Prebiotics, probiotics, fermented foods and cognitive outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate randomized controlled trials that investigated the use of probiotic, prebiotic, and fermented food interventions for cognitive performance. In total, 22 studies (n = 1551) were included that investigated probiotics (11 studies, n = 724), prebiotics (5 studies, n = 355), and fermented foods (6 studies, n = 472). Despite several individual studies (14 of 22) reporting significant improvements in specific cognitive domains, results of the pooled meta-analysis found no significant effect for any intervention for global cognition (Probiotics: g = 0.115, 95 %CI -0.041, 0.270, p = 0.148; Prebiotics: g = 0.077, 95 %CI -0.091, 0.246, p = 0.369; Fermented food: g = 0.164 95 %CI -0.017, 0.345, p = 0.076) or any individual cognitive domain. Most studies (16 of 22) had low risk of bias. These results do not support the use of probiotic, prebiotic, and fermented food interventions for cognitive outcomes. This may be due to the limited number of small and short-term studies as well clinical heterogeneity relating to the population, cognitive tests, and intervention. Therefore, further trials that investigate these interventions in clinical populations using adequately powered samples are warranted. PROSPERO: CRD42019137936.
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Another systematic review evaluating the utility of prebiotics, probiotics, and fermented food interventions on cognitive performance had negative findings, possibly due to the limited number of small and short-term studies, as well as clinical heterogeneity relating to the population, cognitive tests, and interventions.
“Another systematic review evaluating the utility of prebiotics, probiotics, and fermented food interventions on cognitive performance had negative findings, possibly due to the limited number of small and short-term studies, as well as clinical heterogeneity relating to the population, cognitive tests, and interventions (489).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [489]
Another recent meta-analysis and systematic review concluded that current evidence from human trials does not support the efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, and fermented food in affecting cognitive function, although the quality and quantity of available data limit firm conclusions.
“On the other hand, another recent meta-analysis and systematic review concluded that the current evidence from human trials does not support the efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, and fermented food in affecting cognitive function, although the quality and quantity of the available data limit firm conclusions (229);”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [229]
There is a lack of studies investigating the same strain of probiotic or type of prebiotic, and probiotic- and prebiotic-specific effects are often observed.
“for example, there is lack of studies investigating the same strain of probiotic or type of prebiotic, and probiotic-and prebiotic-specific effects are often observed.”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [229]
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Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health
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- Authors
- Marx, W., Scholey, A., Firth, J., D’Cunha, N. M., Lane, M., Hockey, M., Ashton, M. M., Cryan, J. F., O’Neil, A., Naumovski, N., Berk, M., Dean, O. M., & Jacka, F.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- University College Cork (IE)
- University of Canberra (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Marx, Wolfgang
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 118
- Pages
- 472-484
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3081422897
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 1 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deakin University
- Australian Rotary Health
- Deakin University postgraduate scholarship
- Dementia Australia Research Foundation
- Abbott Nutrition
- Australian Research Council
- Arla Foods
- Australian Wine Research Institute
- Bayer, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Cognis
- Cyvex
- DuPont
- European Commission Framework 5 Research and Innovation initiative
- Fonterra
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Ginsana
- Kemin Foods
- Martek
- Masterfoods
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Naturex
- Nestlé
- Neurobrands
- Nutricia-Danone
- Red Bull
- Sanofi
- Verdure Sciences
- Wrigley Science Institute
- NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship (1059660, APP1156072)
- Australasian Society for Bipolar Depressive Disorders, Lundbeck
- Ian Parker Bipolar Research Fund
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health
- University of Manchester Presidential Fellowship (P123958)
- UK Research and Innovation Future Leaders Fellowship (MR/T021780/1)
- NICM-Blackmores Institute Fellowship
- Heart Foundation, Australia (#101160)
- Geelong Medical Research Foundation
- Ian Potter Foundation
- Eli Lilly, Meat and Livestock Australia
- Woolworths Limited
- Fernwood Gyms
- Wilson Foundation
- GMHBA
- University of Melbourne
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- probiotics, prebiotics, fermented foods, cognitive performance, global cognition, cognitive domain, gut microbiota, dietary intervention
- MeSH terms
- Fermented Foods, Cognition, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Probiotics, Prebiotics
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