The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
N-back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies.
Open accessAbstract
One of the most popular experimental paradigms for functional neuroimaging studies of working memory has been the n‐back task, in which subjects are asked to monitor the identity or location of a series of verbal or nonverbal stimuli and to indicate when the currently presented stimulus is the same as the one presented n trials previously. We conducted a quantitative meta‐analysis of 668 sets of activation coordinates in Talairach space reported in 24 primary studies of n‐back task variants manipulating process (location vs. identity monitoring) and content (verbal or nonverbal) of working memory. We found the following cortical regions were activated robustly (voxelwise false discovery rate = 1%): lateral premotor cortex; dorsal cingulate and medial premotor cortex; dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; frontal poles; and medial and lateral posterior parietal cortex. Subsidiary meta‐analyses based on appropriate subsets of the primary data demonstrated broadly similar activation patterns for identity monitoring of verbal stimuli and both location and identity monitoring of nonverbal stimuli. There was also some evidence for distinct frontoparietal activation patterns in response to different task variants. The functional specializations of each of the major cortical components in the generic large‐scale frontoparietal system are discussed. We conclude that quantitative meta‐analysis can be a powerful tool for combining results of multiple primary studies reported in Talairach space. Here, it provides evidence both for broadly consistent activation of frontal and parietal cortical regions by various versions of the n‐back working memory paradigm, and for process‐ and content‐specific frontoparietal activation by working memory. Hum Brain Mapp 25:46–59, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Two types of tasks are frequently used to measure individual differences in working memory capacity-complex span tasks and the n-back”
From Which “working memory” are we talking about? Complex span tasks versus N-back (2025) · cites this paper as Owen et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“In neuroscientific research, by contrast, the n-back has been the most prevalent measure of working memory capacity (Owen et al., 2005;Wager & Smith, 2003).”
From Which “working memory” are we talking about? Complex span tasks versus N-back (2025) · cites this paper as Owen et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“For working memory, the forward inference map revealed the most consistent associations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior insula and dorsal medial frontal cortex (MFC), replicating previous findings15,20.”
From Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data. (2011) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“these tests involve DLPFC (Owen et al. 2005, Zakzanis et al. 2005) and are sensitive to mTBI (Arciniega et al. 2021, Li et al. 2023).”
From Mild traumatic brain injury alters function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a TMS-EEG study (2025) · cites this paper as Owen et al. 2005
In the citing paper
“The n-back task is a common and well-established continuous performance test for measurements of working memory performance [33], [34].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Thus, in the current study we employed a computerized n-back paradigm (2-back version), a well-evaluated sensitive tool to analyze working memory functions [34], [41], [42].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“The n-back task has been studied extensively in the context of traditional activation and connectivity analyses (38, 39), identifying a large (executive) working-memory network dominated by frontal and parietal regions.”
From Dynamic reconfiguration of frontal brain networks during executive cognition in humans (2015) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“We found 46% of the mapped nodes belonging to the frontoparietal module identified by us, whereas 27% belonged to the somatomotor module and 12% belonged to the frontal module.”
From Dynamic reconfiguration of frontal brain networks during executive cognition in humans (2015) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“First, activation studies and metaanalysis of these tasks (39) usually investigate main effects of working-memory load and not within-load dynamics let alone per-trial effects in fMRI data.”
From Dynamic reconfiguration of frontal brain networks during executive cognition in humans (2015) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Attentional control and WM rely on a common set of neural structures, many of which have been implicated as dysfunctional in ADHD.”
From Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses of both the Stroop task (14,15) and WM tasks (16,17) have implicated bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), inferior parietal lobule, and precuneus.”
From Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Prefrontal areas are involved in executive control (Owen et al., 2005) and emotional regulation processes (Ochsner and Gross, 2005), and have an inhibitory effect on limbic brain regions such as the amygdala, insula, hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which are associated with intrinsic emotional reactivity (Drevets and Raichle, 1998; Phillips et al., 2003).”
From Meta-analyses of the neural mechanisms and predictors of response to psychotherapy in depression and anxiety (2018) · cites this paper as Owen et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“this region also being associated with attentional control and emotional regulation (Hofmann et al., 2012; Kane and Engle, 2002; Owen et al., 2005; Wager and Smith, 2003).”
From Meta-analyses of the neural mechanisms and predictors of response to psychotherapy in depression and anxiety (2018) · cites this paper as Owen et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“The prefrontal cortex is a key node in the distributed cortical network recruited during WM (Owen et al. 2005;Fuster 2008) and exhibits altered inhibitory microcircuitry in schizophrenia (Lewis et al. 2005;Bitanihirwe et al. 2009).”
