The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 45 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project
Open accessAbstract
Background Few studies have examined stress reactivity and its relationship to major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among maltreated youth. We examined differences between maltreated and control participants in heart rate and cortisol resting and reactivity levels in response to a psychosocial stressor.Methods We recruited 67 female youths aged 12 to 16 with no prior history of depression from child protection agencies and a control group of 25 youths matched on age and postal code. Child maltreatment was measured with two self-report instruments. Psychiatric status was assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children.Results Piecewise multilevel growth curve analysis was used to model group differences in resting and reactivity cortisol levels and heart rate in response to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). During the resting period, both the maltreated and control groups showed a similar decline in levels of cortisol. During the reactivity phase, youth in the control group showed an increase in cortisol levels following the TSST and a gradual flattening over time; maltreated youth exhibited an attenuated response. This blunted reactivity was not associated with current symptoms of MDD or PTSD. There were no group differences in resting and reactivity levels of heart rate.Conclusions These findings provide further support for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation among maltreated youth. Since the ability to respond to acute stressors by raising cortisol is important for health, these findings may assist in understanding the vulnerability of maltreated youth to experience physical and mental health problems.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In female youths aged 12–16 with no prior depression, childhood maltreatment was associated with a blunted salivary cortisol response to the Trier Social Stress Test, while heart rate responses did not differ from controls. The blunted cortisol reactivity was not explained by current MDD or PTSD symptoms.
Key findings
- Maltreated youth showed an attenuated cortisol response to the TSST: controls increased cortisol after the stressor and then flattened, whereas maltreated youth did not show an increase or gradual flattening.
- There were no group differences in resting cortisol decline or in resting/reactivity heart rate.
- The blunted cortisol response was not associated with current MDD or PTSD symptoms; excluding cases meeting criteria for current MDD and/or PTSD produced the same results, and reactivity × MDD and reactivity × PTSD interaction terms were not statistically significant.
- In a reduced sample excluding 12 participants on oral contraceptives, the blunted response persisted: maltreated × reactivity β = −.233 (.067), p < .001; maltreated × reactivity² β = .026 (.08), p < .01.
Methods
- Recruited 67 female youths aged 12–16 with no prior history of depression from child protection agencies and 25 control youths matched on age and postal code; maltreatment was measured with the CEVQ and CTQ, and psychiatric status with the K-SADS-E.
- Participants underwent the TSST, with heart rate and saliva samples collected at −45, −25, −5, +20, +40, and +60 minutes; cortisol was assayed by enzyme immunoassay.
- Piecewise multilevel growth curve modeling in MLwiN examined resting and reactivity trajectories, with covariates including SES, Tanner pubertal stage, and current MDD/PTSD symptoms.
Limitations
- The paper states that almost all maltreated participants had experienced neglect, precluding comparison of abuse versus neglect; only female youth were recruited, so male stress reactivity cannot be addressed; and psychiatric status ideally would have used multiple informants, but many maltreated youths were in foster care and only one third had a biological parent at home.
- The paper also states that maternal prenatal stress could not be obtained, so prenatal programming could not be controlled; because of domestic violence exposure and high poverty in the sample, mothers of maltreated youth may have had greater prenatal stress.
- Evident from the text: the control group was small (n = 25), and ACTH could not be measured because only salivary samples were permitted under the agreement with participating child protection agencies.
