The DOI matches its Crossref record; 127 of the 130 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 118 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions
Open accessAbstract
Research examining nonpharmacological interventions for adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has expanded in recent years and provides patients with more treatment options. Mindfulness-based training is an example of an intervention that is gaining promising preliminary empirical support and is increasingly administered in clinical settings. The aim of this review is to provide a rationale for the application of mindfulness to individuals diagnosed with ADHD, describe the current state of the empirical basis for mindfulness training in ADHD, and summarize a treatment approach specific to adults diagnosed with ADHD: the Mindful Awareness Practices (MAPs) for ADHD Program. Two case study examples are provided to demonstrate relevant clinical issues for practitioners interested in this approach. Directions for future research, including mindfulness meditation as a standalone treatment and as a complementary approach to cognitive-behavioral therapy, are provided.
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Claims the paper makes
87 Not checked yet · 23 Own interpretation · 4 Own result · 2 No basis given · 1 Own method
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The change in ADHD symptom severity scores for Patient #2 is greater than 30% symptom reduction criterion used in treatment outcome studies to classify treatment responders (e.g., Safren et al., 2010; Solanto et al., 2010).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Mindfulness Meditation Training for Adult ADHD: The Mindful Awareness Practices (MAPs) for ADHD Program > Case Study Examples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Safren et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Solanto et al., 2010 source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Given that this region is also involved with attentional processing in ADHD (e.g., Cubillo, Halari, Smith, Taylor, & Rubia, 2012; Passarotti, Sweeney, & Pavuluri, 2010)”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Rationale for Mindfulness-Based Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with ADHD
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further, pharmacological interventions that improve ADHD symptoms normalize activity within this network (Liddle et al., 2011; Peterson et al., 2009).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Rationale for Mindfulness-Based Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with ADHD
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Since poor attentional functioning is a core symptom cluster of ADHD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Rationale for Mindfulness-Based Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with ADHD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites American Psychiatric Association, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“any treatments that purportedly strengthen these processes seem appropriate for ADHD.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Rationale for Mindfulness-Based Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with ADHD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies in adult ADHD samples also provide promising preliminary support for mindfulness meditation training.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Adult ADHD treatment studies
hedgedconditionaln = 24- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One proposed mechanism of mindfulness is reduced activity and altered connectivity in this network (Sood & Jones, 2013).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Rationale for Mindfulness-Based Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with ADHD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sood & Jones, 2013
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hölzel and colleagues (2011) discuss the role of the anterior cingulate cortex, which is involved with executive/attentional processes via detection of conflicting incompatible incoming information.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Rationale for Mindfulness-Based Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with ADHD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hölzel et al., 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Post-treatment effects indicated that the meditation group performed significantly better on conflict detection during an attentional task than the relaxation group.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Rationale for Mindfulness-Based Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with ADHD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tang et al., 2007 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it represents a potential target for mindfulness training in ADHD samples.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Rationale for Mindfulness-Based Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with ADHD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 53
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
In the paper
“Patient #1 went from a score of 19 in the moderately to severely depressed range at week 1 on the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961) to a score of 6 in the non-depressed range at week 8—this change in depressive symptoms also exceeds 30% symptom reduction.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Mindfulness Meditation Training for Adult ADHD: The Mindful Awareness Practices (MAPs) for ADHD Program > Case Study Examples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patient #2, in contrast, reported a decrease in symptom severity scores at weeks 2 and 3, which held consistent by week 4. By week 5 and 6, she noticed an increase in symptoms, which then gradually decreased over the course of weeks 7 and 8.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Mindfulness Meditation Training for Adult ADHD: The Mindful Awareness Practices (MAPs) for ADHD Program > Case Study Examples
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is interesting to note that both patients reported increased awareness of their ADHD behaviors.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Mindfulness Meditation Training for Adult ADHD: The Mindful Awareness Practices (MAPs) for ADHD Program > Case Study Examples
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patient #1 reported an increase in symptoms at week 3 and week 4 (see Figure 1). Despite that symptom severity scores decreased at weeks 5 and 6, they began to increase week-by-week from that point until the end of treatment.”
