Achieving the Promise of Therapeutic Extracellular Vesicles: The Devil is in Details of Therapeutic Loading
Open accessAbstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a class of cell secreted organelles which naturally contain biomolecular cargo such as miRNA, mRNA and proteins. EVs mediate intercellular communication, enabling the transfer of functional nucleic acids from the cell of origin to the recipient cells. In addition, EVs make an attractive delivery vehicle for therapeutics owing to their increased stability in circulation, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and toxicity profiles. EVs can also be engineered to display targeting moieties on their surfaces which enables targeting to desired tissues, organs or cells. While much has been learned on the role of EVs as cell communicators, the field of therapeutic EV application is currently under development. Critical to the future success of EV delivery system is the description of methods by which therapeutics can be successfully and efficiently loaded within the EVs. Two methods of loading of EVs with therapeutic cargo exist, endogenous and exogenous loading. We have therefore focused this review on describing the various published approaches for loading EVs with therapeutics.
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Protein corona causes an immune response and is quickly cleared from the blood.
“Furthermore, the protein corona causes an immune response and is quickly cleared from the blood (Figure 2) [36,37].”
From The Therapeutic Potential and Clinical Significance of Exosomes as Carriers of Drug Delivery System (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Protein coronas can affect properties of synthetic nanoparticles such as cell targeting, cell interactions, and toxicity.
“The protein crowns can affect the properties of synthetic NP such as cell targeting, cell interactions, toxicity, etc.”
From The Therapeutic Potential and Clinical Significance of Exosomes as Carriers of Drug Delivery System (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Sutaria, D. S., Badawi, M., Phelps, M. A., & Schmittgen, T. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schmittgen, Thomas D.
- Venue
- Pharmaceutical Research
- Published
- 2017-03-17
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1053-1066
- ISSN
- 0724-8741 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-904X
- PMC
- PMC5565485
- OpenAlex
- W2595701200
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 0.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Pharmaceutical Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UH2-UH3 award (1UH2TR000914-01))
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Keywords
- extracellular vesicles, nucleic acid delivery, microRNA, mRNA, protein cargo, intercellular communication, targeted delivery
- MeSH terms
- Extracellular Vesicles, Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Biological Products, Biological Transport, Cell Communication, Humans, Drug Delivery Systems
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