Introduction to Archaeologies Special Issue on Intersectionality Theory and Research in Historical Archaeology

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Intersectionality has become a feminist theory of intersectional identities and related oppressions that Crenshaw herself expanded to include class, sexual orientation, age, and color.

“it has become a feminist theory of intersectional identities and related oppressions that Crenshaw herself expanded, stating in a footnote, ''While the primary intersections that I explore here are between race and gender, the concept can and should be expanded by factoring in issues such as class, sexual orientation, age, and color.''”

• cites Crenshaw, 1991 sourcePartly supported

  In the Introduction (p. 2 of our copy), Crenshaw says her focus is race and gender but that class and sexuality can also be critical, supporting the broader point that intersectionality should account for multiple grounds of identity. The quoted footnote and its specific inclusion of age do not appear in the passages found; the paper also says intersectionality is not offered as a new, totalizing theory of identity. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

It may state two separate claims as one.

Crenshaw explicitly critiqued the either/or construction of race and gender as mutually exclusive categories of experience resulting in binary opposed identities as either a woman or a person of color, and conducted an analysis of relationships among identities and oppressions that was not labeled as the feminist inclusive both/and analysis that it was.

“Crenshaw (1989:139;1991:1242) explicitly critiqued the either/or construction of race and gender as mutually exclusive categories of experience resulting in binary opposed identities as either a woman or a person of color, and conducted an analysis of relationships among identities and oppressions that was not labeled as the feminist inclusive both/and analysis that it was.”

• cites Crenshaw, 1989Not matched

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• cites Crenshaw, 1991 sourceSupported

It may state two separate claims as one.

Paynter and McGuire advocated the concept of heterogeneity of power in multiple areas of society beyond elite social structures and argued for the heterogeneity of resistance and the ability of archaeology to reveal material remains of everyday resistance that is usually not documented.

“Paynter and McGuire (1991:6,11-12) further advocated the concept of heterogeneity of power in multiple areas of society beyond elite social structures (Bowles & Gintis, 1976:23) and also argued for the heterogeneity of resistance and the ability of archaeology to reveal material remains of everyday resistance that is usually not documented (Scott, 1985:29).”

• cites Paynter & McGuire, 1991Supported
• cites Bowles & Gintis, 1976Not matched

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• cites Scott, 1985Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The chapter by Beaudry et al argued that 'group identity, group membership - is inevitably linked to relations of power and to social differentiation' and they followed E.P. Thompson in arguing for research on class from the bottom up.

“The chapter by Beaudry et al (1991:156) argued that ''group identity, group membership -is inevitably linked to relations of power and to social differentiation'' and they followed E.P. Thompson (1978:157) in arguing for research on class from the bottom up.”

• cites Beaudry et al, 1991Not matched

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• cites Thompson, 1978 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Paynter and McGuire critiqued the traditional focus on formal institutional power, instead arguing, following Giddens, that 'power exists in all human relations, as the power to alter events'.

“Paynter and McGuire (1991:5-8,10,12) critiqued the traditional focus on formal institutional power, instead arguing, following Giddens (1984:14-16), that ''power exists in all human relations, as the power to alter events'' (Paynter & McGuire, 1991:13).”

• cites Paynter & McGuire, 1991Supported
• cites Giddens, 1984Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Crenshaw's intersectionality theory explicitly critiqued the 'either/or' construction of race and gender as mutually exclusive categories of experience in anti-discrimination law, resulting in binary opposed identities as either a woman or a person of color.

“Crenshaw's (1989:139;1991:1242) intersectionality theory explicitly critiqued the ''either/or'' construction of race and gender as mutually exclusive categories of experience in anti-discrimination law, resulting in binary opposed identities as either a woman or a person of color.”

• cites Crenshaw, 1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Crenshaw, 1991 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The long history of theorizing intersecting oppressions and identities provides greater understanding of aspects of their diversity and complexity as indivisible, interrelated, and interlocking.

“The long history of theorizing intersecting oppressions and identities provides greater understanding of aspects of their diversity and complexity as ''indivisible'' (Brittan & Maynard, 1984:180), interrelated, and ''interlocking'' (CRC, 1983).”

• cites Brittan & Maynard, 1984Not matched

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• cites CRC, 1983Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Crenshaw's theorizing is based on critical race theory and builds on two decades of Black feminist theorizing of intersecting oppressions of women of color, mostly using other terms, such as 'double jeopardy' and 'simultaneity of oppression'.

“Crenshaw's theorizing is based on critical race theory and builds on two decades of Black feminist theorizing of intersecting oppressions of women of color, mostly using other terms, such as ''double jeopardy'' (Beal, 1970) and ''simultaneity of oppression'' (Smith, 1983) in relating racism and sexism to Black women's identities (Minnich 1990).”

• cites Beal, 1970Not matched

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• cites Smith, 1983Not matched

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• cites Minnich 1990Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw coined the term 'intersectionality' for the interactions between racism and sexism that systematically privilege whites and men in American anti-discrimination law and the legal system, resulting in the erasure and invisibility of Black women as a social identity category.

“Kimberle ´Williams Crenshaw (1989:139-40) coined the term ''intersectionality'' for the interactions between racism and sexism that systematically privilege whites and men in American anti-discrimination law and the legal system, resulting in the erasure and invisibility of Black women as a social identity category.”

• cites Crenshaw, 1989Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Classism was considered another important intersectional oppression with racism and sexism by some Black feminist theorists and some non-Black theorists.

“Classism was considered another important intersectional oppression with racism and sexism by some Black feminist theorists (Davis, 1983;Murray, 1970;Spelman, 1988:14-16) and some non-Black theorists (Brittan & Maynard, 1984, cited in Spencer-Wood, 1997).”

• cites Davis, 1983Not matched

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• cites Murray, 1970Not matched

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• cites Spelman, 1988Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Crenshaw followed the modern norm of equating race with Black people, distinct from color, which designates other nonwhites.

“This statement shows that Crenshaw followed the modern norm of equating race with Black people, distinct from color, which designates other nonwhites.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

These and other continuums intersect each other at points that describe an individual or group intersectional identity.

“These and other continuums intersect each other at points that describe an individual or group intersectional identity.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Charles Orser Jr. pointed out the racist ideology that gave African-Americans an 'enforced personal feeling of inferiority' and researched whether race or class was a more important factor in consumer choices.

“Next, Charles Orser Jr. (1987:126) pointed out the racist ideology that gave African-Americans an ''enforced personal feeling of inferiority'' (Dubois, 1935:9), and researched whether race or class was a more important factor in consumer choices.”

• cites Orser, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Dubois, 1935Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Deetz was unusual in labeling both sides of the ethnic structural opposition between African-Americans and Anglo-Americans, who are usually not labeled because, as the dominant social group, they are not considered to be an ethnic group, although they are.

“Deetz was unusual in labeling both sides of the ethnic structural opposition between African-Americans and Anglo-Americans, who are usually not labeled because, as the dominant social group, they are not considered to be an ethnic group, although they are.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Perhaps consumer choice was the first explicitly intersectional both/and multiple-variable paradigm.

“Perhaps consumer choice was the first explicitly intersectional both/and multiple-variable paradigm.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Historically, ethnic groups, such as the Irish, Jews, Italians, Germans, Chinese and Japanese, along with African-Americans, were all considered separate inferior races and discriminated against by Anglo-Americans.

