Active inference as a theory of sentient behavior
Open accessAbstract
This review paper offers an overview of the history and future of active inference-a unifying perspective on action and perception. Active inference is based upon the idea that sentient behavior depends upon our brains' implicit use of internal models to predict, infer, and direct action. Our focus is upon the conceptual roots and development of this theory of (basic) sentience and does not follow a rigid chronological narrative. We trace the evolution from Helmholtzian ideas on unconscious inference, through to a contemporary understanding of action and perception. In doing so, we touch upon related perspectives, the neural underpinnings of active inference, and the opportunities for future development. Key steps in this development include the formulation of predictive coding models and related theories of neuronal message passing, the use of sequential models for planning and policy optimization, and the importance of hierarchical (temporally) deep internal (i.e., generative or world) models. Active inference has been used to account for aspects of anatomy and neurophysiology, to offer theories of psychopathology in terms of aberrant precision control, and to unify extant psychological theories. We anticipate further development in all these areas and note the exciting early work applying active inference beyond neuroscience. This suggests a future not just in biology, but in robotics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence.
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Friston and colleagues' active inference formalism is missing a realistic physical implementation in the brain.
“Friston and colleagues have developed an impressive general “active inference” formalism for path-integral-style optimization of behavior and learning (Pezzulo et al. 2024), but it is missing a realistic physical implementation in the brain.”
From A quantum microtubule substrate of consciousness is experimentally supported and solves the binding and epiphenomenalism problems (2025) · cites this paper as Pezzulo et al. 2024
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Wiest, M. C. (2025) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niaf011 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Friston and colleagues have developed an impressive general “active inference” formalism for path-integral-style optimization of behavior and learning (Pezzulo et al. 2024), but it is missing a realistic physical implementation in the brain.”
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- Authors
- Pezzulo, G., Parr, T., & Friston, K.
- Affiliations
- National Research Council (IT)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pezzulo, Giovanni
- Venue
- Biological Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-02
- Volume
- 186
- Pages
- 108741
- ISSN
- 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4390562274
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 6.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biological Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2023-13-013)
- H2020 European Research Council (820213)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- active inference, sentience, perception and action, internal models, predictive coding, hierarchical generative models, precision control, psychopathology, artificial intelligence
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Intelligence, Brain, Humans
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