Depressive Rumination and Co-Morbidity: Evidence for Brooding as a Transdiagnostic Process
Open accessAbstract
A sample of 116 patients with unipolar mood disorders referred to a specialist research clinic were assessed to investigate (a) whether rumination is a transdiagnostic process that is related to co-morbid Axis I and II symptoms and diagnosis in depressed patients; (b) whether common findings in the depressive rumination literature could be replicated in a recurrent depressed sample. Consistent with the transdiagnostic hypothesis, rumination was positively associated with both depression and anxiety, brooding was related to co-morbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, and rumination was associated with traits associated with borderline personality disorder, most notably self-report of unstable relationships and inconsistent sense of self. As predicted, rumination was equivalent in currently depressed and formerly depressed patients, suggesting that rumination is not simply dependent on mood state or clinical status. As predicted, the brooding subtype most strongly correlated with depressed and anxious symptoms, consistent with previous observations that brooding is the more maladaptive form of rumination. As predicted, rumination was associated with reports of sexual abuse. Inconsistent with previous findings, there was no gender difference in rumination.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
NSRP occurs in high-functioning individuals ('worried well') and across many disorders ('transdiagnostically').
“Even in its dysfunctional forms, NSRP is seen in people with relatively high functioning (i.e., “the worried well”) as well as in many disorders (i.e., “transdiagnostically”).”
From What, me worry and ruminate about dsm-5 and rdoc? The importance of targeting negative self-referential processing (2013) · cites this paper as Watkins, 2009
The Discussion (page unavailable) supports a transdiagnostic role for rumination: it reports associations with anxiety and depression, and links brooding to co-morbid OCD and GAD. The Introduction mentions studies using non-clinical samples, but the paper does not establish that dysfunctional rumination occurs in relatively high-functioning people or the “worried well.” Its findings concern rumination rather than NSRP as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2022) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 · Cited by 23,476 · see citing works
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407 · see citing works
(1993) · Cited by 7,136 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 · Cited by 5,099 · see citing works
Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.4.569 · Cited by 4,529 · see citing works
Rumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis.
Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023910315561 · Cited by 3,808 · see citing works
Development and validation of the State Hope Scale.
Snyder, C. R. R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.321 · Cited by 3,584 · see citing works
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115 · Cited by 3,276 · see citing works
Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders : SCID-I : clinical version : scoresheet
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997) · American Psychiatric Press eBooks · Cited by 3,101 · see citing works
(1997) · American Psychiatric Press eBooks · Cited by 3,056 · see citing works
The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.109.3.504 · Cited by 2,998 · see citing works
Cognitive therapy of personality disorders
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-2993 · Cited by 1,770 · see citing works
Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1061 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims.
Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.60.5.748 · Cited by 1,490 · see citing works
Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims.
Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.60.5.748 · Cited by 1,490 · see citing works
Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.176 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents.
Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A., & Bryant, B. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.3.508 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood
Nolen-hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1993) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939308409206 · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
(2004) · Cited by 964 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Behavioural Processes across Psychological Disorders (DRAFT)
Harvey, A., Watkins, E., Mansell, W., & Shafran, R. (2004) · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780198528883.001.0001 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Self-citationBeck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbauch, J. (1961) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00741-000 · Cited by 816 · see citing works
Nolen–Hoeksema, S., Stice, E. M., Wade, E., & Bohon, C. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.1.198 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Rumination as a common mechanism relating depressive risk factors to depression.
Spasojevic, J., & Alloy, L. B. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.1.25 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Worry and rumination: Repetitive thought as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood
Segerstrom, S. C., Tsao, J. C. I., Alden, L. E., & Craske, M. G. (2000) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1005587311498 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Ramel1, W., Goldin, P. R., Carmona, P. E., & McQuaid, J. R. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000045557.15923.96 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Mediators of the Gender Difference in Rumination
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Jackson, B. (2001) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1471-6402.00005 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Rumination and overgeneral memory in depression: Effects of self-focus and analytic thinking.
Watkins, E., & Teasdale, J. D. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.2.333 · Cited by 536 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…rumination has negative consequences relative to a more concrete and experiential form of rumination on negative global self-evaluations (Rimes and Watkins 2005), social problem solving (Watkins and Moulds 2005), and specificity of autobiographical memory recall (Watkins and Teasdale 2001, 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAdaptive and maladaptive self-focus in depression
Watkins, E. R., & Teasdale, J. D. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.006 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Self-citationMellings, T. M. B., & Alden, L. E. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00040-6 · Cited by 506 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Furthermore, there is evidence that repetitive thought about personal concerns occurs in a number of anxiety disorders including social anxiety (e.g., Abbott and Rapee 2004; Mellings and Alden 2000), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; American Psychiatric Association 1994; Hoyer et al.”
