Chronic stress alters the immune response to influenza virus vaccine in older adults.
Open accessAbstract
To determine whether a chronic stressor (caregiving for a spouse with a progressive dementia) is associated with an impaired immune response to influenza virus vaccination, we compared 32 caregivers' vaccine responses with those of 32 sex-, age-, and socioeconomically matched control subjects. Caregivers showed a poorer antibody response following vaccination relative to control subjects as assessed by two independent methods, ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition. Caregivers also had lower levels of in vitro virus-specific-induced interleukin 2 levels and interleukin 1beta; interleukin 6 did not differ between groups. These data demonstrate that down-regulation of the immune response to influenza virus vaccination is associated with a chronic stressor in the elderly. These results could have implications for vulnerability to infection among older adults.
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Glaser, R., Gravenstein, S., Malarkey, W. B., & Sheridan, J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus 43210, USA.
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1996-04-02
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3043-3047
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC39758
- OpenAlex
- W2092090797
- Cited by
- 789
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 19.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ohio State University (CA16058)
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh050538-05, 5r37mh042096-15, CA‐16058)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R37 MH42096, R01 MH50538)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR0034, M01RR000034)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- chronic stress, influenza vaccine response, older adults, caregivers, dementia caregiving, antibody response, humoral immunity, interleukin-2, IL-1β, cytokines, immunosenescence
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Dementia, Depression, Female, Humans, Influenza Vaccines, Interleukin-1, Interleukin-2, Interleukins, Male, Personality Inventory, Stress, Psychological, Biomarkers, Interleukin-6, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Caregivers, Spouses
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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