“Historically, ethnic groups, such as the Irish, Jews, Italians, Germans, Chinese and Japanese, along with African-Americans, were all considered separate inferior races and discriminated against by Anglo-Americans (Lee, 2019;Orser, 2007;Spencer-Wood, 1999a;2010a).”

• cites Lee, 2019Not matched

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• cites Orser, 2007Not matched

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• cites Spencer-Wood, 1999aNot matched

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Probably not a substantial claim.

Intersectionality theory deconstructs the falsely opposed binary, either/or, culturally constructed categories of oppression and identities that are in fact inseparably interrelated.

“Intersectionality theory deconstructs the falsely opposed binary, either/ or, culturally constructed categories of oppression and identities that are in fact inseparably interrelated.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Gender ranges from a cis-gendered identity that corresponds to biological identity, to transgendered, and includes non-binary identities.

“Gender ranges from a cis-gendered identity that corresponds to biological identity, to transgendered, and includes non-binary identities.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The construction of women as a diverse polythetic set recognizes variety in their identities and experiences, which differ for lesbians, transgender women, cross-dressers and cis-gender women, among others.

“For instance, the construction of women as a diverse polythetic set recognizes variety in their identities and experiences, which differ for lesbians, transgender women, cross-dressers and cis-gender women, among others.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Both/and intersectionality is about the complexity of multiple, flexible, situationally-contingent interacting identities and power dynamics.

“Both/and intersectionality is about the complexity of multiple, flexible, situationally-contingent interacting identities and power dynamics.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Androcentrism was evident in the erasure of women and children, who were subsumed and made invisible in 1) classes defined by men's occupations and 2) sites patriarchally named for men who owned or occupied them.

“Androcentrism was evident in the erasure of women and children, who were subsumed and made invisible in 1) classes defined by men's occupations and 2) sites patriarchally named for men who owned or occupied them.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

John Otto first used the term 'race' and explicitly focused on race and class power dynamics at Cannon's Point plantation in Georgia, analyzing archaeological evidence of elite versus subordinate status and the legal power of whites to enslave Africans, coerce their labor and control aspects of their behavior, such as labor requirements and alcohol consumption.

“John Otto (1980:3,7-10) first used the term ''race'' and explicitly focused on race and class power dynamics at Cannon's Point plantation in Georgia, analyzing archaeological evidence of (1) elite versus subordinate status and (2) the legal power of whites to enslave Africans, coerce their labor and control aspects of their behavior, such as labor requirements and alcohol consumption.”

• cites Otto, 1980Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Crenshaw identified Black women as 'the' only intersectional identity and did not label as intersectional the identities of white women or Black men because in antidiscrimination law these groups can only suffer singular discrimination based on one aspect of their identity, in contrast to the intersection between racism and sexism suffered by Black women.

“Crenshaw (1989:140,145,148,166-7) identified Black women as ''the'' only intersectional identity and did not label as intersectional the identities of white women or Black men because in antidiscrimination law these groups can only suffer singular discrimination based on one aspect of their identity, in contrast to the intersection between racism and sexism suffered by Black women.”

• cites Crenshaw, 1989Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Public sites such as businesses and forts have been assumed to be men's sites, as well as South's architecture group, since everyone knows that men historically constructed buildings and ran forts and businesses, overlooking the presence and roles of women at those sites.

“Public sites such as businesses and forts have been assumed to be men's sites, as well as South's architecture group, since everyone knows that men historically constructed buildings and ran forts and businesses, overlooking the presence and roles of women at those sites.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Jim Deetz and others have mistakenly believed that binary either/or thinking is the biologically innate form of cognition, when in fact this is an ideology that results in the cultural construction of social groups in oppositional dichotomies.

“Jim Deetz, (1988:222) and others have mistakenly believed that binary either/or thinking is the biologically innate form of cognition, when in fact this is an ideology that results in the cultural construction of social groups in oppositional dichotomies.”

• cites Deetz, 1988Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Biological sex includes chromosomal and physical diversity on the continuum between the supposedly binary opposed categories of male versus female.

“Biological sex includes chromosomal and physical diversity on the continuum between the supposedly binary opposed categories of male versus female.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Rather than a set of culturally constructed discrete categories, race is more accurately envisioned as the continuum of shades between the culturally constructed, supposedly opposite categories of black and white.

“Rather than a set of culturally constructed discrete categories, race is more accurately envisioned as the continuum of shades between the culturally constructed, supposedly opposite categories of black and white.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Devon Carbado critiqued the failure of intersectionality theory to analyze how the intersectional identity category of white heterosexual men is the unnamed, and therefore invisible, naturalized norm against which other intersectional identities are differentiated as non-normative.

“Devon Carbado (2013:817,825,841) critiqued the failure of intersectionality theory to analyze how the intersectional identity category of white heterosexual men is the unnamed, and therefore invisible, naturalized norm against which other intersectional identities are differentiated as non-normative.”

• cites Carbado, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

This early inclusive both/and intersectional framework consciously moved away from the previous scientific either/or single-variable methodology, and some chapters found that some individual, household or neighborhood consumer choices were related more closely to family life cycle, household size and structure, ethnic or racial identities than to class.

“This early inclusive both/and intersectional framework consciously moved away from the previous scientific either/or single-variable methodology, and some chapters found that some individual, household or neighborhood consumer choices were related more closely to family life cycle, household size and structure, ethnic or racial identities than to class (Spencer- Wood, 1987b:11-12).”

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1987b sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Men associated with sites are usually named, but women are named far less frequently.

“Men associated with sites are usually named, but women are named far less frequently (critiques by Spencer- Wood, 1991a:236-8;1992:99-100;1995:119-21,126;2007:32,34-5;2011:6-7).”

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1991aNot matched

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• cites Spencer-Wood, 1992Not matched

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• cites Spencer-Wood, 1995Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In an interview in the Equal Rights Review, Crenshaw provided her abstract definition of intersectionality as 'a relationship between identities - that is, a social categorization - and structures'.

“In an interview in the Equal Rights Review, (Crenshaw, 2016a) provided her abstract definition of intersectionality as ''a relationship between identities -that is, a social categorization -and structures.''”

• cites Crenshaw, 2016aNot matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Spencer-Wood critiques the either/or thinking in the cultural construction of fixed social categories as oppositional dichotomies and proposes the more accurate feminist inclusive both/and construction of identities as continuums that include all the diversity along a social dimension between culturally constructed conceptualizations of mutually exclusive identity categories, such as men vs women.

“Spencer-Wood (1995:129-30) critiques the either/or thinking in the cultural construction of fixed social categories as oppositional dichotomies and proposes the more accurate feminist inclusive both/and construction of identities as continuums that include all the diversity along a social dimension between culturally constructed conceptualizations of mutually exclusive identity categories, such as”

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1995Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

One of the most influential books in historical archaeology has been In Small Things Forgotten (Deetz, 1977), which took a symbolic-structural approach to identify distinctive Anglo-American versus African-American material culture patterns in ceramics, architecture, and burial practices, in the contexts of changing Western worldviews, and African cultural practices, respectively.

“One of the most influential books in historical archaeology has been In Small Things Forgotten (Deetz, 1977), which took a symbolic-structural approach to identify distinctive Anglo-American versus African-American material culture patterns in ceramics, architecture, and burial practices, in the contexts of changing Western worldviews, and African cultural practices, respectively.”

