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Cited by 177Research on Leishmaniasis StudiesParasitic Diseases Research and TreatmentVector-borne infectious diseases

Changing distribution patterns of canine vector borne diseases in Italy: leishmaniosis vs. dirofilariosis

Open access
Otranto, Domenico, Capelli, Gioia, Genchi, Claudio·2009·Parasites & Vectors
DOI 10.1186/1756-3305-2-s1-s2PMC PMC2679394
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Abstract

Ecological and climatic changes, human and animal population dynamics are among the several factors that have favoured the spread or the (re)introduction and establishment of "novel" vector species and pathogens they transmit in previously disease-free geographical areas. As key examples of the changing pattern of distribution of canine vector borne diseases (CVBDs), the current distribution of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) by Leishmania infantum and dirofilariosis by Dirofilaria immitis causing heart worm disease (HW) in Italy is discussed on the basis of retrospective historical reports until the 90's and later on until 2009. For long time, D. immitis has been considered mainly present along the Po River Valley and northward areas, while L. infantum in south-central Italy and Sicily and Sardinia. Comparison of current available and historical data (up to 1989) confirms that HW and CanL, although with different prevalence rates, have been changing their distribution patterns in Italy as a result of many biological and ecological factors, including those related to vector distribution and introduction of new species (e.g. the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus, a competent vector of D. immitis). New autochthonous foci of HW in southern Italy (i.e. Apulia and Calabria regions) have recently been reported.Although analysing retrospective data may represent a difficult task, the "paradigm" about the dual distribution of HW and CanL in northern and southern Italy cannot yet be considered valid. The research needs for managing HW and CanL in previously uninfected areas are discussed.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review compares historical (up to the 1990s) and contemporary (to 2009) distributions of canine heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and canine leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum) in Italy, arguing that the traditional north–south duality no longer holds. It reports new autochthonous heartworm foci in southern Italy and northward expansion of leishmaniosis, linked to changing vector distributions.

Key findings

  • The historical pattern was “dual”: D. immitis mainly along the Po River Valley and northward areas, while L. infantum was in south-central Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia. A 1986 review/questionnaire defined 50% of northern provinces and only 15% of central and southern provinces as infected by D. immitis.
  • D. immitis has expanded: it is now endemic in central regions (Tuscany, Umbria) with prevalences of 1–21%; Tuscany showed a more than 7-fold prevalence increase in 10 years; Sardinia reached peaks up to 17%; and new autochthonous foci were reported in Apulia and Calabria. In a 2005–2008 survey of 1,447 autochthonous dogs in southern Italy, 20 dogs were positive (1.61%), including 18 for D. immitis and 2 for D. repens; site positivity was 0.24%, 0.23%, 2.57%, and 3.43%.
  • CanL has spread northward: until the 1990s it was sporadic in northern regions and mainly linked to travel; 7 autochthonous foci were retrospectively identified from 1990–2002, and later investigations identified 16 possible new foci across northern regions with low cumulative prevalence (2.1%). In southern endemic regions, serologically positive animals reached up to 53.1%.
  • Aedes albopictus, introduced in 1990, is a competent vector of D. immitis and D. repens and likely contributed to the changing distribution of dirofilariosis.

Methods

  • Narrative review/discussion comparing retrospective historical reports until the 1990s with current available data until 2009 on canine vector-borne disease distribution in Italy, including prevalence reports and vector records.
  • Included a recent southern Italy survey from January 2005 to January 2008: 1,447 autochthonous dogs from four areas in Apulia and Calabria were sampled; serum was tested for D. immitis antigen, and blood from two sites was examined by modified Knott method for microfilariae.
  • Main analysis was descriptive comparison of historical versus current distribution and prevalence, plus discussion of vector species and ecological factors; no formal meta-analysis is stated.

Limitations

  • Stated: retrospective data analysis is difficult because of problems retrieving local reports published in national journals and differences in diagnostic tools and methodologies across surveys.
  • Stated: epidemiological data on D. immitis in southern Italy are scant and limited to sporadic case reports.
  • Evident: the review relies on heterogeneous published reports and foci maps rather than standardized nationwide surveillance, and the paper itself notes improved diagnostics and higher researcher/practitioner awareness as factors that may affect apparent distribution changes.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1756-3305-2-s1-s2

Cites

54 of 54 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 49 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation

    New autochthonous foci of heartworm disease in southern Italy (Apulia and Calabria regions) have recently been reported.

    “New autochthonous foci of HW in southern Italy (i.e. Apulia and Calabria regions) have recently been reported.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • Findingcitation

    In that survey, after parasitological examination, 4 animals were positive for microfilaria in both sites C and D.