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Claims the paper makes
31 Not checked yet · 18 Own result · 8 Own method · 2 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“maltreated youth exhibited an attenuated response.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Differences in slopes between the maltreated and control group are evident during the reactivity phase.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“We found a blunted cortisol response (but no difference in heart rate response) to a psychosocial stressor among maltreated female youth even after controlling for SES and Tanner pubertal staging, as well as current symptoms of MDD and PTSD.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also examined the stress ratings as main effects and interaction terms; this did not alter our findings.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This blunted reactivity was not associated with current symptoms of MDD or PTSD.”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“The results remained the same, suggesting that the blunted response evident among the maltreated youth was not due to the presence of PTSD or MDD symptoms.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-report ratings of stress regarding participation in the TSST showed that the majority of both control and maltreated participants experienced stress with this task.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the resting period of the assessment, there was an average decrease of .108 nmol/L in log cortisol per 10-minute interval (model 1, resting).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no group differences in resting and reactivity levels of heart rate.”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“The results from these analyses indicated that there were no group differences in resting and reactivity levels.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inclusion of these covariates in the model did not alter the magnitude of the group differences in reactivity.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the beta coefficients (and standard errors) in this reduced sample for the interaction terms, maltreated × reactivity and maltreated × reactivity2, are β = −.233 (.067), p < .001 and β= .026 (.08), p < .01, respectively, both of which are comparable with the estimates obtained on the full sample (Table 3, model 2).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relative to the control group, youth exposed to maltreatment do not have elevated levels of cortisol at baseline.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the resting period, both the maltreated and control groups showed a similar decline in levels of cortisol.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“During the resting period, both the maltreated and control group show a similar decline in levels of cortisol: the interaction term group × resting level does not reach statistical significance.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of control and maltreated participants who rated the TSST as at least “sort of stressful” (76.0% vs. 68.1%; Fisher’s exact test; p = .8) or as at least “stressful” (40% vs. 44%; Fisher’s exact test; p = .6), respectively.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also included two interaction terms to test for differences in slopes during the reactivity period for those who had current symptoms of MDD or PTSD and those who did not (reactivity × MDD; reactivity × PTSD). The interaction terms were not statistically significant, suggesting that the slopes were parallel for those who had symptoms and those who did not.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both groups showed a general decline in HR during the resting period, an increase following the TSST, and a gradual flattening over time.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the reactivity phase, youth in the control group showed an increase in cortisol levels following the TSST and a gradual flattening over time; maltreated youth exhibited an attenuated response.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Youth in the control group show an increase in levels of cortisol following the TSST and a gradual flattening over time, while maltreated youth do not show an increase in levels of cortisol, nor do they have a gradual flattening of response.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We redid our analyses excluding all 12 participants on oral contraceptives. We continued to find a blunted response to the TSST among the maltreated group and no evidence of a flattening of response over time.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To further examine the association between cortisol reactivity and current symptoms of MDD and PTSD, we reanalyzed our data excluding all cases who met the criteria for current MDD and/or PTSD symptoms. The results remained the same, suggesting that the blunted response evident among the maltreated youth was not due to the presence of PTSD or MDD symptoms.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In model 1, at 5 minutes before the introduction of the TSST, the predicted mean value of the log cortisol is 1.055 nmol/L (model 1, intercept).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following the TSST, levels of cortisol initially increased by an average of .116 nmol/L per 10-minute interval, but the increase was gradually reduced by an average of .004 per 10-minute intervals (2 × −.002).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
In the paper
“The clinical relevance of the blunted cortisol response in this group of maltreated youth is not clear but may put them at risk for impairment in both physical and emotional health; the ability to respond to acute stressors by raising cortisol is important for health (40).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Cicchetti, 2001, The impact of child maltreatment and psychopathology on neuroendocrine functioning, Dev Psychopathol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
In the paper
“since HPA responsiveness to stress is affected by menstrual cycle phase (25).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Methods and Materials > Measures and Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Kirschbaum, 1999, Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, Psychosom Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The TSST has been found to reliably induce psychological and endocrine stress responses in different populations of adults, children, and youth (27,28).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Methods and Materials > Measures and Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Kirschbaum, 1993, The “Trier Social Stress Test”—a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting, Neuropsychobiology source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Buske-Kirschbaum, 1997, Attenuated free cortisol response to psychosocial stress in children with atopic dermatitis, Psychosom Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“the ability to respond to acute stressors by raising cortisol is important for health (40).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Cicchetti, 2001, The impact of child maltreatment and psychopathology on neuroendocrine functioning, Dev Psychopathol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Peak cortisol concentrations are reliably found 10 minutes after stress termination in this protocol (28).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Methods and Materials > Measures and Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Buske-Kirschbaum, 1997, Attenuated free cortisol response to psychosocial stress in children with atopic dermatitis, Psychosom Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our results suggest that the blunted cortisol response is related to the exposure to maltreatment and not the presence of internalizing symptoms, an important finding in view of the evidence for the association between internalizing problems and increased basal cortisol levels among maltreated children (15,40).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a strong association with maltreatment, especially among female individuals (4,6,7).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] MacMillan, 2001, Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Kaufman, 2001, Effects of early stress on brain structure and function: Implications for understanding the relationship between child maltreatment and depression, Dev Psychopathol source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Weiss, 1999, Childhood sexual abuse as a risk factor for depression in women: Psychosocial and neurobiological correlates, Am J Psychiatry source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Growth curve models are better than repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), which has traditionally been used to analyze cortisol data, because the former do not require complete data for every participant or that observations be equally spaced in time (31).