Older adults improve on everyday tasks after working memory training and neurostimulation
Open accessAbstract
Background Aging is associated with decline in executive function (EF), upper-level cognitive abilities such as planning, problem solving, and working memory (WM). This decline is associated with age-related volume loss and reduced functional connectivity in the frontal lobes. Cognitive training interventions aim to counter these losses, but often fail to elicit benefits beyond improvements on trained tasks. Recent interventions pairing WM training with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have improved WM and elicited transfer to untrained EF tasks. Limitations in previous work include exclusive use of laboratory-based computer training and testing and poor characterization of the mechanism(s) of durable tDCS-linked change. Objective/hypothesis To determine if tDCS-linked WM training improves performance on ecologically valid transfer measures administered in participants' homes. To explore intervention-based changes using neuroimaging (fNIRS) and genotyping (COMT val158met). Methods 90 healthy older adult participants completed 5 sessions of WM training paired with tDCS (Sham, 1 mA tDCS, 2 mA tDCS; 15 min). At follow-up, we assessed performance change on laboratory-based and ecologically valid tasks. Results All participants showed improvement on trained tasks. Importantly, 2 mA of tDCS induced significantly greater far transfer gains after 1 month without contact. Gains were observed on standard far transfer tasks along with ecologically valid far transfer tasks, and stimulation was well tolerated by all participants. FNIRS and genotyping results were less conclusive, but provide promising avenues for future research initiatives. Conclusion These findings highlight the translational value for tDCS-based interventions in healthy older adults interested in maintaining cognitive function.
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Prior evidence shows enhanced cognitive performance in domains of working memory and episodic memory and evidence of transfer effects following active stimulation with cognitive training in older adults.
“This is surprising given prior evidence of enhanced cognitive performance in domains of working memory and episodic memory and evidence of transfer effects following active stimulation with cognitive training in older adults [33–36, 46, 47].”
From Primary outcome from the augmenting cognitive training in older adults study (ACT): A tDCS and cognitive training randomized clinical trial (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that older adults improved on trained working-memory tasks and that the active 2 mA stimulation group performed better on far-transfer tasks. The Study Design describes working-memory and transfer measures, but our copy does not report an episodic-memory benefit. It also says trained-task improvement occurred regardless of stimulation group. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a sample of 90 healthy older adults, individuals who received 2mA of stimulation combined with working memory training improved on working memory, processing speed, cognitive flexibility, arithmetic, and functional tasks after one month without contact.
“For instance, in a sample of 90 healthy older adults, individuals who received 2mA of stimulation combined with working memory training improved on working memory, processing speed, cognitive flexibility, arithmetic, and functional tasks after one month without contact [35].”
From Primary outcome from the augmenting cognitive training in older adults study (ACT): A tDCS and cognitive training randomized clinical trial (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCombining tDCS with cognitive training has demonstrated additive effects on cognitive and functional abilities in younger and older adults.
“Combining tDCS with cognitive training has demonstrated additive effects on cognitive and functional abilities in younger [30–32] and older adults [33–36].”
From Primary outcome from the augmenting cognitive training in older adults study (ACT): A tDCS and cognitive training randomized clinical trial (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
In a separate study, those who received active tDCS demonstrated greater gains on far transfer and functional tasks (e.g., scheduling an appointment).
“In a separate study, those who received active tDCS demonstrated greater gains on far transfer and functional tasks (e.g., scheduling an appointment) [35].”
From Primary outcome from the augmenting cognitive training in older adults study (ACT): A tDCS and cognitive training randomized clinical trial (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Stephens, J. A., & Berryhill, M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stephens, Jaclyn A.
- Venue
- Brain Stimulation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 553-559
- ISSN
- 1876-4754 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-861X
- PMC
- PMC4957521
- OpenAlex
- W2336883359
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 6.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain stimulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- NEI (R15EY022775)
- NIGMS IDeA (1P20GM103650)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- working memory training, transcranial direct current stimulation, older adults, executive function, far transfer, cognitive aging, cognitive training, COMT Val158Met, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, home-based assessment, frontal lobe
- MeSH terms
- Cognitive Remediation, Aged, Aging, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Genotype, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Healthy Volunteers, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
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