BackgroundFresco, D. M., Frankel, A. N., Mennin, D. S., Turk, C. L., & Heimberg, R. G. (2002) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1014517718949 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Watkins, E. R., & Moulds, M. L. (2005) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.3.319 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Self-citationStructured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)
Kübler, U. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_66 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Roberts, J. E., Gilboa, E., & Gotlib, I. H. (1998) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018713313894 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample
Butler, L. D., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1994) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf01420597 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Post-event rumination and negative self-appraisal in social phobia before and after treatment.
Abbott, M. J., & Rapee, R. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.1.136 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Hong, R. Y. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.006 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
The structure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms
van Oppen, P., Hoekstra, R. J., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)e0010-g · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Rumination-focused cognitive behaviour therapy for residual depression: A case series
Watkins, E. R., Scott, J. L., Wingrove, J., Rimes, K. A., Bathurst, N., Steiner, H., Kennell-Webb, S. A., Moulds, M. L., & Malliaris, Y. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.018 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Self-citationMayou, R., Ehlers, A., & Bryant, B. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00069-9 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
(1989) · Cited by 313 · see citing works
The effects of self-focused rumination on global negative self-judgements in depression
Rimes, K. A., & Watkins, E. R. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.12.002 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationThe response styles theory of depression: a test of specificity and causal mediation.
Sarin, S., Abela, J., & Auerbach, R. (2005) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930441000463 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression in Individuals With Borderline Personality Disorder
Abela, J. R. Z., Payne, A. V. L., & Moussaly, N. (2003) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.17.4.319.23968 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)
Glasofer, D. R., Brown, A. J., & Riegel, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-087-2_80-1 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Childhood and adult sexual abuse, rumination on sadness, and dysphoria
Conway, M., Mendelson, M., Giannopoulos, C., Csank, P. A. R., & Holm, S. L. (2004) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.05.004 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Kasch, K. L., Klein, D. N., & Lara, M. E. (2001) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.13.3.375 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Kasch, K. L., Klein, D. N., & Lara, M. E. (2001) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.13.3.375 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression and Axis II Personality Dysfunction
Smith, J. M., Sylvia, L. G., Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9038-5 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Generalized anxiety disorder and clinical worry episodes in young women
HOYER, J., BECKER, E. S., & MARGRAF, J. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702006360 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 53 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Martin LL Tesser A Wyer RS Some ruminative thoughts Ruminative thoughts. Advances in social cognition 1996 Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1 47 Martin, L. L., & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.), Ruminative thoughts. Advances in social cognition (Vol. 9, pp. 1–47). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology: The Role of Gender
Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (2012) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143109 · Cited by 1,276 · see citing works
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Watkins, E. R. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611419672 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Self-citationReflecting on rumination: Consequences, causes, mechanisms and treatment of rumination
Watkins, E. R., & Roberts, H. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103573 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Self-citationGender differences in rumination: A meta-analysis
Johnson, D. P., & Whisman, M. A. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.019 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
McEvoy, P. M., Watson, H., Watkins, E. R., & Nathan, P. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.014 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecificity of rumination in anxiety and depression: A multimodal meta‐analysis.
Olatunji, B. O., Naragon-Gainey, K., & Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B. (2013) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1037/h0101719 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Zimmerman, M., & Mattia, J. I. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.8.787 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Baer, R. A., Peters, J. R., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Geiger, P. J., & Sauer-Zavala, S. E. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.03.002 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Daros, A. R., & Williams, G. E. (2019) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000212 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
O’Mahen, H., Karl, A., Moberly, N. J., & Fedock, G. L. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.028 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Characteristics of child physical and sexual abuse as predictors of psychopathology
Adams, J., Mrug, S., & Knight, D. C. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.019 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2013) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12038 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Indeed, these processes have been shown to be “transdiagnostic” and present in multiple disorders (e.g., Kertz, Bigda-Peyton, Rosmarin, & Björgvinsson, 2012; Watkins, 2009).”