From Linking microcircuit dysfunction to cognitive impairment: Effects of disinhibition associated with schizophrenia in a cortical working memory model (2014) · cites this paper as Owen et al. 2005
In the citing paper
“The n-back paradigm is commonly used alongside functional neuroimaging, where it activates a network of frontoparietal areas [51].”
From Wearable technology for high-frequency cognitive and mood assessment in major depressive disorder: longitudinal observational study (2019) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“fNIRS findings in this study were predominantly left-lateralized, consistent with the left prefrontal cortex’s dominant role in verbal working memory, language-related executive processes, and cognitive control—as supported by prior neuroimaging literature 32 , 33 .”
From Naturalistic fNIRS assessment reveals decline in executive function and altered prefrontal activation following social media use in college students (2025) · cites this paper as [33]
Citations
Cites
Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn755 · Cited by 12,881
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803
Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands
Duncan, J., & Owen, A. M. (2000) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01633-7 · Cited by 2,498
Self-citationTemporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task
Cohen, J. D., Perlstein, W. M., Braver, T. S., Nystrom, L. E., Noll, D. C., Jonides, J., & Smith, E. E. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/386604a0 · Cited by 1,876
A Parametric Study of Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in Human Working Memory
Braver, T. S., Cohen, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., & Noll, D. C. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0247 · Cited by 1,694
Building Memories: Remembering and Forgetting of Verbal Experiences as Predicted by Brain Activity
Wagner, A. D., Schacter, D. L., Rotte, M., Koutstaal, W., Maril, A., Dale, A. M., Rosen, B. R., & Buckner, R. L. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5380.1188 · Cited by 1,644
A PET study of visuospatial attention
Corbetta, M., Miezin, F. M., Shulman, G., & Petersen, S. (1993) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.13-03-01202.1993 · Cited by 1,604
Meta-analysis of the functional neuroanatomy of single-word reading: method and validation
Turkeltaub, P. E., Eden, G. F., Jones, K. M., & Zeffiro, T. A. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1131 · Cited by 1,604
Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts
Dias, R., Robbins, T. W., & Roberts, A. C. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/380069a0 · Cited by 1,527
Right hemispheric dominance of inhibitory control: An event-related functional MRI study
Garavan, H., Ross, T. J., & Stein, E. A. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.14.8301 · Cited by 1,394
Deficits on subject-ordered tasks after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in man
Petrides, M., & Milner, B. A. (1982) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(82)90100-2 · Cited by 1,317
Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET
Jonides, J. J., Smith, E. E., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Minoshima, S., & Mintun, M. A. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/363623a0 · Cited by 1,198
Anterior prefrontal cortex: insights into function from anatomy and neuroimaging
Ramnani, N., & Owen, A. M. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1343 · Cited by 1,170
Self-citationGoldman-Rakic, P. S. (1996) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0129 · Cited by 1,072
Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia
(1994) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.6.4.348 · Cited by 1,068
The role of the anterior prefrontal cortex in human cognition
Koechlin, É., Basso, G., Pietrini, P., Panzer, S., & Grafman, J. H. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/20178 · Cited by 1,046
Functional MRI studies of spatial and nonspatial working memory
D’Esposito, M., Aguirre, G. K., Zarahn, E., Ballard, D., Shin, R. K., & Lease, J. (1998) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(98)00004-4 · Cited by 1,016
Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory
Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L. G., Keil, K., & Haxby, J. V. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/386608a0 · Cited by 990
Dissociating Verbal and Spatial Working Memory Using PET
Smith, E. E., Jonides, J., & Koeppe, R. A. (1996) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/6.1.11 · Cited by 962
Functional localization of the system for visuospatial attention using positron emission tomography
Nobre, A. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.3.515 · Cited by 900
ALE meta-analysis: controlling the false discovery rate and performing statistical contrasts
Laird, A. R., Fox, P. M., Price, C. J., Glahn, D. C., Uecker, A. M., Lancaster, J. L., Turkeltaub, P. E., Kochunov, P., & Fox, P. T. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20136 · Cited by 868
Self-citationThe Prefrontal Cortex: Response Selection or Maintenance Within Working Memory?