    “After parasitological examination, 4 animals were positive for microfilaria in both sites C and D.”
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  • Findingcitation

    In a recent survey, after serological examination, 2 animals (one for each of sites A and B) and 8 from sites C and D were diagnosed positive for Dirofilaria immitis.

    “After serological examination, 2 animals (one for each of sites A and B) and 8 from sites C and D were diagnosed positive for the D. immitis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • Premisecitation

    Historically, the distribution of Dirofilaria immitis in Italy was considered to be mainly along the Po River Valley and northward areas.

    “Historically, the distribution of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) by Leishmania infantum and dirofilariosis by D. immitis in Italy was considered to be”
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  • Premisecitation

    Historically, the distribution of Leishmania infantum in Italy was considered to be mainly in south-central Italy, Sicily and Sardinia.

    “and L. infantum in south-central Italy and Sicily and Sardinia [11].”
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  • May combine two claims. 18
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Out of the total number of 20 positive dogs (1.61% of the whole study population), 18 dogs were positive for Dirofilaria immitis and 2 for Dirofilaria repens.

    “Out of the total number of 20 positive dogs (1.61% of the whole study population), 18 dogs were positive for D. immitis and 2 for D. repens.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    In that survey, percentages of positivity referring to both parasitological and serological tests were: 0.24% from site A, 0.23% from site B, 2.57% from site C and 3.43% from site D.

    “Hence, percentages of positivity referring to both parasitological and serological tests were: 0.24% from site A, 0.23% from site B, 2.57% from site C and 3.43% from site D.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Comparison of current available and historical data (up to 1989) confirms that heartworm disease and canine leishmaniosis, although with different prevalence rates, have been changing their distribution patterns in Italy.

    “Comparison of current available and historical data (up to 1989) confirms that HW and CanL, although with different prevalence rates, have been changing their distribution patterns in Italy as a result of many biological and ecological factors, including those related to vector distribution and introduction of new species (e.g. the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus, a competent vector of D. im”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Historical and current data on canine vector borne disease distribution in Italy are comparable enough to allow valid conclusions about changes in distribution patterns, despite differences in diagnostic tools and methodologies.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Aedes albopictus is a competent vector of Dirofilaria immitis to dogs.

    “Such was the case of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus which is a competent vector of Dirofilaria immitis to dogs [4] and of West Nile virus, Japanese B encephalitis, chikungunya virus and other arboviruses to humans [5].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The spread of Aedes albopictus populations, coupled with its proven role as a suitable biological vector of both Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis under experimental and field conditions, may further account for the current wide distribution of dirofilarioses.

    “The spread of Ae. albopictus populations, coupled with its proven role as a suitable biological vector of both D. repens and D. immitis under experimental and field conditions [32,50-52], may further account for the current wide distribution of dirofilarioses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
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    • Rests on an assumption: Vector competence established under experimental and field conditions reflects the natural role of Aedes albopictus in transmitting Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In north-eastern Italy, new imported cases of canine leishmaniosis are regularly notified outside the original area of first infection, and established foci have been recently detected.

    “In north-eastern Italy, new imported cases of CanL are regularly notified outside the original area of first infection, and established foci have been recently detected [48].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    Canine dirofilariosis caused by Dirofilaria immitis is considered endemic in northern regions of Italy with prevalence rates ranging from 22 to 80%.

    “Canine dirofilariosis caused by D. immitis is considered endemic in northern regions with prevalence rates ranging from 22 to 80% [16,34].”
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    Premisecitation

    In that Campania study, Acanthocheilonema reconditum was the most prevalent species identified (16.5%) followed by Dirofilaria repens (1.4%) and Dirofilaria immitis (0.5%).

    “As far as identification is concerned, A. reconditum was the most prevalent species identified (16.5%) followed by D. repens (1.4%) and D. immitis (0.5%) [35].”
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    Premisecitation

    Since its introduction in 1990, Aedes albopictus adapted well to the relatively low winter temperatures of Italy by rapidly increasing its populations through the country, developing insect generations over the whole year in central and southern regions and overwintering as eggs in colder northern regions.

    “Indeed, since its introduction in 1990 Ae. albopictus adapted well to the relatively low winter temperatures of Italy by rapidly increasing its populations through the country, developing insects generations over the whole year in central and southern regions and overwintering as eggs in colder northern regions [49].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Sardinia, a non-endemic area until the 1960s, canine dirofilarioses have shown an increasing pattern of prevalence with peaks up to 17%, and cases have also been reported in Sicily.

