The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 5 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
Open accessAbstract
The genetic interrogation and reprogramming of cells requires methods for robust and precise targeting of genes for expression or repression. The CRISPR-associated catalytically inactive dCas9 protein offers a general platform for RNA-guided DNA targeting. Here, we show that fusion of dCas9 to effector domains with distinct regulatory functions enables stable and efficient transcriptional repression or activation in human and yeast cells, with the site of delivery determined solely by a coexpressed short guide (sg)RNA. Coupling of dCas9 to a transcriptional repressor domain can robustly silence expression of multiple endogenous genes. RNA-seq analysis indicates that CRISPR interference (CRISPRi)-mediated transcriptional repression is highly specific. Our results establish that the CRISPR system can be used as a modular and flexible DNA-binding platform for the recruitment of proteins to a target DNA sequence, revealing the potential of CRISPRi as a general tool for the precise regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
26 Own result · 21 Own interpretation · 5 Not checked yet · 2 Own method · 1 Partly supported · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here we show that fusion of dCas9 to effector domains with distinct regulatory functions enables stable and efficient transcriptional repression or activation in human and yeast cells with the site of delivey determined solely by a co-expressed short guide (sg)RNA.”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this experiment we found that we can simultaneously knock down endogenous expression of CD71 and CXCR4 (Figure 3E).”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > CRISPRi can silence endogenous human genes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fluorescent antibodies used to stain CD71 and CXCR4 are specific for those proteins.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without dCas9, rtTA strongly activated the reporter, but this induction can be effectively blocked by dCas9 (115 fold repression, Figure 4B).”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > CRISPRi as a tool for mapping and perturbing regulatory elements
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data show CD71 and CXCR4 can be efficiently and stably knocked down (Figure 3C–D), providing evidence that CRISPRi can be used like RNAi to suppress endogenous gene expression.”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > CRISPRi can silence endogenous human genes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fluorescent antibodies used to stain CD71 and CXCR4 are specific for those proteins.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, a strong correlation exists between the degree of knockdown for dCas9 and dCas9-KRAB for endogenous genes”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > CRISPRi can silence endogenous human genes
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fluorescent antibodies used to stain CD71 and CXCR4 are specific for those proteins.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we observed few changes in gene expression in the negative control sample, suggesting that the negative control sgRNA triggers minimal off-target effects (Figure 2 and Figure S3A).”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > CRISPRi-mediated gene knockdown is highly specific to the target gene
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results revealed that both dCas9-VP64 and dCas9-p65AD can effectively activate reporter gene expression, suggesting that dCas9 can serve as a generic and modular platform for different types of transcriptional control including both repression and activation (Figure 1E).”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > dCas9 fusion proteins can efficiently activate or silence transcription
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that we can robustly silence GFP expression in HEK293 cells when both the RNA and protein components of CRISPRi are stably expressed in human cells (Figure 1D).”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > dCas9 fusion proteins can efficiently activate or silence transcription
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, we also observed that blocking the AP1 enhancer caused a stronger silencing effect than blocking the SP1 enhancer within the SV40 promoter (Figure 4A)”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > CRISPRi as a tool for mapping and perturbing regulatory elements
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results also revealed a linear relationship between the level of expression from the sgRNA vector and the level of GFP remaining within a cell (Figure S2A).”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > dCas9 fusion proteins can efficiently activate or silence transcription
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, an exon trapping strategy in which Tet binding sites were randomly inserted in the genome allowing recruitment of a Tetracycline repressor-KRAB fusion protein revealed that ~80% of genes tested can be silenced by KRAB-mediated recruitment of Kap1 and HP1 proteins (Groner et al., 2010).”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > DISCUSSION > CRISPRi efficiently and specifically represses transcription in human cells
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Groner et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “KRAB-mediated silencing can act over several tens of kilobases” (page unavailable), describes TetO gene traps recruiting a tetracycline repressor–KRAB fusion and reports silencing involving KAP1. The Results section, “HP1 facilitates KRAB/KAP1-mediated long-range repression” (page unavailable), supports a role for HP1. Neither passage supports the claim that about 80% of tested genes could be silenced; the paper instead reports approximately 60% average silencing efficiency across a population of gene-trap clones, a different measure. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that cells expressing the dCas9-KRAB fusion protein show a 5-fold decrease in GFP signal while cells expressing dCas9 alone, dCas9-CS or dCas9-WRPW show a 2-fold decrease in GFP signal”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > dCas9 fusion proteins can efficiently activate or silence transcription