• cites Deetz, 1977Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Perhaps the earliest analysis of intersectional identities and power dynamics in historical archaeology was Jim Deetz's interpretations of archaeological evidence indicating how Native American men's and women's different economic roles were altered by assimilation to Spanish colonization at La Purisima Mission in California, including a major identity shift by indigenous men from hunters to

“Perhaps the earliest analysis of intersectional identities and power dynamics in historical archaeology was Jim Deetz's (1963:186) interpretations of archaeological evidence indicating how Native American men's and women's different economic roles were altered by assimilation to Spanish colonization at La Purisima Mission in California, including a major identity shift by indigenous men from”

• cites Deetz, 1963Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Kathleen Deagan pioneered in analyzing how Native American women's domestic roles and actions materially affected Spanish lifeways, especially foodways and gender relations, while indigenous women gained access to prestigious Spanish goods through trade or marriage to Spanish men.

“Kathleen Deagan (1973:58;1983:181-185,234) pioneered in analyzing how Native American women's domestic roles and actions materially affected Spanish lifeways, especially foodways and gender relations, while indigenous women gained access to prestigious Spanish goods through trade or marriage to Spanish men.”

• cites Deagan, 1973 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Deagan, 1983Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Some theorists have re-framed intersectionality as a theory of the complexity of intersecting identities and power dynamics, especially how privileged dominant groups of whites and men oppress, subordinate and marginalize nonwhite minorities and women, erasing them from history.

“some theorists have re-framed intersectionality as a theory of the complexity of intersecting identities and power dynamics (Davis, 2008: Hancock, 2007:249-50), especially how privileged dominant groups of whites and men oppress, subordinate and marginalize nonwhite minorities and women, erasing them from history (May, 2014).”

• cites Davis, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hancock, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites May, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

Gender, sex, and sexuality each exhibit variation along separate continuums with an ever-expanding diversity of changing identities in the continual process of identity formation.

“Gender, sex, and sexuality each exhibit variation along separate continuums with an ever-expanding diversity of changing identities in the continual process of identity formation.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Prior to feminist critiques of androcentrism/sexism in historical archaeology in the 1980s, there was no research about sexism or its intersections with racism, elitism, etc.; nor was there any explicitly intersectional research in the historical archaeology of identities until the late 1980s.

“Prior to the feminist critiques of androcentrism/sexism in historical archaeology in the 1980s (Fratt, 1991;Handsman, 1984;Spencer-Wood, 1982;1984;1991a:234-40;Yentsch, 1991a), there was no research about sexism or its intersections with racism, elitism, etc.; nor was there any explicitly intersectional research in the historical archaeology of identities until the late 1980s.”

• cites Fratt, 1991Not matched

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• cites Handsman, 1984Not matched

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• cites Spencer-Wood, 1982Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Sexuality includes the traditional categories of heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual, but also incorporates attraction to intellect, emotional connection, asexuality and pansexuality, among many other categories.

“Sexuality includes the traditional categories of heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual, but also incorporates attraction to intellect, emotional connection, asexuality and pansexuality, among many other categories.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In 1990, Patricia Hill Collins discussed intersecting systems of oppression, including race, gender, sexuality, class, ethnicity, age and citizenship status.

“In 1990, Patricia Hill Collins (2000:299) discussed intersecting systems of oppression, including race, gender, sexuality, class, ethnicity, age and citizenship status.”

• cites Collins, 2000Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Deetz only interpreted unidirectional amount of assimilation by Native Americans to Spanish lifeways, while Deagan bidirectionally analyzed how Spanish men and indigenous women altered each others' lifeways.

“Deetz (1963) only interpreted unidirectional amount of assimilation by Native Americans to Spanish lifeways, while Deagan (1973;1983) bidirectionally analyzed how Spanish men and indigenous women altered each others' lifeways.”

• cites Deetz, 1963Not matched

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• cites Deagan, 1973 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Deagan, 1983Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Movement of the intersection point represents the situationally-contingent fluidity of identity and power dynamics.

“Movement of the intersection point represents the situationally-contingent fluidity of identity and power dynamics (Spencer-Wood, 1995:129-30;2002a:207;2004:248-9;2005:208-9;2007:47;2011:21-2 article in this issue).”

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1995Not matched

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• cites Spencer-Wood, 2002aNot matched

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• cites Spencer-Wood, 2004Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

A 'domestic site' has been assumed to be patriarchally controlled by a male owner, while women's traditional domestic roles have been assumed and de-gen-dered in artifact categories such as South's kitchen artifact group.

“A 'domestic site' has been assumed to be patriarchally controlled by a male owner, while women's traditional domestic roles have been assumed and de-gen-dered in artifact categories such as South's (1977) kitchen artifact group.”

• cites South, 1977Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

In the 1980s, historical archaeologists began analyzing materializations of dominant ideology created by eighteenth-century privileged-elite, white colonial Englishmen to naturalize and legitimate the hierarchical Georgian social order, masking elite white men's domination of society from their white wives, African-American slaves, and lower-class whites.

“In the 1980s, historical archaeologists began analyzing materializations of dominant ideology created by eighteenth-century privileged-elite, white colonial Englishmen to naturalize and legitimate the hierarchical Georgian social order, masking elite white men's domination of society from their white wives, African-American slaves, and lower-class whites (Leone, 1984;1988:243,249-50,255-7).”

• cites Leone, 1984Not matched

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• cites Leone, 1988Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In her TED talk, Crenshaw continued to focus on the intersection of racism and sexism but added their intersections with the oppressions of classism, heterosexism, homophobia, and xenophobia.

“In her TED talk, Crenshaw (2016b) continued to focus on the intersection of racism and sexism but added their intersections with the oppressions of classism, heterosexism, homophobia, and xenophobia.”

• cites Crenshaw, 2016bNot matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

This expansion of intersectionality builds on theorizing of 'heterosexualism' and colonialism, the 'triple jeopardy' of sexism, racism and imperialism, and the 'multiple jeopardy' Black women suffer from racism, sexism, classism, heterosexism and homophobia.

“This expansion of intersectionality builds on theorizing of ''heterosexualism'' and colonialism (Lugones, 2007); the ''triple jeopardy'' of sexism, racism and imperialism (TWWA, 1970), and the ''multiple jeopardy'' Black women suffer from racism, sexism, classism, heterosexism and homophobia (King, 1988).”

• cites Lugones, 2007Not matched

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• cites TWWA, 1970Not matched

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• cites King, 1988 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Feminist research on intersectionality is underwritten by combinations of Black feminist theory, critical race theory, Neo-Marxism for class intersections, and symbolic archaeology for intersections with belief systems such as religions.

“Feminist research on intersectionality is underwritten by combinations of Black feminist theory, critical race theory, Neo-Marxism for class intersections, and symbolic archaeology for intersections with belief systems such as religions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

This research reifies the social empowerment of privileged men and disempowerment of women, who are often muted or erased in histories and documents.

“This research reifies the social empowerment of privileged men and disempowerment of women, who are often muted or erased in histories and documents.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Wurst argues that 'earlier consumer choice models have morphed into an emphasis on agency and the individual'.

“Wurst (2006:193) argues that ''earlier consumer choice models have morphed into an emphasis on agency and the individual.''”

• cites Wurst, 2006Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Spencer-Wood further critiqued the gender dichotomy opposing dominant public men versus subordinate domestic women, which erases women's public roles, identities and relationships.

