”
BackgroundInfluential
Measurement matters: A commentary on the state of the science on patient reported outcome measures ( PROMs ) in autism research
Schiltz, H. K., Williams, Z. J., Zheng, S., Kaplan‐Kahn, E. A., Morton, H. E., Rosenau, K. A., Nicolaidis, C., Sturm, A., Lord, C., & PROMnet, A. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3114 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…or conducted cognitive interviews with potential respondents, greatly increasing the overall content validity of the novel measures and their applicability to the autistic population (e.g., Cassidy et al., 2018; Mazefsky, Day, et al., 2018; Nicolaidis et al., 2021; Riccio et al., 2020).”
Background
Anxiety in adults with autism: Perspectives from practitioners
Ainsworth, K., Robertson, A. E., Welsh, H., Day, M., Watt, J., Barry, F., Stanfield, A., & Melville, C. (2020) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101457 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Simultaneously Vague and Oddly Specific”: Understanding Autistic People's Experiences of Decision Making and Research Questionnaires
Stacey, R., & Cage, E. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0039 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“For example, systematic reviews on questionnaires for assessing suicidality 9 and depression 10 —with the tools originally developed for non-autistic people—indicated that these tools lacked validity for autistic people, and they noted the need to involve autistic people meaningfully in development…”
Is camouflaging autistic traits associated with defeat, entrapment, and lifetime suicidal thoughts? Expanding the Integrated Motivational Volitional Model of Suicide
Cassidy, S., McLaughlin, E., McGranaghan, R., Pelton, M., O’Connor, R. C., & Rodgers, J. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12965 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
Measuring depression and anxiety in autistic college students: A psychometric evaluation of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7
Robeson, M., Brasil, K. M., Adams, H. C., & Zlomke, K. R. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241240183 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…convergent validity for the PHQ-9 (Arnold et al., 2020), a systematic review of common depression measures found no support for using the PHQ-9 among autistic individuals, given a lack of evidence toward their ability to measure depression specifically in this population (Cassidy et al., 2018).”
The indirect effect of self-compassion in the association between autistic traits and anxiety/depression: A cross-sectional study in autistic and non-autistic adults
Galvin, J., & Richards, G. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221132109 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“This research need is highlighted by the finding that autistic people may interpret measures/ wording of questions differently than non-autistic people (Cassidy et al., 2018; Pelton et al., 2020).”
Background
A systematic review of the rates of depression in autistic children and adolescents without intellectual disability
Stewart, T. M., Martin, K., Fazi, M., Oldridge, J., Piper, A., & Rhodes, S. M. (2022) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12366 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Co-occurring mental health symptoms and cognitive processes in trauma-exposed ASD adults
Rumball, F., Antal, K., Happe, F. G. E., & Grey, N. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103836 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Depression in independent young adults on the autism spectrum: Demographic characteristics, service use, and barriers
Zheng, S., Adams, R. E., Taylor, J. L., Pezzimenti, F., & Bishop, S. L. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211008276 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Researchers have raised concerns about application of depression measures designed for the general population to autism samples, and have called for psychometric analyses and validation studies specifically within autism (Cassidy et al., 2018; Gotham et al., 2015).”
Background
Risk of psychiatric comorbidity with autism spectrum disorder and its association with diagnosis timing using a nationally representative cohort
Rim, S. J., Kwak, K., & Park, S. (2023) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102134 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Feasibility and acceptability of autism adapted safety plans: an external pilot randomised controlled trial
Rodgers, J., Cassidy, S., Pelton, M., Goodwin, J., Wagnild, J. M., Bhattarai, N., Gordon, I., Wilson, C., Heslop, P., Ogundimu, E. O., et al. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102662 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“14,15 Thus, secondary aims of this study are to explore the extent to which clinical and health economics outcomes can be accurately measured and reported in a future de ﬁ nitive trial.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Validity of the patient health questionnaire 9-item in autistic youths: a pilot study
Pilunthanakul, T., Goh, T. J., Fung, D. S. S., Sultana, R., Allen, J. C., & Sung, M. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03556-w · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Possible reasons for lower PHQ-9 cutoffs for autistic youth compared to neuro-typical adolescents are: 1) emotional states not being congruent to what is observed, 2) PHQ-9 not fully capturing the manifestation of depression in autism, 3) alexithymia in ASD [32] and/ or 4) difficulty interpreting questions asked [33].”