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Methods and Materials > Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Hruschka, 2005, Estimating between- and within-individual variation in cortisol levels using multilevel models, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is now well recognized that exposure to child maltreatment, which includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and neglect, is associated with psychiatric impairment in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (1–5).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Anda, 2006, The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology, Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Cahill, 1999, Developmental, cognitive, and behavioral sequelae of child abuse, Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Kaplan, 1999, Child and adolescent abuse and neglect research: A review of the past 10 years, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [4] MacMillan, 2001, Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Margolin, 2000, The effects of family and community violence on children, Annu Rev Psychol source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There were no differences in cortisol secretion, but depressed, abused youth who were continuing to experience chronic adversity showed increased ACTH secretion.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Kaufman, 1997, The corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge in depressed abused, depressed nonabused, and normal control children, Biol Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tarullo and Gunnar (15) point to the fact that normally developing children manifest an increase in basal cortisol levels from childhood to adolescence related to pubertal status.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Tarullo, 2006, Child maltreatment and the developing HPA axis, Horm Behav source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These authors also comment that most investigations of maltreated children have examined basal cortisol, while studies involving adult participants have focused on stress reactivity.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Tarullo, 2006, Child maltreatment and the developing HPA axis, Horm Behav source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In their study of adolescents, Murali and Chen (34) found gender differences in physiological measures; male youth had increased diastolic blood pressure reactivity but reduced cortisol reactivity compared with female youth.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Murali, 2005, Exposure to violence and cardiovascular and neuroendocrine measures in adolescents, Ann Behav Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Child maltreatment was measured with two self-report instruments.”
- Also stated in: § Measures and Procedures · plain
“At the initial home visit by a public health nurse, youths self-completed demographic questions, the Childhood Experiences of Violence Questionnaire (CEVQ) (18,19), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) (20,21), and the Tanner scale (22–24) (see Supplement 1 for information about the psychometric properties of these instruments).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Abstract > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Walsh, 2008, Measurement of victimization in adolescence: Development and validation of the Childhood Experiences of Violence Questionnaire, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Wekerle, 2006
- Not checked yetcites [20] Bernstein, 1998
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Measures and Procedures · plain
In the paper
“A study of school children in Quebec varying in age from 6 to 10 years shows that children of low SES have significantly higher salivary cortisol levels than those with high SES, with the largest differences becoming apparent at about age 10 (39).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Lupien, 2000, Child's stress hormone levels correlate with mother's socioeconomic status and depressive state, Biol Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Unlike ACTH, maximum cortisol concentrations were not related to adult trauma or an interaction with adult trauma and child abuse; rather, severity of daily hassles over the past month was negatively associated with cortisol (11).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Heim, 2002, The role of early adverse experience and adulthood stress in the prediction of neuroendocrine stress reactivity in women: A multiple regression analysis, Depress Anxiety source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of note, however, in a sample of children (average age 9 years) attending a summer camp, those with a history of maltreatment and comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems of a clinical level were more likely not to show the typical diurnal decrease in cortisol compared with maltreated youth without such comorbidity (40).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Cicchetti, 2001, The impact of child maltreatment and psychopathology on neuroendocrine functioning, Dev Psychopathol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both studies provide important information about HPA responses to CRH but had limited numbers of maltreated youths in the sample.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] De Bellis, 1994, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls, J Clin Endocrinol Metab
- Not checked yetcites [17] Kaufman, 1997, The corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge in depressed abused, depressed nonabused, and normal control children, Biol Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“De Bellis et al. (8) showed that girls with a past history of sexual abuse and higher rates of dysthymia manifested decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) response to CRH but no differences in cortisol secretion compared with a control group.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] De Bellis, 1994, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls, J Clin Endocrinol Metab
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found no significant associations between stress appraisal of the laboratory task and the exposure to violence.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Murali, 2005, Exposure to violence and cardiovascular and neuroendocrine measures in adolescents, Ann Behav Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“an important finding in view of the evidence for the association between internalizing problems and increased basal cortisol levels among maltreated children (15,40).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were also asked to refrain from eating, drinking, and smoking for at least 2 hours prior to their visit.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Methods and Materials > Measures and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three growth models were developed, after controlling for time of day.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Methods and Materials > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“All appointments were scheduled during the late afternoon (16:00 to 19:00 hours) because cortisol levels show only small spontaneous fluctuations during this time (26).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Methods and Materials > Measures and Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Weitzman, 1971, Twenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The intra-assay coefficients of variation for cortisol were 8.3% for a low-concentration sample and 6.9% for a high-concentration sample. The interassay coefficient of variation was 10.6% across 10 individual runs.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Methods and Materials > Cortisol Assays
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
In the paper
“The first clinic visit was scheduled to coincide with days 6 to 10 of the youth’s menstrual cycle, since HPA responsiveness to stress is affected by menstrual cycle phase (25).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Methods and Materials > Measures and Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Kirschbaum, 1999, Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, Psychosom Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We redid our analyses excluding all 12 participants on oral contraceptives.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
plainn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Psychiatric status was assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children.”