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found no evidence for significant on- or off-target effects due to expression of either sgGAL4 or sgGFP-NT1 alone (Figure S3B).”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > CRISPRi-mediated gene knockdown is highly specific to the target gene
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that while dCas9 alone had no effect on transcription, we efficiently repressed GFP expression with dCas9-KRAB (Figure 4A).”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > CRISPRi as a tool for mapping and perturbing regulatory elements
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observed that 6 out of 9 sgRNAs targeting GFP knocked down GFP expression by at least 75% with a ~15-fold repression for the best sgRNA (NT1) (Table S1).”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > dCas9 fusion proteins can efficiently activate or silence transcription
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that stable dCas9-KRAB expression is sufficient to silence GFP with substantial knockdown 3 days following transfection (Figure S1A–B) and strong silencing 6 days following transfection (Figure 1C).”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > dCas9 fusion proteins can efficiently activate or silence transcription
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results show that CRISPRi is highly specific as GFP is the only gene that is significantly suppressed by the GFP-targeting sgRNA (Figure 2 and Figure S3A). If we average the data from two independent biological replicates, no gene other than GFP changes by more than 1.5 fold.”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > CRISPRi-mediated gene knockdown is highly specific to the target gene
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With dCas9 alone, we observed 18-fold repression, which is increased to 53-fold with addition of the Mxi1 domain (Figure 3F).”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > CRISPRi is a general method for silencing transcription of endogenous genes in eukaryotes
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We sequenced the GFP reporter locus in these cells to confirm that dCas9 is completely nucleolytically inactive. Here, GFP retained a wild type sequence with no detectable indels in GFP knockdown cells.”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > dCas9 fusion proteins can efficiently activate or silence transcription
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this experiment we found that both dCas9 and dCas9-KRAB proteins can knock down endogenous expression of CD71 and CXCR4 (Figure 3A–B), with 3 out of 10 sgRNAs for each gene showing significant repression (60–80% repression).”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > CRISPRi can silence endogenous human genes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fluorescent antibodies used to stain CD71 and CXCR4 are specific for those proteins.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While we are able to target dCas9 to both endogenous and reporter genes, not all sgRNA targeting constructs work efficiently.”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > DISCUSSION > Future optimization for CRISPRi technology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“arguing that the design of the fusion protein or fusion partner is an important parameter for future optimization efforts.”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > dCas9 fusion proteins can efficiently activate or silence transcription
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that while dCas9 may not be able to directly block the initiation of transcription, dCas9 fusion proteins can silence proximal regulatory elements within a promoter by recruiting chromatin modifiers.”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > RESULTS > CRISPRi as a tool for mapping and perturbing regulatory elements
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The specificity of CRISPRi remains to be determined across a broad range of sgRNA sequences.”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > DISCUSSION > CRISPRi efficiently and specifically represses transcription in human cells
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In human cells, previous work has demonstrated that local chromatin context is a crucial determinant of KRAB mediated silencing.”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > DISCUSSION > CRISPRi efficiently and specifically represses transcription in human cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Groner et al., 2010 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, it may be substantially easier to specifically modulate transcription as only a small fraction of the human genome is transcribed or required for controlling transcription thus binding of catalytically inactive dCas9, and it is derivatives, at near cognate sites will often not impact transcription.”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > DISCUSSION > CRISPRi efficiently and specifically represses transcription in human cells
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Only a small fraction of the human genome is transcribed or required for controlling transcription.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As an exogenous system, CRISPRi does not compete with endogenous machinery such as microRNA expression or function.”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > DISCUSSION > CRISPRi provides an alternative strategy to RNAi for gene regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as we show that promoters and in theory introns can also be targeted.”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > DISCUSSION > CRISPRi provides an alternative strategy to RNAi for gene regulation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, recruitment of the KRAB domain to adjacent genomic regions can have no effect or can completely silence transcription (Groner et al., 2010).”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > DISCUSSION > CRISPRi efficiently and specifically represses transcription in human cells
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Groner et al., 2010 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Triplicate cultures were measured for each experiment and their standard deviation was indicated as the error bar.”
