Hierarchical process memory: memory as an integral component of information processing
Open accessAbstract
Models of working memory (WM) commonly focus on how information is encoded into and retrieved from storage at specific moments. However, in the majority of real-life processes, past information is used continuously to process incoming information across multiple timescales. Considering single-unit, electrocorticography, and functional imaging data, we argue that (i) virtually all cortical circuits can accumulate information over time, and (ii) the timescales of accumulation vary hierarchically, from early sensory areas with short processing timescales (10s to 100s of milliseconds) to higher-order areas with long processing timescales (many seconds to minutes). In this hierarchical systems perspective, memory is not restricted to a few localized stores, but is intrinsic to information processing that unfolds throughout the brain on multiple timescales.
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The brain constructs simulations (as concepts) across many different timescales.
“As a prediction generator, the brain is constructing simulations (as concepts) across many different timescales (i.e. integrating information across the few moments that constitute an event, but also across longer time frames at various scales; for similar ideas, see Wilson et al., 2010; Hasson et al., 2015).”
From The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization (2016) · cites this paper as Hasson et al., 2015
The Abstract and “A method for mapping processing timescales” describe the brain integrating information across a hierarchy of timescales, from moments to minutes. That supports the cited comparison to a similar multiscale idea, but these passages do not describe the brain constructing simulations as concepts. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCortical processing timescales increase along a hierarchy from early sensory regions (tens of milliseconds) to high-order regions (hundreds of seconds).
“Processing timescales increase from tens of milliseconds in early sensory regions (e.g. for detecting phonemes in early auditory areas), to a few seconds in mid-level sensory areas (e.g. for integrating words into sentences), up to hundreds of seconds in regions including the temporoparietal junction, angular gyrus, and posterior and frontal medial cortex”
From Discovering Event Structure in Continuous Narrative Perception and Memory (2017) · cites this paper as Hasson, Chen, & Honey, 2015
The topography of event timescales is broadly consistent with previous work measuring sensitivity to temporal scrambling.
“This topography of event timescales is broadly consistent with that found in previous work (Hasson et al., 2015) measuring sensitivity to temporal scrambling of a movie stimulus”
From Discovering Event Structure in Continuous Narrative Perception and Memory (2017) · cites this paper as Hasson et al., 2015
The topography of event timescales provides converging evidence for the process memory framework.
“The topography of event timescales revealed by our analysis provides converging evidence for an emerging view of how information is processed during real-life experience (Hasson et al., 2015).”
From Discovering Event Structure in Continuous Narrative Perception and Memory (2017) · cites this paper as Hasson et al., 2015
The process memory framework argues that perceptual stimuli are integrated across longer and longer timescales along a hierarchy from early sensory regions to default mode network regions.
“The “process memory framework” argues that perceptual stimuli are integrated across longer and longer timescales along a hierarchy from early sensory regions to regions in the default mode network.”
From Discovering Event Structure in Continuous Narrative Perception and Memory (2017) · cites this paper as Hasson et al., 2015
These posterior medial network regions can integrate information over long timescales on the order of minutes.
“This proposal is consistent with data showing that these regions are capable of integrating information across long time scales on the order of minutes [33] – an important prerequisite for constructing models of events that unfold at this time scale.”
From Does mental context drift or shift? (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
At the apex of the processing hierarchy, the default mode network's neural response to each sentence is influenced by prior information accumulated over many minutes.
“At the apex of the processing hierarchy, the neural response of the DMN to each sentence is influenced by prior information accumulated over many minutes15,20,21,23.”
From The default mode network: where the idiosyncratic self meets the shared social world (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
Because the DMN integrates information from multiple pathways, as stimulus information travels up the cortical hierarchy of timescales during encoding, a form of compression takes place.
“Because the DMN integrates information from multiple pathways (Binder and Desai 2011; Margulies et al. 2016), we propose that, as stimulus information travels up the cortical hierarchy of timescales during encoding, from low-level sensory areas up to high-level areas, a form of compression takes place (Hasson et al. 2015).”
From How We Transmit Memories to Other Brains: Constructing Shared Neural Representations Via Communication (2017) · cites this paper as Hasson et al. 2015
The topographical hierarchy of processing timescales along the cortical surface has been supported and replicated across methodologies.
“The topographical hierarchy of processing timescales along the cortical surface (2) has been supported and replicated across methodologies, including single-unit analysis (4), electrocorticography analysis (7), fMRI analysis (5, 6, 25), magnetoencephalography analysis (1), computational models (3), and resting state functional connectivity (30, 31).”
From Amplification of local changes along the timescale processing hierarchy (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Scrambling the order of words decreased the reliability of responses in areas with middle to long processing timescales.
“In agreement with prior results (2), scrambling the order of words decreased the reliability of responses in areas with middle to long processing timescales”
From Amplification of local changes along the timescale processing hierarchy (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Humans operate an online mechanism for accumulating information and integrating it into a broader contextual memory, which is changed and updated as the story unfolds.
“Rather, humans operate an online mechanism for accumulating information and integrating it into a broader contextual memory, which is changed and updated as the story unfolds17,18.”
From Incremental accumulation of linguistic context in artificial and biological neural networks (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Areas along the default mode network (DMN) can integrate paragraphs into a coherent narrative by integrating information accumulated over hundreds of seconds as the story unfolds.
“Finally, areas along the default mode network (DMN), located at the top of the temporal integration hierarchy, can integrate the paragraphs into a coherent narrative by integrating information accumulated over hundreds of seconds as the story unfolds, with relevant past information stored in long-term memories (Fig. 1a)18–20.”
From Incremental accumulation of linguistic context in artificial and biological neural networks (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Higher-level DMN regions may accumulate activated elements and hold the emerging simulation online, while iterative interactions with schemas refine the simulation.
“it may be that higher-level DMN regions (e.g., angular gyrus, posterior cingulate) accumulate activated elements and hold the emerging simulation online, while iterative interactions with schemas serve to refine the simulation.”
From Mental Time Travel? A Neurocognitive Model of Event Simulation. (2020) · cites this paper as Hasson et al., 2015
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Temporal scaling of neural responses to compressed and dilated natural speech
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Effects of Speaking Rate on Temporal Patterns of English
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The Cortical Distribution of Sensory Memories
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Common principles of image acquisition systems and biological vision
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Computational and Robotic Models of the Hierarchical Organization of Behavior
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Episodic memory, semantic memory, and amnesia
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The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization
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“My hypothesis is that these ‘visceromotor’ regions of the brain that are responsible for implementing allostasis, and that are usually assigned an emotional function, are ‘driving’ the perception signals, i.e. the ‘concepts’, that constitute the brain’s internal model, in conjunction with the hippocampus (e.g. see Dav…”
InfluentialDiscovering Event Structure in Continuous Narrative Perception and Memory
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The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization
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“…that are responsible for implementing allostasis, and that are usually assigned an emotional function, are ‘driving’ the perception signals, i.e. the ‘concepts’, that constitute the brain’s internal model, in conjunction with the hippocampus (e.g. see Davachi and DuBrow, 2015; Hasson et al., 2015).”
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- Authors
- Hasson, U., Chen, J., & Honey, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hasson, Uri
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 304-313
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4457571
- OpenAlex
- W1507893557
- Cited by
- 749
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 4.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH094480)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- working memory, hierarchical memory, information accumulation, time scales, cortical circuits, sensory processing, single-unit recording, electrocorticography, functional imaging
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Humans, Mental Processes, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Time Factors
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