“Spencer-Wood further critiqued the gender dichotomy opposing dominant public men versus subordinate domestic women, which erases women's public roles, identities and relationships.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Conformity meant the system reproduced itself, while resistance meant there was the opportunity for sociocultural change.

“Conformity meant the system reproduced itself, while resistance meant there was the opportunity for sociocultural change (Trunzo, forthcoming).”

• cites Trunzo, forthcomingNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Spencer-Wood's article in this issue further critiques the intersections of sexism, racism, ethnocentrism, classism, ageism and ableism involved in privileging elite and middle-class healthy white Anglo-American men's roles, identities and relationships as historically important and culturally normative, while erasing the lived experiences and accomplishments of minorities and women.

“Spencer-Wood's article in this issue further critiques the intersections of sexism, racism, ethnocentrism, classism, ageism and ableism involved in privileging elite and middle-class healthy white Anglo-American men's roles, identities and relationships as historically important and culturally normative, while erasing the lived experiences and accomplishments of minorities and women.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The construction of men versus women as opposed, either/or, mutually exclusive categories underwrites androcentric decisions to research men's important roles, identities, relationships and power dynamics, while erasing women from interpretations of both domestic and public contexts.

“The construction of men versus women as opposed, either/or, mutually exclusive categories underwrites androcentric decisions to research men's important roles, identities, relationships and power dynamics, while erasing women from interpretations of both domestic and public contexts.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Following Beaudry et al's adoption of theorizing by Gramsci and Thompson, research has revealed how hegemonic ideals operated in the past to create inequality by dominating oppressed, underprivileged and erased groups from the top down, while the subalterns resisted hegemonic privilege and worked to negotiate a place for themselves within the dominant social structure from the bottom up.

“Following Beaudry et al's (1991:156,158-9) adoption of theorizing by Gramsci and Thompson, research has revealed how hegemonic ideals operated in the past to create inequality by dominating oppressed, underprivileged and erased groups from the top down, while the subalterns resisted hegemonic privilege and worked to negotiate a place for themselves within the dominant social structure from the”

• cites Beaudry et al, 1991Not matched

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• cites Spencer-Wood and Baugher, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wilkie, 2000aNot matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In historical archaeology, Spencer-Wood further critiqued the 'either/or' mindset involved in structural constructions of culture in sets of binary oppositions.

“In historical archaeology, Spencer-Wood further critiqued the ''either/or'' mindset involved in structural constructions of culture in sets of binary oppositions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Neo-Marxism interprets archaeological evidence of undocumented accommodation and resistance to oppressive, hegemonic racist-patriarchal capitalist ideologies supporting class, racial and gender hierarchies in lived experiences of historically marginalized women and men.

“Neo-Marxism interprets archaeological evidence of undocumented accommodation and resistance to oppressive, hegemonic racist-patriarchal capitalist ideologies supporting class, racial and gender hierarchies in lived experiences of historically marginalized women and men.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Examples were provided from excavations of backlots of boardinghouses and tenements housing workers in the Boott cotton mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, which recovered material culture expressing working-class, immigrant, Irishmen's intersectional ethnic identity in resistance to hegemonic rules against public smoking and alcohol consumption; and working women's construction of aspirational

“Examples were provided from excavations of backlots of boardinghouses and tenements housing workers in the Boott cotton mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, which recovered material culture expressing working-class, immigrant, Irishmen's intersectional ethnic identity in resistance to hegemonic rules against public smoking and alcohol consumption; and working women's construction of aspirational”

• cites Beaudry et al., 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Spencer-Wood researched how reform women not only resisted domesticity, but empowered themselves to become social agents creating new women's public institutions and professions.

“Spencer- Wood (1991b) researched how reform women not only resisted domesticity, but empowered themselves to become social agents creating new women's public institutions and professions.”

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1991bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

McDonald et al discussed a woman as well as men who led the rebellious Cheyenne escape from Fort Robinson, Nebraska.

“McDonald et al (1991) discussed a woman as well as men who led the rebellious Cheyenne escape from Fort Robinson, Nebraska.”

• cites McDonald et al, 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Intersections of critical theories, whether about class, race and/or gender, permit close critical readings of documents and histories for mentions, implications and absences that reveal information about the intersectional lived experiences of under-documented women and minorities in bygone eras.

“Intersections of critical theories, whether about class, race and/or gender, permit close critical readings of documents and histories for mentions, implications and absences that reveal information about the intersectional lived experiences of under-documented women and minorities in bygone eras.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Some case studies have gendered elite dominance versus subordinate-group resistance, rule-breaking and/or negotiations in contexts addressing indigenous resistance and negotiation of racist patriarchal colonialism; African American resistance to racism; worker-management relations in industrial settings; and attempts by the Anglo-American middle classes to curtail what they considered to be un

“Some case studies have gendered elite dominance versus subordinate-group resistance, rule-breaking and/or negotiations in contexts addressing (1) indigenous resistance and negotiation of racist patriarchal colonialism (Clements, 2011;Lindauer, 2009;Middleton, 2013;Surface-Evans, 2016); (2) African American resistance to racism, sometimes including maintenance of African cultural practices in the”

• cites Clements, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Delle, 2000Not matched

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• cites Mrozowski et al., 1996Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

In the 1990s, the rapid growth in historical archaeology of feminist theorizing and research focusing on gender roles, identities, relationships and power dynamics in intersections with class, ethnicity, race and/or religion was facilitated by five prior developments: gender theorizing in prehistoric archaeology, research on systemic racism in American slavery and Reconstruction, Neo-Marxism, and

“In the 1990s, the rapid growth in historical archaeology of feminist theorizing and research focusing on gender roles, identities, relationships and power dynamics in intersections with class, ethnicity, race and/or religion was facilitated by previous (1) gender theorizing and research in prehistoric archaeology”

• cites Conkey & Spector, 1984 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gero & Conkey, 1991Not matched

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• cites Orser, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

Most chapters in the first edited volume analyzed intersections of gender and class at different types of sites, while two analyzed materializations of gender power dynamics between Native Americans and colonial European traders or later Anglo-Americans, two analyzed materializations of power dynamics in intersections between gender and class among African-Americans, and two analyzed power

“Most chapters analyzed intersections of gender and class at different types of sites, while two analyzed materializations of gender power dynamics between Native Americans and colonial European traders or later Anglo-Americans (Bassett, 1994;Jackson, 1994), two analyzed materializations of power dynamics in intersections between gender and class among African-Americans (Muller, 1994;Spencer-Wood,”

• cites Bassett, 1994Not matched

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• cites Jackson, 1994Not matched

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• cites Muller, 1994Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

The 'dominant ideology thesis' has been widely critiqued for assuming subordinate groups would be duped by elite ideology, which more likely functioned to incorporate an elite class during the socially disruptive conditions of colonization.

“The ''dominant ideology the-sis'' has been widely critiqued for assuming subordinate groups would be duped by elite ideology, which more likely functioned to incorporate an elite class during the socially disruptive conditions of colonization (Beaudry et al., 1991:156-8).”

• cites Beaudry et al., 1991Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Ferguson proposed the innovative concept of unconscious resistance through creation of a subculture, exemplified by colonoware pottery made by slave women as part of the subculture of the enslaved that unconsciously resisted slavery and its rationalization by slave owners.