Method
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults who present with self-harm: a comparative 6-month follow-up study
Olsson, P., Wiktorsson, S., Strömsten, L. M. J., Renberg, E. S., Runeson, B., & Wærn, M. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04057-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“It should be kept in mind that one quarter of the patients with ADHD also had a clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, which might impact on the manner in which they respond to the MADRS items [26].”
Background
Temperament and character as risk factor for suicide ideation and attempts in adults with autism spectrum disorders
Hooijer, A. A. T., & Sizoo, B. B. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2221 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Measuring What Matters in Autism Research and Practice
Benevides, T. W., & Cassidy, S. (2020) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2020.29009.twb · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The measurement of autistic adult outcomes remains in its infancy, with few valid and reliable measures, and a reliance on utilizing standardized measures validated for other non-autistic groups in research and practice.(5,6) Autism research has also historically neglected to meaningfully involve all autistic adults i…”
Self-citation
A Systematic Review of Self-Reported Stress Questionnaires in People on the Autism Spectrum
Thoen, A., Steyaert, J. G., Alaerts, K., Evers, K., & Damme, T. V. (2021) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-021-00293-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-compassion as a mediator of the association between autistic traits and depressive/anxious symptomatology
Galvin, J., Howes, A., McCarthy, B., & Richards, G. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320966853 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Research suggests that autistic people may interpret measures/wording of questions differently than non-autistic people (Cassidy et al., 2018; Pelton et al., 2020), highlighting the need to investigate whether specific self-compassion measures will need to be developed for use with autistic populations.”
Background
Differential Item Functioning Based on Autism Features, IQ, and Age on the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders ( SCARED ) Among Youth on the Autism Spectrum
Schiltz, H. K., & Magnus, B. E. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2481 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…the SCQ shows acceptable psychometric properties including convergent validity [Bishop & Norbury, 2002; Rutter et al., 2003], internal consistency [Wei, Chesnut, Barnard-Brak, & Richman, 2015], and sensitivity and specificity [Chandler et al., 2007; Chesnut, Wei, Barnard-Brak, & Richman, 2017].”
Background
Depression in young autistic people: A scoping review
Kim, S. Y., & Lecavalier, L. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101841 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Anxiety and Depression from Adolescence to Old Age in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Uljarević, M., Hedley, D., Cai, R., Hardan, A., & South, M. (2020) · Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102432-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Systematic review of cognitive biases in autism spectrum disorders: A neuropsychological framework towards an understanding of the high prevalence of co-occurring depression
Bergman, M. A., Schene, A. H., Vissers, C., Vrijsen, J. N., Kan, C. C., & van Oostrom, I. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101455 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Presentation of Depressive Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Angel, L., Ailey, S. H., Delaney, K. R., & Mohr, L. D. (2023) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459231190269 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“858 Western Journal of Nursing Research 45(9)”
Influential
Development and Validation of the Autistic Depression Assessment Tool – Adult (ADAT-A) in Autistic Adults.Preprint
Cassidy, S., Bradley, L., Cogger-Ward, H., Graham, J. R., & Rodgers, J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-358997/v1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“However, systematic reviews have shown no depression assessment tools which have been developed or validated for autistic people [5, 12].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Examining suicide risk in individuals with autism spectrum disorder via the interpersonal theory of suicide: clinical insights and recommendations
Hill, R. M., & Katusic, M. (2020) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2020.1741360 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Emotion regulation as a mediator between depressive symptoms and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in adults with ASD and intellectual disabilities
Sáez‐Suanes, G. P., García-Villamisar, D. A., Armentia, A. D. P., & Dattilo, J. (2020) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101654 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Measurement properties of tools used to assess self-harm in autistic and general population adults
Newell, V., Townsend, E., Richards, C., & Cassidy, S. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102412 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
The impact of depressive and anxious symptoms on quality of life in adults on the autism spectrum
Thiel, T., Riedelbauch, S., Gaigg, S., Roessner, V., & Ring, M. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3144 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The little evidence that there is indicates the need for adaptation of existing tools (Cassidy et al., 2018).”