Rowe, J. B., Toni, I., Josephs, O., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Passingham, R. E. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.288.5471.1656 · Cited by 867
Neuroimaging analyses of human working memory
Smith, E. E., & Jonides, J. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.20.12061 · Cited by 806
Cools, R., Clark, L., Owen, A. M., & Robbins, T. W. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-11-04563.2002 · Cited by 784
Self-citationCallicott, J. H. (1999) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/9.1.20 · Cited by 771
Owen, A. M., Evans, A. C., & Petrides, M. (1996) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/6.1.31 · Cited by 756
Self-citationFOSTER, J. M. (1996) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199606000-00014 · Cited by 755
Verbal Working Memory Load Affects Regional Brain Activation as Measured by PET
Jonides, J., Schumacher, E. H., Smith, E. E., Lauber, E. J., Awh, E., Minoshima, S., & Koeppe, R. A. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.462 · Cited by 715
Prefrontal cortex activation in task switching: an event-related fMRI study
Dove, A., Pollmann, S., Schubert, T., Wiggins, C. J., & Yves von Cramon, D. (2000) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(99)00029-4 · Cited by 714
Awh, E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Schumacher, E. H., Koeppe, R. A., & Katz, S. (1996) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00662.x · Cited by 705
Kalina Christoff, A., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2000) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03331976 · Cited by 697
Rostrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in Relational Integration during Reasoning
Kalina Christoff, A., Prabhakaran, V., Dorfman, J., Zhao, Z., Kroger, J. K., Holyoak, K. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0922 · Cited by 663
Architectonic subdivision of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey
Carmichael, S. T., & Price, J. L. (1994) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903460305 · Cited by 656 · cited 3×
“In the macaque, the mid-ventrolateral frontal cortex lies below the principal sulcus on the inferior convexity and comprises areas BA12 or BA47/12 and BA45 [Carmichael and Price, 1994].”
BackgroundInfluentialArchitecture of the Prefrontal Cortex and the Central Executive
Goldman, P. S. (1995) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38132.x · Cited by 654
Prefrontal cortex and episodic memory retrieval mode
Lepage, M., Ghaffar, O., Nyberg, L. H., & Tulving, E. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.1.506 · Cited by 583
Acquisition of a memory skill.
Ericsson, K. A., Chase, W. G., & Faloon, S. (1980) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7375930 · Cited by 579 · cited 1×
“An opportunity to reorganize materials into familiar or regular structures can increase working memory capacity, sometimes very substantially [Ericcson et al., 1980], and is a component of many working memory tasks, including the n-back task.”
BackgroundActivation of the prefrontal cortex in a nonspatial working memory task with functional MRI
Cohen, J. D., Forman, S. D., Braver, T. S., Casey, B. J., Servan‐Schreiber, D., & Noll, D. C. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460010407 · Cited by 576
The Role of Parietal Cortex in Verbal Working Memory
Jonides, J., Schumacher, E. H., Smith, E. E., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Reuter‐Lorenz, P. A., Marshuetz, C., & Willis, C. R. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-13-05026.1998 · Cited by 575
Brain regions involved in prospective memory as determined by positron emission tomography
Burgess, P. W., Quayle, A., & Frith, C. D. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00149-4 · Cited by 575
Executive Control during Episodic Retrieval
Dobbins, I. G., Foley, H. A., Schacter, D. L., & Wagner, A. D. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00858-9 · Cited by 501
Kroger, J. K. (2002) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/12.5.477 · Cited by 488
Henson, R. N., Shallice, T., & Dolan, R. J. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.7.1367 · Cited by 479
Owen, A. M. (1997) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01487.x · Cited by 454
Self-citationSpatiotemporal dynamics of component processes in human working memory