“Ferguson (1991) proposed the innovative concept of unconscious resistance through creation of a subculture, exemplified by colonoware pottery made by slave women as part of the subculture of the enslaved that unconsciously resisted slavery and its rationalization by slave owners.”

• cites Ferguson, 1991Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Feminist historical archaeology moved beyond the binary framework of domination/hegemony and subordinate reactive resistance to analyze individual and group independent social agency, and androcentrism/sexism.

“Feminist historical archaeology moved beyond the binary framework of domination/hegemony and subordinate reactive resistance to analyze individual and group independent social agency (Spencer-Wood, 1987c:7: 1991b:275;1994a:177;1996:409), and androcentrism/sexism (Spencer-Wood, 1991a:237;1992:98-9;1995:118-20;2003:24-5;2007:29-31;2011:4-7;Spencer-Wood & Blackburn, 2017:937-8;Weber, 1991).”

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1987c sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Spencer-Wood, 1991bNot matched

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• cites Spencer-Wood, 1994aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Once the term social agency became available, Spencer-Wood pointed out in her feminist research that domestic 'reformers were powerful social agents who used a variety of ideologies, strategies and material culture to transform the U.S. gender system'; and she also viewed material culture and landscapes as social agents shaping human actions.

“Once the term social agency became available, Spencer-Wood (1994a:177) pointed out in her feminist research that domestic ''reformers were powerful social agents who used a variety of ideologies, strategies and material culture to transform the U.S. gender system''; and she also viewed material culture and landscapes as social agents shaping human actions (Spencer-Wood, 1996:407,409;2010b).”

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1994aNot matched

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• cites Spencer-Wood, 1996Not matched

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• cites Spencer-Wood, 2010bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A lot of intersectional gender research in historical archaeology is summarized according to the scales of households, institutions and communities in Deb Rotman's (2018) book.

“A lot of intersectional gender research in historical archaeology is summarized according to the scales of households, institutions and communities in Deb Rotman's (2018) book.”

• cites Rotman, 2018Not matched

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It may state two separate claims as one.

Feminist archaeologists have found historical information about women's major roles in managing their households and in creating and implementing public social reform.

“Feminist archaeologists have found historical information about women's major roles in managing their households (Rotman, 2009;Spencer-Wood, 1991b:250-2;1996:419-22;2013a:179-81;Trunzo, forthcoming;Wall, 1991;1994;2000;Wood 2004) and in creating and implementing public social reform (Spencer-Wood, 1987c;1991b;1994a;1994b;1996;2003;2013a;2013b;Springate & Christiensen, 2017).”

• cites Rotman, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Spencer-Wood, 1991bNot matched

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• cites Wall, 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Weberian either/or oppositional model of domination and resistance power dynamics between intersectional individual and group identities came to the fore with the 1988 SHA symposium on the Archaeology of Domination and Resistance that became Randy McGuire and Bob Paynter's 1991 edited volume, The Archaeology of Inequality, which analyzes intersectional identities and power dynamics.

“The Weberian either/or oppositional model of domination and resistance power dynamics between intersectional individual and group identities came to the fore with the 1988 SHA symposium on the Archaeology of Domination and Resistance that became Randy McGuire and Bob Paynter's 1991 edited volume, The Archaeology of Inequality, which analyzes intersectional identities and power dynamics.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

An edited volume and a journal issue present research on intersectional colonialism, including Spencer-Wood's (2016) explicitly intersectional article gendering external and internal colonialism and conceptualizing patriarchal economic colonialism, patriarchal domestic colonialism and patriarchal sexual colonialism.

“An edited volume and a journal issue present research on intersectional colonialism (Frink & Weedman, 2005;Matackney & Palmer, 2016), including Spencer-Wood's (2016) explicitly intersectional article gendering external and internal colonialism and conceptualizing patriarchal economic colonialism, patriarchal domestic colonialism and patriarchal sexual colonialism.”

• cites Frink & Weedman, 2005Not matched

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• cites Matackney & Palmer, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Spencer-Wood, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Symbolism permitted interpretations of gendered symbolic meanings of material culture, including material arrangements, architecture and landscapes.

“Symbolism permitted interpretations of gendered symbolic meanings of material culture, including material arrangements, architecture and landscapes.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Predominantly middleclass Anglo-American, but also African-American and immigrant reform women were cultural brokers who created new gender ideologies that naturalized and legitimated the expansion of their domestic sphere to encompass large areas of supposedly masculine, urban public-sphere landscapes by transforming domestic roles into new women's cooperative domestic-public organizations,

“Predominantly middleclass Anglo-American, but also African-American and immigrant reform women were cultural brokers who created new gender ideologies that naturalized and legitimated the expansion of their domestic sphere to encompass large areas of supposedly masculine, urban public-sphere landscapes by transforming domestic roles into new women's cooperative domesticpublic organizations,”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Articles in this issue have used the concept of intersectionality in a variety of ways to frame research on intersecting identities and oppressions.

“Articles in this issue have used the concept of intersectionality in a variety of ways to frame research on intersecting identities and oppressions.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Archaeological research at utopian communities has found evidence of complementary and cooperative gender roles, identities, and power dynamics, while at the same time the Shakers and some other utopias also practiced stated ideologies of gender segregation.

“For instance, archaeological research at utopian communities has found evidence of complementary and cooperative gender roles, identities, and power dynamics, while at the same time the Shakers and some other utopias also practiced stated ideologies of gender segregation (K.McBride, 2010a, b;Spencer-Wood, 2006;Starbuck & Dennis, 2010).”

• cites K.McBride, 2010aNot matched

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• cites Spencer-Wood, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Starbuck & Dennis, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

The other articles in this issue research a heterarchy of powers exerted by diverse intersectional identities.

“The other articles in this issue research a heterarchy of powers exerted by diverse intersectional identities.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

These powers can operate separately or be combined by both dominant and subordinate groups.

“These powers can operate separately or be combined by both dominant and subordinate groups.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Spencer-Wood's article expands Crenshaw's critique of the either/or opposition between gender and race in anti-discrimination law, to make a broader critique of either/or structural constructions of social identities in oppositional dichotomies, and instead proposes feminist inclusive both/and constructions of social identities in continuums, including gender, race, sexuality, class, age, etc.

“Spencer-Wood's article expands Crenshaw's critique of the either/or opposition between gender and race in anti-discrimination law, to make a broader critique of either/or structural constructions of social identities in oppositional dichotomies, and instead proposes feminist inclusive both/and constructions of social identities in continuums, including gender, race, sexuality, class, age, etc.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Anderson pioneers researching self-emancipation by an enslaved family and the freed women's negotiations of the racist and sexist white supremacist culture.

“Anderson pioneers researching self-emancipation by an enslaved family and the freed women's negotiations of the racist and sexist white supremacist culture”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In this largest sociocultural transformation of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, women demonstrated their abilities both in managing homes and families and as public professionals and workers, moving society, culture and public landscapes toward greater gender equality as women demonstrated their important contributions as public citizens prior to attaining suffrage.

“In this largest sociocultural transformation of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, women demonstrated their abilities both in managing homes and families and as public professionals and workers, moving society, culture and public landscapes toward greater gender equality as women demonstrated their important contributions as public citizens prior to attaining suffrage (Spencer-Wood, 1987c;199”

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1987c sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Spencer-Wood, 1994aNot matched

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• cites Spencer-Wood, 2013aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Spencer-Wood argued that 'powers with' others may be the strongest type of 'powers to' create cultural change.