- Also stated in: § Measures and Procedures · plain
“Following the TSST, a trained clinician administered the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children-Epidemiologic Version 5 (K-SADS-E) (29).”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Abstract > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Orvaschel, 1994
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Measures and Procedures · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In model 3, individual level covariates, specifically SES, Tanner pubertal stage, current MDD symptoms, and current PTSD symptoms, were included to examine whether group differences remained after taking into account these potentially confounding variables.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Methods and Materials > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also examined the stress ratings as main effects and interaction terms; this did not alter our findings.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two members of the research team and two clinical researchers independently adjudicated the summaries for eligibility and to determine abuse exposures and severity.”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Methods and Materials > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Salivary cortisol concentrations reflect the level of unbound cortisol.
“Salivary cortisol concentrations, reflecting the level of unbound cortisol, were determined by enzyme immunoassay (Salimetrics, State College, Pennsylvania).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The pre-TSST period measures resting cortisol and the post-TSST period measures cortisol reactivity.
“The time prior to the TSST was conceptualized as a resting measure of cortisol, while the post-TSST period was considered cortisol reactivity.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Dysregulated cortisol responses are detectable in adolescents with a history of child abuse (138) and exposure to childhood violence (139).”
From Childhood Trauma, the HPA Axis and Psychiatric Illnesses: A Targeted Literature Synthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [138]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While some studies report hyperactivation of the HPA axis in response to stress (3) others report hypoactivation (138, 140).”
From Childhood Trauma, the HPA Axis and Psychiatric Illnesses: A Targeted Literature Synthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [138]
In the citing paper
“The effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACE; e.g. physical, psychological, or environmental threats to stable and functional development) on drug dependence (Benjet et al., 2013; Enoch, 2011; Mersky et al., 2013) and HPA axis function are also salient (Carpenter et al., 2011; Heim et al., 2002; MacMillan et al., 2009).”
From Effects of adverse childhood experiences on the association between intranasal oxytocin and social stress reactivity among individuals with cocaine dependence (2015) · cites this paper as MacMillan et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“β= .026 (.08), p < .01”
§ Cortisol Response to Stress in Female Youths Exposed to Childhood Maltreatment: Results of the Youth Mood Project > Results
Reported 0.01 · recomputed 0.325
Citations
Cites
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ResultTwenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects
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Metadata
- Authors
- MacMillan, H. L., Georgiades, K., Duku, E. K., Shea, A., Steiner, M., Niec, A., Tanaka, M., Gensey, S., Spree, S., Vella, E., Walsh, C. A., De Bellis, M. D., Van der Meulen, J., Boyle, M. H., & Schmidt, L. A.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- McMaster Children's Hospital (CA)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- MacMillan, Harriet L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 62-68
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3816014
- OpenAlex
- W2011971945
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 16.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K24MH071434)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- child abuse, cortisol response, HPA axis dysregulation, psychosocial stress, Trier Social Stress Test, heart rate, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, adolescent girls
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Child, Child Abuse, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Case-Control Studies
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