- Also stated in: § Case Study Examples · plain
“At the conclusion of treatment, Patient #1 yielded symptom severity scores similar to week 1.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Mindfulness Meditation Training for Adult ADHD: The Mindful Awareness Practices (MAPs) for ADHD Program > Case Study Examples
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Case Study Examples · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas the symptom severity score was 33 for Patient #1 at post-treatment (item average of 1.83 with response options ranging from 0 to 3), Patient #2 yielded a score of 8 (item average of 0.44 with response options ranging from 0 to 3).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Mindfulness Meditation Training for Adult ADHD: The Mindful Awareness Practices (MAPs) for ADHD Program > Case Study Examples
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similar findings have been reported following four days of meditation training (20 minutes per day) on visuo-spatial processing, working memory, and executive functioning against an active treatment comparison group (Zeidan, Johnson, Diamond, David, & Goolkasian, 2010).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Rationale for Mindfulness-Based Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with ADHD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zeidan, Johnson, Diamond, David, & Goolkasian, 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The default mode network is implicated in ADHD (Fair et al., 2010) and is associated with poorer attentional regulation in ADHD (Castellanos et al., 2008).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Rationale for Mindfulness-Based Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with ADHD
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these findings in child and adolescent samples are promising and demonstrate that mindfulness meditation training in this ADHD population is feasible and acceptable.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among available nonpharmacological treatment options, mindfulness meditation training has received increasing clinical interest and empirical support.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mindfulness-based training is an example of an intervention that is gaining promising preliminary empirical support and is increasingly administered in clinical settings.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, methodological issues pertaining to small samples, the use of multiple outcome variables, a lack of active treatment comparison groups (or any comparison group in most studies), a lack of accounting for the effects of pharmacotherapy, atypical sample composition (e.g., high IQ and parental education levels), and short follow-up assessment periods (i.e., none beyond 16 weeks) limit general”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One recent meta-analysis of 209 treatment studies indicated that mindfulness-based therapies yield moderate effect sizes in within group pre-post comparisons, comparisons with waitlist control groups, and when compared to other active comparison groups, while not differing from behavioral and pharmacological interventions (Khoury et al., 2013).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Mindfulness Training: General Overview
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Khoury et al., 2013 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Systematic reviews and meta-analyses indicate that, despite the need for more methodologically rigorous trials, mindfulness-based treatments are effective for a variety of mental health treatment targets”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Mindfulness Training: General Overview
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“That is, this practice requires top-down regulation of attention and conflict detection, which can be thought of as a regulatory approach to attention that improves executive processes (Chiesa, Calati, & Serretti, 2011).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Rationale for Mindfulness-Based Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with ADHD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chiesa, Calati, & Serretti, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pairwise comparisons of pre- and post-treatment indicated an improvement in conduct disorder symptoms (parent report) and peer relations (parent report), while inattentive symptoms (parent report) approached statistical significance (p < .10).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haydicky, Schecter, Wiener, & Ducharme, in press
hedgedn = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At eight-week follow-up, improvement in attention problems was significant according to adolescent report and was maintained for paternal report. In addition, improvements were noted according to paternal report for externalizing behaviors, metacognition, behavioral regulation, and parental stress.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van de Weijer-Bergsma et al., 2012 source
plaindirectn = 10 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the treatment group did yield improvement in ADHD and executive functioning symptoms assessed via questionnaires, electronic diary, and clinician rated interviews. In addition, self-reported emotion dysregulation improved as well. Effect sizes for all statistically significant findings were large.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Adult ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mitchell et al., in press
plaindirectn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Participants exhibited greater on-task behavior following the intervention based on descriptive visual analysis of observational data. Though parent and teacher ratings indicated decreases in hyperactive behaviors, changes in inattention were not observed.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carboni, Roach, & Fredrick, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“given that a purported mechanism of change in mindfulness training overlaps with features that are identified in ADHD and are associated with similar areas of the brain, there is a rationale for a mindfulness-based approach to treatment for ADHD.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Rationale for Mindfulness-Based Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with ADHD
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pre-treatment and post-treatment comparisons indicated improvements in self-reported total ADHD symptoms, trait mindfulness, and quality of life. In addition, laboratory task performance on the one of the three outcome measures of executive functioning (i.e., conflict detection) improved.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Adult ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hepark, Kan, & Speckens, 2014
hedgedcorrelationaln = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms improved at post-treatment and eight-week follow-up for parent ratings of child behavior and parent ratings of their own behavior.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van der Oord, Bogels, & Peijnenburg, 2012 source