    “In Sardinia, a non-endemic area until 1960s, canine dirofilarioses have shown an increasing pattern of prevalence with peaks up to 17% [45] and cases have also been also reported in Sicily. [46].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The increase in prevalence in previous endemic areas and the colonization of contiguous environments has been due to an increased density of the vectors and to a change in the composition of mosquito population (i.e. a predominance of mosquito species more efficient in Dirofilaria spp. transmission).

    “Without any doubt, the increase in the prevalence in previous endemic areas and the colonization of contiguous environments has been due to an increased density of the vectors and to a change in the composition of mosquito population (i.e. a predominance of mosquito species more efficient in Dirofilaria spp. transmission).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nowadays, heartworm infection is endemic in central regions (Toscana, Umbria) with prevalences ranging from 1 to 21%.

    “Nowadays, HW infection is endemic in central regions (Toscana, Umbria) with prevalences ranging from 1 to 21% [41-43].”
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    Premisecitation

    In 1986, 50% of the northern provinces and only 15% of the provinces of central and southern Italy were defined as infected by Dirofilaria immitis.

    “In 1986 a review of the literature along with a questionnaire sent to public and private laboratories and clinics [39], defined as infected by D. immitis, 50% of the northern provinces and only 15% of the provinces of central and southern Italy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    Seven leishmaniosis autochthonous foci were retrospectively identified from 1990 to 2002, whereas prospective investigations in the following years in dogs identified other 16 possible foci all over northern regions, with low cumulative prevalence (2.1%) either from serological tests or as clinical cases.

    “Seven leishmaniosis autochthonous foci were retrospectively identified from 1990 to 2002, whereas prospective investigations in the following years in dogs, identified other 16 possible foci all over northern regions, with low cumulative prevalence (2.1%) either from serological tests or as clinical cases [26].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    More recently, Dirofilaria immitis has become endemic in central regions such as Tuscany, where the prevalence increased more than 7-fold in 10 years, and Umbria which was considered a non-endemic area until 1999.

    “More recently, D. immitis has become endemic in central regions such as Tuscany, where the prevalence increased more than 7-fold in 10 years [16], and Umbria which was considered a non-endemic area until 1999 [41,42].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
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    • cites [41]

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The above phenomena might have ultimately contributed in favouring the establishment into previously free areas or in increasing insect density into already colonized areas of phlebotomine competent species of Leishmania infantum.

    “The above phenomena might have ultimately contributed in favouring the establishment into previously free areas or in increasing insect density into already colonized areas of phlebotomine competent species of L. infantum and might represent an important issue to be considered while predicting the spreading of sandflies northward through central European continental countries.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The reports of canine leishmaniosis reviewed here, when compared with historical data, confirm the likely expansion of Leishmania infantum infection in northern Italy, which now should be considered an endemic area.

    “Similarly, the reports of CanL here reviewed, when compared with historical data, confirm the likely expansion of L. infantum infection in northern Italy which now should be considered an endemic area.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Historical and current data on canine vector borne disease distribution in Italy are comparable enough to allow valid conclusions about changes in distribution patterns, despite differences in diagnostic tools and methodologies.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Large numbers of asymptomatic dogs occur in canine leishmaniosis and heartworm infected populations, and they have long incubation periods in which they are able to infect sandflies and mosquitoes.

    “The occurrence of large numbers of asymptomatic dogs in CanL [28] and HW infected populations and the long incubation periods, in which they are able to infect sandflies and mosquitoes, should be considered as an important issues when planning control measures for both diseases.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Premisecitation

    The increasing of population density rate and the expansion of Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus neglectus was confirmed by comparing recent entomological surveys with available historical data.

    “The increasing of population density rate and the expansion of P. perniciosus and P. neglectus was confirmed by comparing recent entomological surveys with available historical data [26].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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19 of 19

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Historical and current data on canine vector borne disease distribution in Italy are comparable enough to allow valid conclusions about changes in distribution patterns, despite differences in diagnostic tools and methodologies.

    “Thus, despite the complexity in analysing retrospective data (e.g. difficulties in retrieving local reports published on national journals, differences in diagnostic tools and methodologies employed in different surveys), the”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Vector competence established under experimental and field conditions reflects the natural role of Aedes albopictus in transmitting Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens.

    “The spread of Ae. albopictus populations, coupled with its proven role as a suitable biological vector of both D. repens and D. immitis under experimental and field conditions [32,50-52], may further account for the current wide distribution of dirofilarioses.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In Italy, D. immitis is endemic in northern Italy and has now spread all over the country, showing a current change of distribution throughout the Italian territory, while canine and feline heartworm infection is more frequently diagnosed in southern regions of Italy.