Background
Sex differences in self‐harm and suicide in young autistic adults
Hull, L., Stark, I., Lundberg, M., Ahlqvist, V. H., Nordström, S. I., Ohlis, A., Hadlaczky, G., Rai, D., & Magnusson, C. (2024) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13736 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“17 As suicidal ideation can be hard to identify in autistic adults, 36 a history of self-harm, particularly cutting, should be taken seriously.”
Brief Report: Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Depressive Symptoms among Autistic Adults
Radoeva, P. D., Ballinger, K., Ho, T., Webb, S. J., & Stobbe, G. A. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05085-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorder in older adults with intellectual disability: a scoping review
Maguire, E., Mulryan, N., Sheerin, F. K., McCallion, P., & McCarron, M. (2021) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2021.65 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Structural white matter alterations in male adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorder and concurrent depressive symptoms; a diffusion tensor imaging study
Mohajer, B., Masoudi, M., Ashrafi, A., Mohammadi, E., Ershadi, A. S. B., Aarabi, M. H., & Uban, K. A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Longitudinal Analysis of Mental Health in Autistic University Students Across an Academic Year
Scott, M. P., Leppänen, J., Allen, M. L., Jarrold, C., & Sedgewick, F. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05560-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A critical reflection on definitions of autistic well‐being
Deakin, M., Petty, S., Heasman, B., & Hamilton, L. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3572 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Systematic reviews have identified wide variability in the reported rates of anxiety, depression and suicide ideation for autistic people (Cassidy et al., 2018; Hollocks et al., 2019; Wigham et al., 2017).”
Background
The Autism-Spectrum Quotient–Hebrew version: Psychometric properties of a full and a short form, adapted for DSM-5
Golan, O., Terner, M., Israel‐Yaacov, S., Allison, C. L., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221117020 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Since the interpretation of items in a self-report instrument may affect its validity (Cassidy et al., 2018), information about the way items are understood by respondents is needed.”
Recommended adaptations to therapy services for autistic adults from specialist clinicians
Petty, S., Donaldson, C., Jesse, W., & Baxter, N. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04034-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Longitudinal Analyses of Mental Health in Autistic Individuals: A Systematic Review
Tafolla, M., & Lord, C. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14101033 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Future work is needed to link and validate the use of common measures of anxiety and depression for autistic people [40,41].”
Background
Self-harm and suicidality experiences of autistic and non-autistic adults in midlife and old age
Roper, S., Charlton, R. A., Happe, F. G. E., & Stewart, G. R. (2025) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-025-00693-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…population (e.g., social isolation, social stigma, victimisation and trauma, rigid cognitive style, and poorer normative outcomes) [28, 39], which in turn may exacerbate feelings of hopelessness, which is a core feature of suicidal ideation and may lead to periods of suicidal crisis [19, 22, 40].”
Screening for Depression in Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities: Brief Report
Valicenti-McDermott, M., Rivelis, E., Bernstein, C., Cardin, M.-J., & Seijo, R. (2021) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2021.0062 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“It remains unclear whether traditional depression measures can accurately detect depression in youth with DDs, due to symptoms overlapping (Cassidy et al. 2018).”
How future self-continuity mediates the impact of job loss on negative mental health outcomes among transitioning veterans
Levin, C., Nenninger, S., Freundlich, D., Glatt, S., & Sokol, Y. (2023) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2023.2215697 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The measure is also commonly used in research studies, as there is moderate-strong evidence that the measure’s psychometric properties have internal consistency, structural validity, hypothesis testing, and criterion validity in clinical and non-clinical samples (Cassidy et al., 2018).”
Cardiovascular risk and emotion regulation contribute to depression symptomatology in middle-aged and older autistic adults
Charlton, R. A., McQuaid, G. A., Bishop, L., & Wallace, G. L. (2022) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102089 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Self-reported depressive symptoms were assessed using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; Kroenke et al., 2001), which has been validated for use with autistic people (Arnold et al., 2020; Cassidy et al., 2018).”