plaindirectn = 22- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“limitations include a lack of a control group, a small sample of adolescents, and atypical characteristics of the sample (e.g., high IQ and socioeconomic status).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zylowska et al., 2008 source
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Teacher ratings of inattention improved at post-treatment, but not follow-up. Teachers did not report a statistically significant change in hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van der Oord et al., 2012 source
plainn = 22- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“difficulties in emotion regulation have been identified in ADHD and often contribute to significant impairment (Barkley & Fischer, 2010; Barkley & Murphy, 2010; Mitchell, Robertson, Anastopolous, Nelson-Gray, & Kollins, 2012).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Rationale for Mindfulness-Based Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with ADHD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barkley & Fischer, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Barkley & Murphy, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Mitchell, Robertson, Anastopolous, Nelson-Gray, & Kollins, 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At post-treatment, statistically significant improvements emerged for externalizing behavior (paternal report), parental stress (paternal report), and parental overreactivity (maternal report).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van de Weijer-Bergsma, Formsma, de Bruin, & Bogels, 2012 source
plaindirectn = 10 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“males with elevated inattentive ADHD symptoms in the treatment group (n = 15) improved on parent-rated social problems relative to the waitlist group (n = 18), but not on parent report of executive functioning, externalizing symptoms, or ADHD symptoms.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haydicky et al., 2012
plaindirectn = 15- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results indicated null findings on four laboratory tasks assessing executive functioning”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Adult ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mitchell et al., in press
plainn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pre-post improvements in self-reported ADHD symptoms and test performance on four out of 12 diverse tasks measuring attention, working memory, and cognitive inhibition were noted in a pooled sample of adolescents and adults with no significant age effects on the measured outcomes.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zylowska et al., 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“males with elevated hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms in the treatment group (n = 12) improved on parent-rated social problems and monitoring skills (a component of executive functioning) relative to the waitlist group (n = 17). Null differences emerged on one of two subscales measuring parent-rated executive functioning symptoms.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haydicky et al., 2012
plaindirectn = 12 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Self-report of ADHD symptoms (inattentive symptoms, hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, and ADHD Index), mindfulness, and quality of life improved for the mindfulness group, but not the waitlist control group.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Adult ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schoenberg et al., in press
plainn = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition to small sample size for the ADHD group, lack of random assignment to treatment conditions, a heterogeneous intervention (i.e., mindfulness was a component of an intervention that introduced other treatment modalities), and lack of an active treatment comparison group, this was a selected sample of male adolescents diagnosed with a learning disorder and comorbid ADHD.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haydicky et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A subgroup analysis on participants with co-occurring ADHD indicated improvement on parent-rated externalizing behavior, particularly oppositional defiant problems and conduct problems for the treatment group (n = 14) relative to the waitlist subgroup with co-occurring ADHD (n = 14). ADHD symptom change did not differ between groups according to both parent report and self-report.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haydicky, Wiener, Badali, Milligan, & Ducharme, 2012
plaindirectn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Retention rates were high with the majority (78%) of participants completing the treatment. Participants reported significant practice outside of weekly sessions and overall high satisfaction with the treatment.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Adult ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zylowska et al., 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although feasibility measures indicated good attendance and high satisfaction with the treatment among the adolescents, there was a tendency for poorer compliance with at-home practice compared to adults.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zylowska et al., 2008 source
hedgedcorrelationaln = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While these findings were no longer significant at follow-up, pairwise comparisons of pre-treatment and follow-up indicated improvement for adolescent report of depression, anxiety, and internalizing symptoms. Parent report of depression approached statistical significance (p < .10).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haydicky et al., in press
plainn = 18 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pre- and post-treatment assessments revealed improvement in self-reported inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, depressive, and anxious symptoms.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Adult ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zylowska et al., 2008 source
plaindirectn = 24- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a group that received five days of meditation training (20 minutes per day) reported improvement on measures of anxiety, depression, anger, and stress-related cortisol in comparison to an active treatment group (Tang et al., 2007).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Rationale for Mindfulness-Based Treatment for Adults Diagnosed with ADHD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tang et al., 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the adolescents improved in performance on a sustained attention task at post-treatment, which was maintained at eight-week follow-up.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Child and adolescent ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bögels et al., 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment studies that included samples diagnosed with ADHD in the English language (including abstract-only) were identified by searches of PubMed and PsycINFO using the following search terms: “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,” “ADHD,” and “ADD,” in combination with “mindfulness” and “meditation.””