    “In Italy, D. immitis is endemic in northern Italy and has now spread all over the country, which shows a current change of distribution of this parasite throughout the Italian territory while canine and feline heartworm infection is more frequently diagnosed in southern regions of Italy (Otranto et al., 2009; Traversa et al., 2010a).”

    From Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe – New Distribution Trends (2012) · cites this paper as Otranto et al., 2009

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In a recent survey dogs from four different areas of southern Italy were sampled (Apulia and Calabria regions), and prevalences between 0.24 and 2.57% were found in Apulia region while prevalence of 3.43% was found in Calabria region.

    “In a recent survey dogs from four different areas of southern Italy were sampled (Apulia and Calabria regions), and prevalences between 0.24 and 2.57% were found in Apulia region while prevalence of 3.43% was found in Calabria region (Otranto et al., 2009).”

    From Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe – New Distribution Trends (2012) · cites this paper as Otranto et al., 2009

    The “Changing distribution patterns” section describes sampling dogs at four sites in Apulia and Calabria and reports 3.43% positivity at the Calabria site. It reports 0.23% at one Apulia site, however, so the stated Apulia range of 0.24–2.57% excludes the lowest value. (LLM, conf=0.92)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Dirofilaria immitis has been found in autochthonous dogs in Apulia and Calabria regions.

    “Similarly, also in Apulia and Calabria regions D. immitis was found in autochthonous dogs [17].”

    From Dirofilaria immitis and Angiostrongylus vasorum: the contemporaneous detection in kennels (2015) · cites this paper as [17]

  • The number of positive serum samples of L. infantum in northern Italy increased in the examined 10-year period (2009-2019) from 2.1% (1999-2009) to 21.6%.

    “Indeed, the number of positive serum samples of L. infantum in northern Italy increased in the examined 10 years’ period (2009–2019) from 2.1% (1999–2009; [1, 16]) to 21.6%.”

    From Leishmania infantum and Dirofilaria immitis infections in Italy, 2009–2019: Changing distribution patterns (2020) · cites this paper as [1]

  • Chemopreventatives reduce the abundance of reservoirs, as shown in some areas of Northern Italy.

    “In fact, chemopreventatives reduce the abundance of reservoirs, as shown in some areas of Northern Italy [155], thus they could be useful in reducing the spread of D. immitis also where the infection has a low prevalence and/or the nematode has emerged recently [2,156].”

    From Fleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes (2013) · cites this paper as [155]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

  • Overall positive percentage does not match the sample size

    Major

    The study reports 20 positive dogs among 1,447 sampled dogs. That is 1.38%, not 1.61%.

    Reported 1.61 · recomputed 1.38217

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 56 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Genchi C Di Sacco B Cancrini G Soll MD Epizootiology of canine and feline heartworm infection in Northern Italy: possible mosquito vectors Proceedings of the American Heartworm Symposium 1992 1992 Batavia, IL: American Heartworm Society 39 46
  2. Genchi C Simon F Kramer LH Dirofilariasis in humans: is it a real zoonotic concern? Proceedings of the 30th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association; 11–14 May 2005; Mexico City
  3. Paoletti B Traversa D Guglielmini C Iorio R Bazzocchi C Pampurini F Boari A Lombardo Autochthonous canine dirofilariosis in Abruzzo region of central Italy Proceedings of the Congress of the Italian Society of Parasitology: 18–21 June 2008; Pisa
  4. Otranto D Lia RP Testini G Britti D Puntorieri EP Genchi C Lombardo Autochthonous cases of canine dirofilariosis in Southern Italy Proceedings of the Congress of the Italian Society of Parasitology: 18–21 June 2008; Pisa 2008
  5. Schönian G Mauricio I Gramiccia M Cañavate C Boelaert M Dujardin JC Leishmaniases in the Mediterranean in the era of molecular epidemiology Trends Parasitol 2008 24 135 142 18262469

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Otranto, D., Capelli, G., & Genchi, C.
Affiliations
  • University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IT)
  • University of Milan (IT)
Corresponding author
Otranto, Domenico
ORCID
Venue
Parasites & Vectors
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2009
Volume
2
Issue
Suppl 1
Pages
S2
ISSN
1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1756-3305-2-s1-s2
PMC
PMC2679394
OpenAlex
W2020785604
Cited by
177
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 12
Type
conference abstract
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Bayer Animal Health
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
Keywords
canine leishmaniasis, canine dirofilariasis, heartworm disease, Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis, disease distribution, Aedes albopictus, climate change, Italy

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