BackgroundKlemanski, D. H., Curtiss, J., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2017) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9817-6 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Dzhambov, A. M., Hartig, T., Tilov, B., Atanasova, V., Makakova, D. R., & Dimitrova, D. D. (2019) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108708 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Dysregulation in level of goal and action identification across psychological disorders
Watkins, E. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.004 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationPain catastrophizing as repetitive negative thinking: A development of the conceptualization
Flink, I. L., Boersma, K., & Linton, S. J. (2013) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.769621 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Linking Executive Control and Emotional Response
Cohen, N., Mor, N., & Henik, A. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614530114 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
McLaughlin, K. A., Aldao, A., Wisco, B. E., & Hilt, L. M. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035358 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Meaning in life and resilience to stressors
Ostafin, B. D., & Proulx, T. (2020) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1800655 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Palagini, L., Moretto, U., Dell’Osso, L., & Carney, C. E. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.11.004 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Parental catastrophizing about their child's chronic pain: are mothers and fathers different?
Hechler, T., Vervoort, T., Hamann, M., Tietze, A., Vocks, S., Goubert, L., Hermann, C., Wager, J., Blankenburg, M., Schroeder, S., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.09.015 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Mood symptoms and suicidality across the autism spectrum
Dell'Osso, L., Carpita, B., Muti, D., Morelli, V., Salarpi, G., Salerni, A., Scotto, J., Massimetti, G., Gesi, C., Ballerio, M., et al. (2019) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.03.004 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
McEvoy, P. M., Salmon, K., Hyett, M. P., Jose, P. E., Gutenbrunner, C., Bryson, K., & Dewhirst, M. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117693923 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Parola, N., Zendjidjian, X., Alessandrini, M., Baumstarck, K., Loundou, A., Fond, G., Berna, F., Lançon, C., Auquier, P., & Boyer, L. (2017) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s125730 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Morina, N. (2011) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182392aae · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Li, E., Luyten, P., & Midgley, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.559213 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Newby, J. M., Williams, A. D., & Andrews, G. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.009 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Rejection sensitivity prospectively predicts increased rumination
Pearson, K. A., Watkins, E. R., & Mullan, E. G. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.004 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationGrierson, A. B., Hickie, I. B., Naismith, S. L., & Scott, J. L. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001392 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Rumination: relationships with physical health.
(2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Selective attention deficits in obsessive–compulsive disorder: The role of metacognitive processes
Koch, J., & Exner, C. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.049 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Associations between rumination and obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions
Raines, A. M., Vidaurri, D. N., Portero, A. K., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.001 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Trait and state rumination interact to prolong cortisol activation to psychosocial stress in females
Shull, A., Mayer, S. E., McGinnis, E. W., Geiss, E. G., Vargas, I., & Lopez‐Duran, N. L. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.004 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Brozovich, F. A., Goldin, P., Lee, I., Jazaieri, H., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22132 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Affect regulation training reduces symptom severity in depression – A randomized controlled trial
Berking, M., Eichler, E., Luhmann, M., Diedrich, A., Hiller, W., & Rief, W. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220436 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Don't [ruminate], be happy”: A cognitive perspective linking depression and anhedonia
Rutherford, A. V., McDougle, S. D., & Joormann, J. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102255 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Carpita, B., Carmassi, C., Calderoni, S., Muti, D., Muscarella, A., Massimetti, G., Cremone, I. M., Gesi, C., Conti, E., Muratori, F., et al. (2019) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852919001615 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Die Ruminationsfacetten Brooding und Reflection
Huffziger, S., & Kühner, C. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000118 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Training Ruminators to Inhibit Negative Information: A Preliminary Report
Daches, S., & Mor, N. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9585-5 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Katz, B. A., Lustig, N., Assis, Y., & Yovel, I. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000420 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Dell'Osso, L., Cremone, I. M., Carpita, B., Dell'Oste, V., Muti, D., Massimetti, G., Barlati, S., Vita, A., Fagiolini, A., Carmassi, C., et al. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s198616 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Raffaelli, Q., Mills, C., de Stefano, N.-A., Mehl, M. R., Chambers, K., Fitzgerald, S. A., Wilcox, R. R., Kalina Christoff, A., Andrews, E. S., Grilli, M. D., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98138-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Interventions and Body Awareness
Pérez-Peña, M., Notermans, J., Desmedt, O., der Gucht, K. V., & Philippot, P. (2022) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci12020285 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Peters, J. R., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Upton, B. T., Talavera, N. A., Folsom, J. J., & Baer, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-017-9594-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Júnior, É. D. M. S., Passos, I. C., Scott, J. L., Bristot, G., Scotton, E., Mendes, L. S. T., Knackfuss, A. C. U., Gerchmann, L., Fijtman, A., Träsel, A. R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.12.005 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Slow and Powerless Thought Dynamic Relates to Brooding in Unipolar and Bipolar Depression