Method
Understanding the nature and dynamics of self-affirmation in non-depressed and subclinically depressed Indian adults: a thematic analysis
Tiwari, G., Parihar, P., Singh, A. K., Macorya, A. K., Shukla, A., Singh, A., Choudhary, A., & Pandey, A. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06364-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Impact of Three Key Paradigm Shifts on Disability, Inclusion, and Autism in Higher Education in England: An Integrative Review
Tang, E. S. Y., Griffiths, A., & Welch, G. F. (2024) · Trends in Higher Education · doi:10.3390/higheredu3010007 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The term ASC has been widely used in recent autism and education research (see, for example, [113,114]).”
Method
The Presentation of Depression in Depressed Autistic Individuals: A Systematic Review
Hinze, E., Paynter, J. M., Dargue, N., & Adams, D. (2024) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-024-00480-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rethinking anxiety and depression for autistic adults through personal narratives: A mixed‐method analysis of blog data
Petty, S., Lambarth, S., & Hamilton, L. (2023) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12729 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
School-based support for emotion-related attendance challenges: effectiveness of @School when implemented with neurodiverse adolescents, their parents, and school staff
Karel, E., Defourny, C., Keppens, G., Graczyk, P. A., Sauter, F. M., & Heyne, D. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1613712 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Brief Report: Convergence and Discrepancy Between Self- and Informant-Reported Depressive Symptoms in Young Autistic Adults
Thomas, H., Sirsikar, A., & Eigsti, I. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06230-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“We built on previous work (Cassidy et al., 2018; Gotham et al., 2015b; Williams et al., 2021 ) reporting that the BDI-II was effective in assessing depression in autistic individuals.”
Restoring and preserving capacity of self-affirmation for well-being in Indian adults with non-clinical depressive tendencies
Pandey, R., Tiwari, G. K., & Rai, P. (2021) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2021.105260 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Investigating the Structure of the CESD-R and DASS-21 Across Adults with Low and High Levels of Autistic Traits
McKernan, E. P., & Russo, N. N. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05944-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…mental health conditions pose a particular challenge to the accurate assessment of such symptoms in autistic individuals, given that traditional diagnostic measures have largely not been tested for validity and reliability in autistic populations (Cassidy et al., 2018; Leyfer et al., 2006).”
Enhancing Self‐Esteem: Evaluating the Effects of a Self‐Affirmation Intervention Among Indian Adults With Subclinical Depression
Tiwari, G. K., Choudhary, A., Singh, A., Shukla, A., Macorya, A. K., Pandey, A., & Singh, A. K. (2025) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12892 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Feasibility of BeatIt-Aut: Behavioral Activation Therapy Adapted for the Treatment of Depression in Autistic Adults
Bal, V. H., Wilkinson, E. H., Pepa, L., Wynn, P., Gravino, A., Hastings, R. P., & Jahoda, A. J. (2025) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2025.09.003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Self-citation

Authors: Cassidy, S. A., Bradley, L., Bowen, E., Wigham, S., & Rodgers, J.
Affiliations: University of Nottingham (GB)
Coventry University (GB)
University of Worcester (GB)
Newcastle University (GB)
Corresponding author: Cassidy, S. A.
ORCID: Cassidy, S. A.
Bradley, L.
Bowen, E.
Wigham, S.
Rodgers, J.
Venue: Autism Research
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2018-01-23
Volume: 11
Issue: 5
Pages: 738-754
ISSN: 1939-3792 (ISSN-L)
1939-3806
DOI: 10.1002/aur.1922
PMC: PMC6001465
OpenAlex: W2783826777
Cited by: 144
References: 116
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 7
FWCI: 2.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Autism Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (acceptedVersion)
Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Pure (Coventry University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Worcester Research and Publications (University of Worcester) (submittedVersion)
Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by)
Funders: Economic and Social Research Council (ES/N000501/1)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: depression, autism spectrum disorder, autistic adults, measurement properties, Beck Depression Inventory-II, PHQ-9, COSMIN, tool adaptation, mental health assessment
MeSH terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Report

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Measurement properties of tools used to assess depression in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions: A systematic review

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