A duet for one.
Open accessAbstract
This paper considers communication in terms of inference about the behaviour of others (and our own behaviour). It is based on the premise that our sensations are largely generated by other agents like ourselves. This means, we are trying to infer how our sensations are caused by others, while they are trying to infer our behaviour: for example, in the dialogue between two speakers. We suggest that the infinite regress induced by modelling another agent - who is modelling you - can be finessed if you both possess the same model. In other words, the sensations caused by others and oneself are generated by the same process. This leads to a view of communication based upon a narrative that is shared by agents who are exchanging sensory signals. Crucially, this narrative transcends agency - and simply involves intermittently attending to and attenuating sensory input. Attending to sensations enables the shared narrative to predict the sensations generated by another (i.e. to listen), while attenuating sensory input enables one to articulate the narrative (i.e. to speak). This produces a reciprocal exchange of sensory signals that, formally, induces a generalised synchrony between internal (neuronal) brain states generating predictions in both agents. We develop the arguments behind this perspective, using an active (Bayesian) inference framework and offer some simulations (of birdsong) as proof of principle.
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Using the same models to explain our own behavior and the observed consequences of another's behavior brings an extra inference problem: the attribution of agency.
“This brings with it an extra inference problem; namely, the attribution of agency. In other words, if we use the same models to explain our own behavior and the observed consequences of another’s behavior, then we also have to carefully infer agency (in order to appropriately attenuate proprioceptive precision and preclude echopraxia, Friston and Frith, 2015).”
From 'Seeing the Dark': Grounding Phenomenal Transparency and Opacity in Precision Estimation for Active Inference (2018) · cites this paper as Friston and Frith, 2015
The Conclusion says the same generative models can be used to infer one’s own behaviour and another’s, while the Summary treats agency as a contextual factor determined by sensory attenuation and proprioceptive precision. This supports the claimed need to distinguish the source of behaviour. The cited paper does not, in the passages found, connect that inference to preventing echopraxia; its Conclusion also says the orchestration of precision in communication was not dealt with there. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Collective music listening: Movement energy is enhanced by groove and visual social cues
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Generative models, linguistic communication and active inference
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Self-citationActive inference as a theory of sentient behavior
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Self-citationEmbodiment and Schizophrenia: A Review of Implications and Applications
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Self-citationFree-energy minimization in joint agent-environment systems: A niche construction perspective
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Self-citationA Kuramoto model of self-other integration across interpersonal synchronization strategies
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Representation Wars: Enacting an Armistice Through Active Inference
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Self-citationA World Unto Itself: Human Communication as Active Inference
Vasil, J., Badcock, P. B., Constant, A., Friston, K. J., & Ramstead, M. J. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00417 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citation“Surprise” and the Bayesian Brain: Implications for Psychotherapy Theory and Practice
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Synchronous caregiving from birth to adulthood tunes humans’ social brain
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A free energy principle for generic quantum systems
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Self-citationEmotion Perception as Conceptual Synchrony
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‘I Interact Therefore I Am’: The Self as a Historical Product of Dialectical Attunement
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Interpersonal similarity of autistic traits predicts friendship quality
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A hierarchical model for interpersonal verbal communication
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The Neural Representation of Prospective Choice during Spatial Planning and Decisions
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Self-citationDifferential brain-to-brain entrainment while speaking and listening in native and foreign languages
Pérez, A., Dumas, G., Karadag, M., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.11.026 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Predictive joint-action model: A hierarchical predictive approach to human cooperation
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Schilbach, L., & Redcay, E. (2025) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-080123-101149 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Therapeutic Alliance as Active Inference: The Role of Therapeutic Touch and Synchrony
McParlin, Z., Cerritelli, F., Friston, K. J., & Esteves, J. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.783694 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat can we learn from a two-brain approach to verbal interaction?
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A unified model of ketamine’s dissociative and psychedelic properties
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Immunoceptive inference: why are psychiatric disorders and immune responses intertwined?