Rostami, S., Borjali, A., Eskandari, H., Rostami, R., Scalabrini, A., & Northoff, G. (2022) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000523944 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kim, S., Yu, B. H., Lee, D. S., & Kim, J. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.034 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Borderline Personality Disorder and Depression: An Update
Luca, M., Luca, A., & Calandra, C. (2011) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-011-9198-7 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Rumination in bipolar disorder: a systematic review
Júnior, É. D. M. S., & Kauer‐Sant’Anna, M. (2015) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1556 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Factor structure of the Ruminative Responses Scale: A community-sample study
Griffith, J., & Raes, F. (2015) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000231 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Adaptive functions of self-focused attention: Insight and depressive and anxiety symptoms
Nakajima, M., Takano, K., & Tanno, Y. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.026 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Rumination and autobiographical memory impairment in patients with schizophrenia
Ricarte, J. J., Hernandez, J. V., Latorre, J. M., Danion, J., & Berna, F. S. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.027 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Mor, N., & Daches, S. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615578130 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Le, G. H., Wong, S., Au, H. C. T., Badulescu, S., Gill, H., Vasudeva, S., Teopiz, K. M., Rhee, T. G., Ho, R., Kwan, A. T. H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.118 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Grant, D., Judah, M. R., Mills, A. C., Lechner, W. V., Davidson, C. L., & Wingate, L. R. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9399-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The form and function of depressive rumination
Bartošková, M., Ševčíková, M., Durisko, Z., Maslej, M. M., Barbic, S., Preiss, M., & Andrews, P. W. (2018) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.01.005 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Estudo de validação da versão portuguesa da Escala de Respostas Ruminativas – Versão Reduzida
Dinis, A., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Duarte, C., & Castro, T. (2011) · Psychologica · doi:10.14195/1647-8606_54_7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Interpretation bias characterizes trait rumination.
Mor, N., Hertel, P. T., Ngo, T., Shachar, T., & Redak, S. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.08.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Martino, F., Caselli, G., Tommaso, J. D., Sassaroli, S., Spada, M. M., Valenti, B., Berardi, D., Sasdelli, A., & Menchetti, M. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2152 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Overarousal as a mechanism of the relation between rumination and suicidality
Rogers, M. L., Schneider, M. E., Tucker, R. P., Law, K. C., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.03.024 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wong, S. M. Y., Hui, C. L. M., Wong, C. S. M., Suen, Y. N., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., Chang, W. C., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2020) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743720979920 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bailey, T., Shahabi, L., Tarvainen, M., Shapiro, D., & Ottaviani, C. (2019) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1570821 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Epistatic interaction of CREB1 and KCNJ6 on rumination and negative emotionality
Lazáry, J., Juhász, G., Anderson, I. M., Jacob, C., Nguyen, T. T., Lesch, K., Reif, A., Deakin, J. F. W., & Bagdy, G. (2010) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.09.009 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
LeMoult, J., Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Colich, N. L., Price, A. N., Ordaz, S. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0430-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Gaining perspectives: A scoping review of research assessing depressive symptoms in athletes
Tahtinen, R. E., Shelley, J., & Morris, R. (2021) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101905 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wei, M. A., Kirk, N. P. V., Reid, A. M., Garner, L. E., Krompinger, J. W., Crosby, J. M., Elias, J. A., & Weisz, J. R. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2020.03.009 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Tsuchiyagaito, A., Misaki, M., Kirlić, N., Yu, X., Sánchez, S. M., Cochran, G., Stewart, J. L., Smith, R. S., Fitzgerald, K. D., Rohan, M. L., et al. (2023) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000528377 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kovács, L. N., Schmelowszky, Á., Galambos, A., & Kökönyei, G. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110339 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Memedovic, S., Slade, T., Ross, J., Darke, S., Mills, K. L., Marel, C., Burns, L., Lynskey, M., & Teesson, M. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.028 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Tsuchiyagaito, A., Sánchez, S. M., Misaki, M., Kuplicki, R., Park, H., Paulus, M. P., & Guinjoan, S. M. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002677 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Personality and cognitive vulnerability in remitted recurrently depressed patients
van Rijsbergen, G. D., Kok, G. D., Elgersma, H. J., Hollon, S. D., & Bockting, C. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.042 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-Focused Attention and Depressive Symptoms in Adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Burns, A., Irvine, M., & Woodcock, K. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3732-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nillni, Y. I., Berenz, E. C., Rohan, K. J., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.008 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Heissel, A., Pietrek, A., Kangas, M., van der Kaap-Deeder, J., & Rapp, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12020395 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Rumination: Cognitive consequences of training to inhibit the negative.