Gevins, A. S., & Cutillo, B. A. (1993) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(93)90119-g · Cited by 410
The functional roles of prefrontal cortex in episodic memory
Fletcher, P. C., Shallice, T., & Dolan, R. J. (1998) · Cited by 389
Nystrom, L. E., Braver, T. S., Sabb, F. W., Delgado, M. R., Noll, D. C., & Cohen, J. D. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0572 · Cited by 380
Encoding Strategies Dissociate Prefrontal Activity from Working Memory Demand
Bor, D., Duncan, J., Wiseman, R. J., & Owen, A. M. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01171-6 · Cited by 373
Self-citationNon-spatial memory after selective prefrontal lesions in monkeys
Mishkin, M., & Manning, F. J. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90571-1 · Cited by 365
Maintenance versus manipulation in verbal working memory revisited: an fMRI study
Veltman, D. J., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(02)00049-6 · Cited by 331
Functional dissociations within the inferior parietal cortex in verbal working memory
Ravizza, S. M., Delgado, M. R., Chein, J. M., Becker, J. T., & Fiez, J. A. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.039 · Cited by 329
Owen, A. M. (2000) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002210000398 · Cited by 328
Self-citationWorking memory for complex figures: An fMRI comparison of letter and fractal n-back tasks
Ragland, J. D., Turetsky, B. I., Gur, R. C., Gunning-Dixon, F., Turner, T., Schroeder, L., Chan, R., & Gur, R. E. (2002) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.3.370 · Cited by 327
Attention Systems and the Organization of the Human Parietal Cortex
Rushworth, M. F. S., Paus, T., & Sipilä, P. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-14-05262.2001 · Cited by 326
The functional roles of prefrontal cortex in episodic memory. I. Encoding
Fletcher, P. C. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.7.1239 · Cited by 318
Direct Comparison of Prefrontal Cortex Regions Engaged by Working and Long-Term Memory Tasks
Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Kelley, W. M., Buckner, R. L., Cohen, N. J., Miezin, F. M., Snyder, A. Z., Ollinger, J. M., Akbudak, E., Conturo, T. E., et al. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0791 · Cited by 311
Owen, A. M., Morris, R. G., Sahakian, B. J., Polkey, C. E., & Robbins, T. W. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.5.1597 · Cited by 308
Self-citationThe role of prefrontal cortex in working memory: examining the contents of consciousness
The American Association for Research into Nervous and Mental Diseases, Courtney, S. M., Petit, L., Haxby, J. V., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1998) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0334 · Cited by 297
Owen, A. M., Herrod, N. J., Menon, D. K., Clark, J. C., Downey, S. P. M. J., Carpenter, T. A., Minhas, P. S., Turkheimer, F., Williams, E., Robbins, T. W., et al. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00449.x · Cited by 286
Self-citationUsing the talairach atlas with the MNI template
Brett, M., Kalina Christoff, A., Cusack, R., & Lancaster, J. L. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(01)91428-4 · Cited by 271
PET Evidence for an Amodal Verbal Working Memory System
Schumacher, E. H., Lauber, E. J., Awh, E., Jonides, J. J., Smith, E. E., & Koeppe, R. A. (1996) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0009 · Cited by 262
Petrides, M. (1994) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0959-4388(94)90074-4 · Cited by 259
Carlson, S. (1998) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/8.8.743 · Cited by 256
Left Anterior Prefrontal Activation Increases with Demands to Recall Specific Perceptual Information
Ranganath, C., Johnson, M. K., & D’Esposito, M. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-22-j0005.2000 · Cited by 256
Task-related and item-related brain processes of memory retrieval
Düzel, E., Cabeza, R. E. L., Picton, T. W., Yonelinas, A. P., Scheich, H., Heinze, H., & Tulving, E. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1794 · Cited by 246
Delayed matching after selective prefrontal lesions in monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Passingham, R. E. (1975) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(75)90529-6 · Cited by 223
Modulation of task-related neural activity in task-switching: An fMRI study.