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, mindfulness could help adults with ADHD diminish the impact of negative cognitions.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Future Clinical and Research Directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Self-reported inattention did not significantly differ at post-treatment, but was statistically significant at three-month follow-up. Self-reported quality of life was higher for the DBT group at post-treatment, but did not differ at three-month follow-up.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Adult ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fleming et al., in press
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“one controlled study of MBCT has demonstrated effectiveness for preventing depressive episode relapse while allowing patients to reduce their use of antidepressant medication (Kuyken et al., 2008).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Mindfulness Meditation Training for Adult ADHD: The Mindful Awareness Practices (MAPs) for ADHD Program > Case Study Examples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuyken et al., 2008 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With the exception of the DBT group outperforming the control group on omission errors at three-month follow-up, group differences did not emerge. No group differences emerged when anxiety, depression, or GPA were considered.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Adult ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fleming et al., in press
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“mindfulness was well-liked and was as one of the most useful components of the training (Philipsen et al., 2007).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Adult ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Philipsen et al., 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Another example includes assessment of the default mode network, which is another promising target for mindfulness (Sood & Jones, 2013) and is implicated in ADHD (Castellanos et al., 2008; Fair et al., 2010)”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Future Clinical and Research Directions
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“ADHD is commonly comorbid with mood disorders (Sobanski, 2006)”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Mindfulness Meditation Training for Adult ADHD: The Mindful Awareness Practices (MAPs) for ADHD Program > Case Study Examples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sobanski, 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, this type of metacognitive awareness that mindfulness purportedly elicits may also be expanded beyond cognition to observing one’s own body, emotional reactions, overt behavior, and environmental feedback with greater awareness, which can lead to improved overall self-monitoring and self-regulation (Zylowska et al., 2009).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Future Clinical and Research Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zylowska et al., 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this has yet to be demonstrated in an ADHD sample—future ADHD studies should expand sample diversity to inform generalization.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Future Clinical and Research Directions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although some controlled studies included mindfulness practice, it was a component of a treatment that also introduced other modalities (e.g., Hesslinger et al., 2002; Hirvikoski et al., 2011; Philipsen et al., 2007) and the contribution of mindfulness training itself is not clear.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Future Clinical and Research Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hesslinger et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Hirvikoski et al., 2011 source
- Not checked yetcites Philipsen et al., 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“No other significant group differences emerged among the three groups for self-reported ADHD symptoms, self-reported depression, self-reported quality of life, and clinician ratings of occupational performance.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Adult ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pettersson, Soderstrom, Edlund-Soderstrom, & Nilsson, in press
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“mindfulness-based treatments have been shown to have a protective impact on the re-emergence of depressive episodes and reduction of residual depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder (Fjorback et al., 2011).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Mindfulness Meditation Training for Adult ADHD: The Mindful Awareness Practices (MAPs) for ADHD Program > Case Study Examples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fjorback et al., 2011 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“frontal brain electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry in the alpha band is associated with ADHD symptoms and is consistent with the motivational dysfunction hypothesis involving abnormal behavioral approach (Keune, Wiedemann, Schneidt, & Schonenberg, in press).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Future Clinical and Research Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keune, Wiedemann, Schneidt, & Schonenberg, in press
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations include small sample sizes, a lack of active treatment comparison groups, a lack of control for the effects of pharmacotherapy for ADHD, and long-term follow-up beyond three months for either most or all of the studies reviewed.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Adult ADHD treatment studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Self-reported executive functioning and trait mindfulness improved for the DBT group relative to the control group at both post-treatment and three-month follow-up.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Adult ADHD treatment studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fleming, McMahon, Moran, Peterson, & Dreessen, in press
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, existing studies support the acceptability and feasibility, and preliminary effectiveness use of this approach in the treatment of ADHD in adulthood.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Review of ADHD and Mindfulness Treatment Outcome Studies > Adult ADHD treatment studies
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“although ADHD is typically discussed as a categorical diagnosis, symptoms of ADHD can be considered from a dimensional perspective (Frazier, Youngstrom, & Naugle, 2007; Levy, Hay, McStephen, Wood, & Waldman, 1997).”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Mindfulness Meditation Training for Adult ADHD: The Mindful Awareness Practices (MAPs) for ADHD Program
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frazier, Youngstrom, & Naugle, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Levy, Hay, McStephen, Wood, & Waldman, 1997 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to being a standalone treatment, mindfulness can be integrated with CBT for adults diagnosed with ADHD, which is an area that warrants future treatment development.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The difference in cognitive approach between mindfulness and CBT can be resolved for integration.