“Spencer-Wood (1999d:179;2011:22-3) argued that ''powers with'' others may be the strongest type of ''powers to'' create cultural change.”

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1999dNot matched

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• cites Spencer-Wood, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Recognizing that men's and women's social spaces, roles, and daily activities overlapped and/or complemented one another reveals that men and women operated in relationships with power dynamics that were much more heterarchical than hierarchical, affording women some measure of power in both domestic and public contexts.

“Recognizing that men's and women's social spaces, roles, and daily activities overlapped and/or complemented one another reveals that men and women operated in relationships with power dynamics that were much more heterarchical than hierarchical, affording women some measure of power in both domestic and public contexts (Spencer-Wood, 1991a:237-8;1991b;1996;1999b;1999d;2003;2004:248-9;2007;2013a:”

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1991aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Stine, 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Trunzo, forthcomingNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Alexandra Jones brings the use of intersectionality theory into the modern practice of archaeology.

“Alexandra Jones brings the use of intersectionality theory into the modern practice of archaeology.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Suzanne Spencer-Wood's article develops an innovative intersectionality framework based on her research, her theorizing of intersectional diversity of identities in polythetic social groups interacting with heterarchical powers, and drawing on the development of feminist intersectionality theories.

“Suzanne Spencer-Wood's article develops an innovative intersectionality framework based on her research, her theorizing of intersectional diversity of identities in polythetic social groups interacting with heterarchical powers, and drawing on the development of feminist intersectionality theories.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Either of these types of powers can be 'powers with' a group and/or 'powers to' maintain the status quo or create sociocultural change.

“Either of these types of powers can be ''powers with'' a group and/or ''powers to'' maintain the status quo or create sociocultural change.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Maria Franklin (2001a) brought Black feminist intersectionality theory from critical and feminist legal studies into historical archaeology, and it has been applied so far predominantly to analyze intersections of racism and sexism connected with intersectional identities of race, gender and class in African diaspora archaeology in America.

“Maria Franklin (2001a) brought Black feminist intersectionality theory from critical and feminist legal studies into historical archaeology, and it has been applied so far predominantly to analyze intersections of racism and sexism connected with intersectional identities of race, gender and class in African diaspora archaeology in America (Battle-Baptiste, 2011;Brandon, 2004;Flewellen, 2017;Frank”

• cites Franklin, 2001a sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Battle-Baptiste, 2011Not matched

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• cites Brandon, 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The research centers on an enslaved woman who endured the intersectional sexist and racist oppression of rape by her white master and then served his widow, who moved from North Carolina and bought a plantation near Memphis, Tennessee.

“The research centers on an enslaved woman who endured the intersectional sexist and racist oppression of rape by her white master and then served his widow, who moved from North Carolina and bought a plantation near Memphis, Tennessee.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Kasper et al. find archaeological evidence of enslaved men and women's social agency despite the documented cruelty of slavery, including sexual assault.

“Kasper et al. find archaeological evidence of enslaved men and women's social agency despite the documented cruelty of slavery, including sexual assault”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

In short, intersectionality focuses archaeological research on uncovering the lived experiences of historically subordinated, ignored, underprivileged, and erased groups through the lens of an agentive heterarchy that exists in spaces where un/underrecognized connections or brokering activities occurred (or could occur) between what seem like highly disparate social entities.

“In short, intersectionality focuses archaeological research on uncovering the lived experiences of historically subordinated, ignored, underprivileged, and erased groups through the lens of an agentive heterarchy that exists in spaces where un/underrecognized connections or brokering activities occurred (or could occur) between what seem like highly disparate social entities.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Intersectional identities are abstractly represented as a contextually and situationally changing intersection point among all the continuums.

“Intersectional identities are abstractly represented as a contextually and situationally changing intersection point among all the continuums.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

This historical archaeological research is unique for Kentucky and is one of the few concerned with an enslaved man who managed to save enough money to free himself and his family, and also buy land to farm.

“This historical archaeological research is unique for Kentucky and is one of the few concerned with an enslaved man who managed to save enough money to free himself and his family, and also buy land to farm.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

As urban men's businesses and work increasingly moved out of their homes and into the public sphere during the nineteenth century, women raised their status by arguing they should control the domestic sphere by materially symbolizing and implementing emergent gender ideologies regarding the role of wives as cultural brokers of taste in consumer choices for performing middle-class gentility or

“As urban men's businesses and work increasingly moved out of their homes and into the public sphere during the nineteenth century, women raised their status by arguing they should control the domestic sphere by materially symbolizing and implementing emergent gender ideologies regarding the role of wives as cultural brokers of taste in consumer choices for performing middle-class gentility or”

• cites Clements, 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Spencer-Wood, 2013aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wall, 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Ayana Flewellen uses a Black feminist theoretical framework to analyze how intersecting oppressive power dynamics of race, gender and class shaped post-emancipation African-American women's sartorial practices expressed in archaeologically recovered clothing, adornment, and hygiene artifacts from what had been the slave quarters area that became tenant farmer houses on the Levi Jordan Plantation

“Ayana Flewellen uses a Black feminist theoretical framework to analyze how intersecting oppressive power dynamics of race, gender and class shaped post-emancipation African-American women's sartorial practices expressed in archaeologically recovered clothing, adornment, and hygiene artifacts from what had been the slave quarters area that became tenant farmer houses on the Levi Jordan Plantation”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Her white racial dominance over her slaves also subverted the gender hierarchy because she dominated her male slaves.

“Her white racial dominance over her slaves also subverted the gender hierarchy because she dominated her male slaves.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

Intersectionality theory encourages archaeologists to think in terms of the relationship between privilege and power, and to look at what has been left out of accepted historical narratives in terms of where privilege comes from and how it operates in a given time and place to affect a specific individual, household, social group, or community.

“Intersectionality theory encourages archaeologists to think in terms of the relationship between privilege and power, and to look at what has been left out of accepted historical narratives in terms of where privilege comes from and how it operates in a given time and place to affect a specific individual, household, social group, or community.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Dawn Rutecki's article argues for the value of using intersectionality theory to increase understanding of European colonialist oppressions of indigenous people and their negotiations of intercultural identities.

“Dawn Rutecki's article argues for the value of using intersectionality theory to increase understanding of European colonialist oppressions of indigenous people and their negotiations of intercultural identities.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Imbuing John and Anne Galt's children with social agency and recognizing the role mothering played in shaping relationships between Anne Galt and her children and between the older Galt daughters and their younger siblings, provides a nuanced analysis of children's social agency as it materializes in toys and other play objects to reveal the contested nature of childhood socialization in the

“Imbuing John and Anne Galt's children with social agency and recognizing the role mothering played in shaping relationships between Anne Galt and her children and between the older Galt daughters and their younger siblings, provides a nuanced analysis of children's social agency as it materializes in toys and other play objects to reveal the contested nature of childhood socialization in the”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Intersectionality theory identifies privilege as a function of power; however, one's degree of privilege is contextually and situationally variable because power is really heterarchical and individuals and groups often have overlapping, cooperative, or complementary roles in society, which means everybody moves in spaces where power often exists in 'both/and' rather than 'either/or' contexts.