Kimberg, D. Y., Aguirre, G. K., & D’Esposito, M. (2000) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(00)00016-1 · Cited by 219
Brain Regions Differentially Involved in Remembering What and When: a PET Study
Cabeza, R. E. L., Mangels, J. A., Nyberg, L. H., Habib, R., Houle, S., McIntosh, A. R., & Tulving, E. (1997) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80967-8 · Cited by 213
Ventral Prefrontal Cortex Is Not Essential for Working Memory
Rushworth, M., Nixon, P., Eacott, M., & Passingham, R. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-12-04829.1997 · Cited by 210
Reproducibility of fMRI Results across Four Institutions Using a Spatial Working Memory Task
Casey, B. J., Cohen, J., O'Craven, K., Davidson, R. J., Irwin, W., Nelson, C. A., Noll, D. C., Hu, X. P., Lowe, M. J., Rosen, B. R., et al. (1998) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0360 · Cited by 204
Konishi, S. (1999) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/9.7.745 · Cited by 198
The role of the left prefrontal cortex in verbal processing
Kapur, S., Rose, R., Liddle, P. F., Zipursky, R. B., Brown, G. M., Stuss, D. T., Houle, S., & Tulving, E. (1994) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199410270-00051 · Cited by 182
Honey, G. D., Bullmore, E. T., & Sharma, T. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0624 · Cited by 179
Self-citationActivity in fusiform face area modulated as a function of working memory load
Druzgal, T. J., & D’Esposito, M. (2001) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(00)00056-2 · Cited by 175
Attentional Networks, Confusional States and Neglect Syndromes
Mesulam, M. M. (2000) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195134759.003.0003 · Cited by 173
Dreher, J. (2003) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/13.4.329 · Cited by 169
Working Memory of Auditory Localization
Martinkauppi, S. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.9.889 · Cited by 155
Prefrontal cortical involvement in verbal encoding strategies
Bor, D., Cumming, N., Scott, C. E. L., & Owen, A. M. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03438.x · Cited by 150
Self-citationNeural Correlates of Memory Retrieval during Recognition Memory and Cued Recall
Rugg, M. D., Fletcher, P. C., Allan, K., Frith, C., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1998) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0363 · Cited by 148
Kim, J., Kwon, J. S., Park, H., Youn, T., Kang, D. H., Kim, M. S., Lee, D. S., & Lee, M. C. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.919 · Cited by 145
Interaction of the Amygdala with the Frontal Lobe in Reward Memory
Gaffan, D., Murray, E. A., & Fabre‐Thorpe, M. (1993) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00948.x · Cited by 128
Zurowski, B., Gostomzyk, J., Grön, G., Weller, R., Schirrmeister, H., Neumeier, B., Spitzer, M., Reske, S. N., & Walter, H. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0968 · Cited by 115
Working Memory in Another Dimension: Functional Imaging of Human Olfactory Working Memory
Dade, L. A., Zatorre, R. J., Evans, A. C., & Jones‐Gotman, M. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0868 · Cited by 114
Working Memory of Identification of Emotional Vocal Expressions: An fMRI Study
Pia Rämä, A., Martinkauppi, S., Linnankoski, I., Koivisto, J., Aronen, H. J., & Carlson, S. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0777 · Cited by 110
Hautzel, H., Mottaghy, F. M., Schmidt, D., Zemb, M., Shah, N. J., Müller-Gärtner, H.-W., & Krause, B. J. (2002) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00125-8 · Cited by 106
Sensorimotor integration in posterior parietal cortex.
Andersen, R. A., & Buneo, C. A. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 87
Kim, J., Kim, M. S., Lee, J. S., Lee, D. S., Lee, M. C., & Kwon, J. S. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.1025 · Cited by 54
Maltenfort, M. (1995) · International Journal of Neural Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129065795000388 · Cited by 5
Neural correlates of passive and active encoding and retrieval: A 3T fMRI study
Dove, A., Rowe, J. B., Brett, M., & Owen, A. M. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(01)92003-8 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Baddeley AD, 1986, Working memory
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diamond, A. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 · Cited by 13,268
Binder, J. R., Desai, R. H., Graves, W. W., & Conant, L. L. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp055 · Cited by 4,060
Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data.
Yarkoni, T., Poldrack, R. A., Nichols, T. E., Van Essen, D. C., & Wager, T. D. (2011) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1635 · Cited by 3,686
The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review
Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000446 · Cited by 2,320
“…and perception, Grezes & Decety 2001; autobiographical memory, Svoboda et al. 2006; decision making, Krain et al. 2006; executive control, Owen et al. 2005; Wager & Smith 2003; Wager et al. 2004; language, Vigneau et al. 2006; self-referential processing, Northoff 2006) means that these…”
BackgroundThe Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: Imaging acquisition across 21 sites
Casey, B. J., Cannonier, T., Conley, M. I., Cohen, A. O., Barch, D. M., Heitzeg, M. M., Soules, M. E., Teslovich, T., Dellarco, D. V., Garavan, H., et al. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.001 · Cited by 2,167
Metadata
- Authors
- Owen, A. M., McMillan, K. M., Laird, A. R., & Bullmore, E.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-04-21
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46-59
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6871745
- OpenAlex
- W2000697043
- Cited by
- 3,560
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 175 · 2025: 212 · 2024: 242 · 2023: 206 · 2022: 200 · 2021: 234 · 2020: 204 · 2019: 230 · 2018: 243 · 2017: 218 · 2016: 195 · 2015: 207 · 2014: 191 · 2013: 181 · 2012: 161
- FWCI
- 24.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- n-back task, working memory, functional neuroimaging, brain activation, prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, premotor cortex
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Memory, Psychomotor Performance, Meta-Analysis as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
