An overview of the Earth system science of solar geoengineering
Open accessAbstract
Solar geoengineering has been proposed as a means to cool the Earth by increasing the reflection of sunlight back to space, for example, by injecting reflective aerosol particles (or their precursors) into the lower stratosphere. Such proposed techniques would not be able to substitute for mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a response to the risks of climate change, as they would only mask some of the effects of global warming. They might, however, eventually be applied as a complementary approach to reduce climate risks. Thus, the Earth system consequences of solar geoengineering are central to understanding its potentials and risks. Here we review the state‐of‐the‐art knowledge about stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection and an idealized proxy for this, ‘sunshade geoengineering,’ in which the intensity of incoming sunlight is directly reduced in models. Studies are consistent in suggesting that sunshade geoengineering and stratospheric aerosol injection would generally offset the climate effects of elevated GHG concentrations. However, it is clear that a solar geoengineered climate would be novel in some respects, one example being a notably reduced hydrological cycle intensity. Moreover, we provide an overview of nonclimatic aspects of the response to stratospheric aerosol injection, for example, its effect on ozone, and the uncertainties around its consequences. We also consider the issues raised by the partial control over the climate that solar geoengineering would allow. Finally, this overview highlights some key research gaps in need of being resolved to provide sound basis for guidance of future decisions around solar geoengineering. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:815–833. doi: 10.1002/wcc.423 This article is categorized under: Climate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
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Solar geoengineering proposals are real proposals for solar radiation management.
“Airships floating through the sky, spraying aerosols; robotic boats crisscrossing the ocean, firing vertical jets of spray; arrays of mirrors carefully positioned in space, micro-adjusted by remote control; these images seem like science fiction, but they are actually real proposals for solar radiation management, commonly called solar geoengineering [375,418,419,728].”
From Tackling climate change with machine learning (2023) · cites this paper as [375]
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“There is a paucity of research on SAI impacts (Irvine et al., 2016, 2017; MacMartin et al., 2016; McCormack et al., 2016; but see Schäfer et al., 2015 for an exception), particularly so for catastrophic or worst-case impacts.”
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Engineering climate debt: temperature overshoot and peak-shaving as risky subprime mortgage lending
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Stratospheric aerosol injection may impact global systems and human health outcomes
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Could crop albedo modification reduce regional warming over Australia?
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Mitigating ice sheets and mountain glaciers melt with geoengineering
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Why Is Climate Sensitivity for Solar Forcing Smaller than for an Equivalent CO2 Forcing?
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- Authors
- Irvine, P. J., Kravitz, B., Lawrence, M. G., & Muri, H.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (US)
- Research Institute for Sustainability at GFZ (DE)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Irvine, Peter J.
- Venue
- WIREs Climate Change
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-07-14
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 815-833
- ISSN
- 1757-7780 (ISSN-L)
- 1757-7799
- OpenAlex
- W2563387308
- Cited by
- 239
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 17.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Publication Database GFZ (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences) (submittedVersion)
- Publication Database IASS (Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Norges Forskningsråd (229760/E10)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
- Keywords
- solar geoengineering, stratospheric aerosol injection, sulfate aerosols, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, water cycle, stratospheric ozone, geoengineering risks, climate control
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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