“Intersectionality theory identifies privilege as a function of power; however, one's degree of privilege is contextually and situationally variable because power is really heterarchical and individuals and groups often have overlapping, cooperative, or complementary roles in society, which means everybody moves in spaces where power often exists in ''both/and'' rather than ''either/or'' contexts (”

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1994aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Spencer-Wood, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In one general example, elite and middle-class white male heads of households are commonly said to have built their houses and gardens that were actually built by craftsmen and slaves or waged laborers.

“In one general example, elite and middle-class white male heads of households are commonly said to have built their houses and gardens that were actually built by craftsmen and slaves or waged laborers.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

All of the articles work for social justice by recovering evidence of lived experiences of erased or marginalized people with intersectional identities that have been lost to history.

“All of the articles work for social justice by recovering evidence of lived experiences of erased or marginalized people with intersectional identities that have been lost to history.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Recovering evidence of lived experiences of erased or marginalized people with intersectional identities contributes to social justice.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Anderson furthers this research topic by using intersectionality theory to ask 'acute questions' about the intersecting oppressive power dynamics of race, gender, and class that shaped the lives of women in this family.

“Anderson furthers this research topic by using intersectionality theory to ask ''acute questions'' about the intersecting oppressive power dynamics of race, gender, and class that shaped the lives of women in this family.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

This female-dominated eighteenth-century Piedmont Plantation in Virginia was the home of the future President John Madison into his early adulthood.

“Interestingly, this female-dominated eighteenth-century Piedmont Plantation in Virginia was the home of the future President John Madison into his early adulthood.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Spencer-Wood critiqued the widespread top-down androcentric Weberian view of power only as domination and built on Miller and Tilley's two types of power, along with Carole Crumley's theorizing of heterarchy, to create a more inclusive both/and heterarchical model of multiple intersecting types of powers employed both by individuals and by social groups: dominating 'powers over' others, resistant

“Spencer-Wood (1999d:178-0) critiqued the widespread top-down androcentric Weberian view of power only as domination and built on Miller and Tilley's two types of power, along with Carole Crumley's (1987) theorizing of heterarchy, to create a more inclusive both/and heterarchical model of multiple intersecting types of powers employed both by individuals and by social groups: dominating ''powers”

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1999dNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Miller & Tilley, 1984 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Crumley, 1987Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Spencer-Wood's article also advances feminist inclusive both/and theorizing of intersectional power dynamics with her heterarchical framework of multiple interacting powers.

“Spencer-Wood's article also advances feminist inclusive both/and theorizing of intersectional power dynamics with her heterarchical framework of multiple interacting powers.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Flewellen examines how women's clothing was involved in the formation of post-emancipation African-American identities that negotiated intersecting ideologies of femininity.

“Flewellen examines how women's clothing was involved in the formation of post-emancipation African-American identities that negotiated intersecting ideologies of femininity”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Jennifer Trunzo and Maggie Needham present an intersectional analysis of children's material culture from the Augusta, Georgia, Arsenal in the mid-nineteenth century, revealing children's agency in accepting, contesting, or rejecting their parents' socialization efforts, which were shaped by religious, age, and gender ideologies that were, in turn, shaped by regional cultural ideals.

“Jennifer Trunzo and Maggie Needham present an intersectional analysis of children's material culture from the Augusta, Georgia, Arsenal in the mid-nineteenth century, revealing children's agency in accepting, contesting, or rejecting their parents' socialization efforts, which were shaped by religious, age, and gender ideologies that were, in turn, shaped by regional cultural ideals.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

She discusses Archaeology in the Community (AITC), a pioneering urban-based archaeology organization that provides after-school science education in archaeology to marginalized youth who are victims of our unequal education system and would not be exposed to archaeology through their formal educational institutions.

“She discusses Archaeology in the Community (AITC), a pioneering urban-based archaeology organization that provides after-school science education in archaeology to marginalized youth who are victims of our unequal education system and would not be exposed to archaeology through their formal educational institutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Different intersectionality frameworks are involved in research on different interacting social dimensions or identities.

“Different intersectionality frameworks are involved in research on different interacting social dimensions or identities.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

This Introduction has provided an overview of the development of Black feminist intersectionality theory and theorizing and research in historical archaeology about materializations of intersectional identities and powers, which started before intersectionality theory developed but did not use the theory until Franklin (2001a) argued for the new insights to be gained from using Black feminist

“This Introduction to our special issue entitled ''Intersectionality Theory and Research in Historical Archaeology,'' has provided an overview of the development of Black feminist intersectionality theory and theorizing and research in historical archaeology about materializations of intersectional identities and powers, which started before intersectionality theory developed but did not use the”

• cites Franklin, 2001a sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Matthew Reeves and Christopher Pasch's article considers the intersections of gender, race, and generational hierarchies in analyzing how a white widow's plantation house and landscape expressed her generational domination of her son, subverting the norm of male dominance in the gender hierarchy.

“Matthew Reeves and Christopher Pasch's article considers the intersections of gender, race, and generational hierarchies in analyzing how a white widow's plantation house and landscape expressed her generational domination of her son, subverting the norm of male dominance in the gender hierarchy.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Rutecki's article brings to light intercultural identities as a strategy to negotiate Spanish colonial oppressions.

“Rutecki's article brings to light intercultural identities as a strategy to negotiate Spanish colonial oppressions”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

She further analyzes relationships to power situated in intercultural negotiations of intersectional identities which are essential for interpreting the use and meaning of archaeologically recovered cultural materials.

“She further analyzes relationships to power situated in intercultural negotiations of intersectional identities which are essential for interpreting the use and meaning of archaeologically recovered cultural materials.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Vivian May (2014) notes that intersectionality theory effectively acknowledges that multiple historical realities can exist in the same space and it directs research toward uncovering the levels of multivocality that existed in the past in order to bring to the forefront the identities and power dynamics that hegemonic narratives erased and exposes how that hegemony continues to operate today.

“Vivian May (2014) notes that intersectionality theory effectively acknowledges that multiple historical realities can exist in the same space and it directs research toward uncovering the levels of multivocality that existed in the past in order to bring to the forefront the identities and power dynamics that hegemonic narratives erased and exposes how that hegemony continues to operate today.”

• cites May, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Jones's archaeology program empowers African-American youth with knowledge of their history.

“Jones's archaeology program empowers African-American youth with knowledge of their history”

It may state two separate claims as one.

To overcome the 'either/or' approach, scholars began to consider that men and women operate in spaces where there is often significant overlap, cooperation, or complementarity in the roles of women and men, as well as in the social ideals they were expected to follow, despite the ways in which both primary and secondary historical sources may depict past reality as universally conforming to gender

“To overcome the ''either/or'' approach, scholars began to consider that men and women operate in spaces where there is often significant overlap, cooperation, or complementarity in the roles of women and men, as well as in the social ideals they were expected to follow, despite the ways in which both primary and secondary historical sources may depict past reality as universally conforming to”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In short, men were most often the legal and business face of their family, but women were social agents managing their households, including household production and sometimes family businesses or working in public occupations or professions, while also serving as moral guardians and sometimes social reformers in the cultural vanguard by articulating their household and their community in a

“In short, men were most often the legal and business face of their family, but women were social agents managing their households, including household production and sometimes family businesses or working in public occupations or professions, while also serving as moral guardians and sometimes social reformers in the cultural vanguard by articulating their household and their community in a”

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1991bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Spencer-Wood, 2013aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Feminist research corrected the previous androcentric focus solely on 'men's power gardens' with research uncovering historical sources identifying gardens with women's closeness to nature, middle-class and working-class women's kitchen gardens, and the important roles of elite white women in designing ornamental gardens.