In the paper
“MBCT (Segal et al., 2002) is an example of a behaviorally-based therapy that adopted a mindfulness perspective for targeting cognitions.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Future Clinical and Research Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Segal et al., 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, mindfulness meditation training may confer additional benefits among those who are responsive.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Future Clinical and Research Directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, the MAPs Program introduces material explicitly focusing on emotional functioning in ADHD, which is a unique contribution relative to most CBT-based treatments for this population.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Future Clinical and Research Directions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of note, top-down effects (e.g., cognitive reappraisal involving active reinterpretation of emotional stimuli which results in modifying emotional impact) have been proposed early on in treatment for short-term mindfulness practitioners and bottom-up effects (e.g., regulation of emotions without cognitive reappraisal in the presence of emotionally provocative stimuli) have been proposed among more”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Future Clinical and Research Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chiesa, Serretti, & Jakobsen, 2013 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relatedly, given the effectiveness of mindfulness training for other disorders (e.g., mood and anxiety disorders), mindfulness training may be especially beneficial for adults diagnosed with ADHD and a comorbid psychiatric disorder.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Future Clinical and Research Directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Mindfulness training is effective for mood and anxiety disorders.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mindfulness, however, focuses less on changing the content of thinking and places greater emphasis on observing cognitions and changing one’s relationship with those cognitions.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Future Clinical and Research Directions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mindfulness may also enhance patient learning of CBT strategies in session by providing techniques that help patients manage stress, focus in the session, cope with distractions, and manage overall negative affect.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Future Clinical and Research Directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Adults with ADHD often experience stress, distraction, and negative affect that interfere with learning CBT strategies in session.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such a combination may be clinically meaningful in ADHD as well and allow for greater treatment options.”
§ Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions > Future Clinical and Research Directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Less research on nonpharmacological treatment options and fewer empirically-based guidelines exist for adult ADHD than for many other adult psychopathologies.
“Relative to many other forms of psychopathology in adulthood, there has been less research on the effectiveness of nonpharmacological treatment options and fewer empirically-based treatment guidelines for clinicians treating ADHD in adults.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some patients in clinical practice want to minimize medication use and seek alternative or complementary approaches.
“In addition, in clinical practice some patients desire to minimize use of medications, and seek alternative or complementary approaches.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mindfulness training activates and strengthens trait mindfulness facets through formal or informal practice.
“Mindfulness training is thought to activate and strengthen such facets either via formal meditation practice or informal practice”
The paper relies on this without support.
Longer sitting meditations may discourage adults with ADHD and reduce their adherence to treatment.
“Longer meditations that require sitting still may otherwise be discouraging and impact treatment adherence for individuals with ADHD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Increased awareness of ADHD symptoms may temporarily raise self-reported symptom scores.
“greater awareness of ADHD symptoms may result in temporary symptom increase, which could be an indication of response to treatment since many informal mindfulness exercises emphasize enhanced awareness of ADHD behaviors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mindfulness training can be combined with more explicit CBT discussion.
“However, based on our experience in clinical practice, mindfulness training can be combined with more explicit discussion of CBT techniques.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mindfulness training is effective for mood and anxiety disorders.
“given the effectiveness of mindfulness training for other disorders (e.g., mood and anxiety disorders)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adults with ADHD often experience stress, distraction, and negative affect that interfere with learning CBT strategies in session.
“a patient may arrive late to a session, report feeling overwhelmed by having to rush to therapy, and may find it difficult to focus on the content of the session because of the physiological arousal that is involved with feeling rushed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The difference in cognitive approach between mindfulness and CBT can be resolved for integration.
“One area that would need to be resolved while integrating mindfulness with CBT for adults with ADHD would be how cognitions are approached.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression, judgments about personal short-comings are treated as simply mental events that can be observed dispassionately to help reduce a cascade of further ruminative thoughts and negative affect (Segal et al., 2002) and similar techniques have been adapted for the treatment of ADHD (Mitchell et al., 2014).”
From Dispositional Mindfulness Uncouples Physiological and Emotional Reactivity to a Laboratory Stressor and Emotional Reactivity to Executive Functioning Lapses in Daily Life (2016) · cites this paper as Mitchell et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Overall, the results are promising and demonstrate feasibility of mindfulness meditation in ADHD populations and preliminary effectiveness of mindfulness meditation in the treatment of ADHD [39].”
From A translational neuroscience perspective on mindfulness meditation as a prevention strategy (2016) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“However, prior research in this area has been plagued by methodological issues such as small samples, a lack of active comparison groups, and short follow-up periods limiting generalizability [39].”
From A translational neuroscience perspective on mindfulness meditation as a prevention strategy (2016) · cites this paper as [39]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mitchell, J. T., Zylowska, L., & Kollins, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mitchell, John T.
- Venue
- Cognitive and Behavioral Practice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 172-191
- ISSN
- 1077-7229 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4403871
- OpenAlex
- W2080819692
- Semantic Scholar
- 88a7bb61775419d38a55386204bd434cc748c51b
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 8.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognitive and Behavioral Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K23DA032577, K24DA023464)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, adult ADHD, non-pharmacological treatment, mindfulness-based interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy, complementary therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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