Daches, S., Mor, N., & Hertel, P. T. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.01.010 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Trindade, I. A., Ferreira, C., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-017-9536-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dickson, K. S., & Ciesla, J. A. (2018) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-018-0029-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lee, S., & Kim, W. (2014) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2014.11.1.59 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Emotion regulation strategies in borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis
Bud, S., Nechita, D., & Tatar, A. S. (2023) · Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1080/13284207.2022.2152668 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Rumination on unwanted intrusive thoughts affects the urge to neutralize in nonclinical individuals
Wahl, K., van den Hout, M., & Lieb, R. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.02.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Attentional Disengagement Deficits Predict Brooding, but Not Reflection, Over a One-Year Period
Allard, E. S., & Yaroslavsky, I. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02282 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cognitive styles and clinical correlates of childhood abuse in bipolar disorder
Perich, T., Mitchell, P. B., Loo, C. K. A., Hadži-Pavlović, D., Roberts, G. M. P., Green, M. J., Frankland, A., Lau, P., & Corry, J. (2014) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12212 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Evaluating the empirical evidence for three transdiagnostic mechanisms in anxiety and mood disorders
Im, S., & Kahler, J. (2020) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2020.1828252 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Archer, T., Kostrzewa, R. M., Palomo, T., & Beninger, R. J. (2010) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-010-9161-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
González, M., Ibáñez, I., & Barrera, A. (2017) · Acta Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.14718/acp.2017.20.2.3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cavicchioli, M., & Maffei, C. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23281 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Villamor, A., & de Adana, E. S. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05870-2_25 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Childhood Adversity Moderates the Effects of HTR2A Epigenetic Regulatory Polymorphisms on Rumination
Eszlári, N., Petschner, P., Gonda, X., Baksa, D., Elliott, R., Anderson, I. M., Deakin, J. F. W., Bagdy, G., & Juhász, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00394 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rumination in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Meta-analytic Review
Richman, M. J., Unoka, Z., Dudas, R. B., & Demetrovics, Z. (2022) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2022.36.4.399 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wang, P., Cao, W., Chen, T., Gao, J., Liu, Y., Yang, X., Meng, F., Sun, J., & Li, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.755159 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flink, I. K., Boersma, K., & Linton, S. J. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.940605 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lu, Z., Chen, M., Yan, S., Deng, W., Wu, T., Liu, L., & Yang, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1187800 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Schütze, R., Rees, C. S., Smith, A. J., Slater, H., Catley, M. J., & O’Sullivan, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00910 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The autonomic correlates of dysphoric rumination and post-rumination savoring
Stone, L. B., Lewis, G., & Bylsma, L. M. (2020) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113027 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Vindel, A. C. (2011) · Ansiedad y Estrés · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zhong, Y., Hu, Q., Chen, J., Li, Y., Chen, R., Li, Y., Cong, E., & Xu, Y. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05829-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Vergara‐Lopez, C., Valencia, E. M. H., Grados, M., Ortiz, E., Charvis, J. S., & Lopez-Vergara, H. I. (2024) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001326 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Rumination as a Marker of Psychological Improvement in Transsexual Women Postoperative
Mueller, A., Quadros, C., Schwarz, K., Costa, Â. B., Fontanari, A. M. V., Soll, B. M. B., da Silva, D. C., Schneider, M. A., Júnior, É. D. M. S., Kauer‐Sant’Anna, M., et al. (2016) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2016.0029 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Influence of Core Self-Evaluation, Mindfulness, and Rumination on Emotional Distress
George, M. G., & Collard, J. J. (2024) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-023-00536-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dzhambov, A. M., Tilov, B. G., Makakova, D. R., & Dimitrova, D. (2019) · Folia Medica · doi:10.3897/folmed.61.e47726 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Watkins, E. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Watkins, Edward R.
- ORCID
- Watkins, Edward R.
- Venue
- Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
- Published
- 2009-08-07
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 160-175
- ISSN
- 0894-9085 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6563
- PMC
- PMC2731158
- OpenAlex
- W2136574827
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 7.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (08099/Z/06/Z)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- depressive rumination, brooding, transdiagnostic mechanisms, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, borderline personality disorder, comorbidities, recurrent depression, sexual abuse, gender differences
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