“Feminist research corrected the previous androcentric focus solely on ''men's power gardens'' with research uncovering historical sources identifying gardens with women's closeness to nature, middle-class and working-class women's kitchen gardens (Spencer-Wood, 1991a:237;1999c;2003), and the important roles of elite white women in designing ornamental gardens (Metheny et al., 1996;McKee, 1996;We”

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1991aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Metheny et al., 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites McKee, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In addition, two articles use archaeology for publicly visible social justice activism to connect modern marginalized African-American youth, minorities and women with their important histories.

“In addition, two articles use archaeology for publicly visible social justice activism to connect modern marginalized African-American youth, minorities and women with their important histories.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In colonial interactions, Native American women used 'powers with' European men to become cultural brokers as translators, producers of goods for trade, and as traders, while also creating creolized cultures by incorporating European practices and material culture into their mixed-ethnic homes in ways that maintained indigenous culture and practices to some extent.

“In colonial interactions, Native American women used ''powers with'' European men to become cultural brokers as translators, producers of goods for trade, and as traders (Cantwell & Wall, 2011;Holliman, 2005;Jackson, 1994;McEwan, 1991;Nassaney, 2004;Scott, 1991b), while also creating creolized cultures by incorporating European practices and material culture into their mixed-ethnic homes in ways”

• cites Cantwell & Wall, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Holliman, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Jackson, 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Documents revealed the brutal treatment of slaves on neighboring plantations, while archaeological evidence excavated at the Dickens plantation shows how captives exerted their social agency to play music and draw or learn to write despite being held in the oppressed condition of chattel slavery.

“Documents revealed the brutal treatment of slaves on neighboring plantations, while archaeological evidence excavated at the Dickens plantation shows how captives exerted their social agency to play music and draw or learn to write despite being held in the oppressed condition of chattel slavery.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Reeves and Pasch pioneer in researching how generational and racial power dynamics can subvert the patriarchal gender hierarchy.

“Reeves and Pasch pioneer in researching how generational and racial power dynamics can subvert the patriarchal gender hierarchy”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The women's dress and adornment practices are analyzed as aspects of southern Black women's identity formation during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that involved dressing for the types of work they performed and also negotiating intersecting racial, gender, and class ideologies that shaped hegemonic ideas about femininity.

“The women's dress and adornment practices are analyzed as aspects of southern Black women's identity formation during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that involved dressing for the types of work they performed and also negotiating intersecting racial, gender, and class ideologies that shaped hegemonic ideas about femininity.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Theorizing heterarchical power dynamics in interpersonal or intergroup relationships of any kind requires recognizing that there are different types and different scales of power that range from Weberian domination that Miller and Tilley called 'power over' others to what they called 'power to' create change, following Giddens' concept of individual agency.

“Theorizing heterarchical power dynamics in interpersonal or intergroup relationships of any kind requires recognizing that there are different types and different scales of power that range from Weberian domination that Miller and Tilley (1984:5-8) called ''power over'' others to what they called ''power to'' create change, following Giddens' (1984:14-16) concept of individual agency.”

• cites Miller & Tilley, 1984 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Giddens, 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Broughton Anderson's article researches the social agency of an enslaved man who bought his and his family's freedom and the land where they built a home and farmed.

“Broughton Anderson's article researches the social agency of an enslaved man who bought his and his family's freedom and the land where they built a home and farmed.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

She undertakes an activist archaeology for social justice by suggesting the inclusion of more intersectional information to begin to address the under-representation of minorities and women and re-enfranchise marginalized groups of their important histories.

“She undertakes an activist archaeology for social justice by suggesting the inclusion of more intersectional information to begin to address the under-representation of minorities and women and re-enfranchise marginalized groups of their important histories.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Articles in this special issue make significant contributions to advancing intersectionality theorizing and research in historical archaeology.

“Arti-cles in this special issue make significant contributions to advancing intersectionality theorizing and research in historical archaeology.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In mediating between public and private, women were articulating home and community through intricately nuanced ideologies that empowered women as wives, mothers, household managers and producers, and community organizers.

“In mediating between public and private, women were articulating home and community through intricately nuanced ideologies that empowered women as wives, mothers, household managers and producers, and community organizers (Trunzo, forthcoming).”

• cites Trunzo, forthcomingNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The article by Kimberly Kasper, Dwight Fryer, Jamie Evans and Claire Norton analyzes intersections of race, gender and sexual identities and oppressions on southern American plantations.

“The article by Kimberly Kasper, Dwight Fryer, Jamie Evans and Claire Norton analyzes intersections of race, gender and sexual identities and oppressions on southern American plantations.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

AITC leverages unique models of intersectionality that positively impact and resonate with urban, socioeconomically challenged students of color in the Washington, DC metropolitan area.

“AITC leverages unique models of intersectionality that positively impact and resonate with urban, socioeconomically challenged students of color in the Washington, DC metropolitan area.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Trunzo and Needham research the oftenoverlooked social agency of children.

“Trunzo and Needham research the oftenoverlooked social agency of children”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Articles in this issue further use intersectionality theory in research on more intersecting oppressions connected to intersecting roles, identities, relationships and power dynamics experienced by indigenous women and men interacting with Europeans in colonization processes, African-American women and men in slavery and freedom interacting with whites, and white children's social agency in

“Articles in this issue further use intersectionality theory in research on more intersecting oppressions connected to intersecting roles, identities, relationships and power dynamics experienced by (1) indigenous women and men interacting with Europeans in colonization processes, (2) African-American women and men in slavery and freedom interacting with whites, and (3) white children's social”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Rutecki analyzes how Spanish conquistadors and Roman Catholic missionaries in Spanish Texas exerted interacting oppressions that shaped indigenous colonized Caddo racialized identities, gender performances, and religious conversion and adherence.

“Rutecki analyzes how Spanish conquistadors and Roman Catholic missionaries in Spanish Texas exerted interacting oppressions that shaped indigenous colonized Caddo racialized identities, gender performances, and religious conversion and adherence.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In contrast to Crenshaw's finding that Black women are invisible in the intersectionally racist and sexist legal system, Spencer-Wood's research on historical markers in the Detroit area found that minorities and women are labeled as deviant from the social norm, so they can be disregarded, while the unlabeled dominant group of middle-class and elite, white, healthy Anglo-American men are made

“In contrast to Crenshaw's (1989) finding that Black women are invisible in the intersectionally racist and sexist legal system, Spencer-Wood's research on historical markers in the Detroit area found that minorities and women are labeled as deviant from the social norm, so they can be disregarded, while the unlabeled dominant group of middle-class and elite, white, healthy Anglo-American men are”

• cites Crenshaw, 1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Middle-class white women exerted their social agency to restrict men's alcohol consumption, to domesticate mining towns with churches and schools, and to reform society, including schools/classes.

“Middle-class white women exerted their social agency to restrict men's alcohol consumption (Cheney, 1991), to domesticate mining towns with churches and schools (Hardesty, 1994;2010); and to reform society, including schools/classes (Spencer-Wood, 1987c;1991b;1994a;1994b;1996;2002b;2003;2013a;2019;Springate & Christiensen, 2017).”

• cites Cheney, 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hardesty, 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Spencer-Wood, 1987c sourceNot checked — no full text of the source