Bhat, A., Parr, T., Ramstead, M. J. D., & Friston, K. J. (2021) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-021-09801-6 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationOxytocin improves synchronisation in leader-follower interaction
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Active Inference and Auditory Hallucinations
Benrimoh, D. A., Parr, T., Vincent, P., Adams, R. A., & Friston, K. J. (2018) · Computational Psychiatry · doi:10.1162/cpsy_a_00022 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationHierarchical Bayesian models of delusion
Williams, D. (2018) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2018.03.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Stochastic Chaos and Markov Blankets
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Self-citationExplaining Delusions: Reducing Uncertainty Through Basic and Computational Neuroscience
Feeney, E. J., Groman, S. M., Taylor, J. R., & Corlett, P. R. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw194 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A neuro-cognitive process model of emotional intelligence
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The emergence of synchrony in networks of mutually inferring neurons
Palacios, E. R., Isomura, T., Parr, T., & Friston, K. J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42821-7 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationRelational neuroscience: Insights from hyperscanning research
Felice, S. D., Chand, T., Croy, I., Engert, V., Goldstein, P., Holroyd, C. B., Kirsch, P., Krach, S., Ma, Y., Scheele, D., et al. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105979 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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Trust as Extended Control: Human-Machine Interactions as Active Inference
Schoeller, F., Miller, M. M., Salomon, R., & Friston, K. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2021.669810 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationThe perceptual and social components of metacognition.
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Into the dark room: a predictive processing account of major depressive disorder
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SPM 25: open source neuroimaging analysis software
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Self-citationComparative connectomics of the primate social brain
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Model-Based Approaches to Active Perception and Control
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Preventing antisocial robots: A pathway to artificial empathy
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Designing ecosystems of intelligence from first principles
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Self-citationSeven computations of the social brain
Molapour, T., Hagan, C. C., Silston, B., Wu, H., Ramstead, M. J. D., Friston, K. J., & Mobbs, D. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab024 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citation“I” and “Me”: The Self in the Context of Consciousness
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An Investigation of the Free Energy Principle for Emotion Recognition
Demekas, D., Parr, T., & Friston, K. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2020.00030 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationPianzola, F., Riva, G., Kukkonen, K., & Mantovani, F. (2021) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.13193.2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Collective memory shapes the organization of individual memories in the medial prefrontal cortex
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From relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) to revised beliefs after psychedelics (REBAS)
Zeifman, R. J., Spriggs, M. J., Kettner, H., Lyons, T., Rosas, F. E., Mediano, P. A. M., Erritzøe, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28111-3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The role of interaction and predictability in the spontaneous entrainment of movement.
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Bayesian Filtering with Multiple Internal Models: Toward a Theory of Social Intelligence
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Self-citationDynamic mutual predictions during social learning: A computational and interbrain model
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Developmental Contributions to Emotional Awareness
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Modelling Me, Modelling You: the Autistic Self
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Active inference leads to Bayesian neurophysiology
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Attending to and neglecting people: bridging neuroscience, psychology and sociology
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Avoiding Accidents at the Champagne Reception
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Directed coupling in multi-brain networks underlies generalized synchrony during social exchange
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Self-citationAn Active Inference Model of Collective Intelligence
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Collective dynamics support group drumming, reduce variability, and stabilize tempo drift
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Delusions and Prediction Error
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A Variational Approach to Scripts
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Neural substrates for sharing intention in action during face-to-face imitation
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- Authors
- Friston, K., & Frith, C.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Friston, Karl
- ORCID
- Friston, Karl
- Venue
- Consciousness and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-11
- Volume
- 36
- Pages
- 390-405
- ISSN
- 1053-8100 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4553904
- OpenAlex
- W2024149692
- Cited by
- 359
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 16.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Consciousness and Cognition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (091593, 088130)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- communication, joint action, shared narratives, Bayesian inference, infinite regress, shared models, sensory prediction, attention, attenuation, bird song, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Attention, Communication, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Perception, Sensation, Thinking, Theory of Mind
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