§ CRISPR-Mediated Modular RNA-Guided Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes > METHODS > Strain construction and fluorescence measurements for CRISPRi in yeast
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The fluorescent antibodies used to stain CD71 and CXCR4 are specific for those proteins.
“We designed sgRNAs to target genes encoding cell surface transmembrane proteins, enabling us to use flow cytometry with directly conjugated fluorescent antibodies to quantify gene expression at the single-cell level.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Only a small fraction of the human genome is transcribed or required for controlling transcription.
“only a small fraction of the human genome is transcribed or required for controlling transcription”
The paper relies on this without support.
CRISPRi acts at the DNA level.
“because CRISPRi acts at the DNA level”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, CRISPRi (interference)23–25 and CRISPRa (activation)26–30 technologies utilize catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) fused to either a transcriptional repressor (e.g., KRAB, Krüppel associated box) or a transcriptional activator (e.g., VPR, VP64-p65-Rta).”
From Large-scale CRISPR screening in primary human 3D gastric organoids enables comprehensive dissection of gene-drug interactions (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“such as fusing dCas9 to direct or indirect transcription activators (such as VP64), to increase the expression of a specific DNA sequence”
From CRISPR-Cas: Converting A Bacterial Defence Mechanism into A State-of-the-Art Genetic Manipulation Tool (2019) · cites this paper as [130]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“or transcription repressors (such as KRAB), to increase the efficiency of dCas9-mediated transcription inhibition [130,131].”
From CRISPR-Cas: Converting A Bacterial Defence Mechanism into A State-of-the-Art Genetic Manipulation Tool (2019) · cites this paper as [130]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) manages a scientific consortium aimed at measuring and standardizing such outcomes as genome editing technology advances 100 .”
From The promise and challenge of therapeutic genome editing (2020) · cites this paper as [100]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 is a naturally occurring bacterial immune system that uses a novel nuclease system to protect bacteria from phage infection (6-9), and it has recently been harnessed for a variety of genome-engineering applications (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17).”
From RNA-guided endonuclease provides a therapeutic strategy to cure latent herpesviridae infection (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
Citations
Cites
A Programmable Dual-RNA–Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity
Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1225829 · Cited by 17,116
Self-citationMultiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems
Cong, L., Ran, F. A., Cox, D., Lin, S., Barretto, R., Habib, N., Hsu, P. D., Wu, X., Jiang, W., Marraffini, L. A., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1231143 · Cited by 15,339 · cited 2×
“Recently, several groups have shown that a modified type II CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats) system can be targeted to DNA using RNA, enabling genetic editing of any region of the genome in a variety of organisms (Cho et al., 2013; Cong et al., 2013; Dicarlo et al., 2013; Gratz et al., 2013…”
BackgroundEnzymatic assembly of DNA molecules up to several hundred kilobases
Gibson, D. G., Young, L., Chuang, R.-Y., Venter, J. C., Hutchison, C. A., & Smith, H. O. (2009) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1318 · Cited by 10,088
RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9
Mali, P., Yang, L., Esvelt, K. M., Aach, J., Guell, M., DiCarlo, J. E., Norville, J. E., & Church, G. M. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1232033 · Cited by 9,210 · cited 4×
“However, the remarkable success in using RNA-guided Cas9 to enable DNA cutting for many genes in distinct organisms argues that Cas9 can bind to target DNA sites in a broad range of genes or regulatory regions (Cho et al., 2013; Cong et al., 2013; DiCarlo et al., 2013; Gratz et al., 2013; Hwang et al., 2013; Jiang et…”
BackgroundInfluentialRepurposing CRISPR as an RNA-Guided Platform for Sequence-Specific Control of Gene Expression
Qi, L. S., Larson, M. H., Gilbert, L. A., Doudna, J. A., Weissman, J. S., Arkin, A. P., & Lim, W. A. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.022 · Cited by 5,016 · cited 3×
“dCas9 Fusion Proteins Can Efficiently Activate or Silence Transcription We have shown recently that CRISPRi can decrease gene expression in human cells (Qi et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationTight control of gene expression in mammalian cells by tetracycline-responsive promoters.
Gossen, M., & Bujard, H. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5547 · Cited by 4,943
Global analysis of protein localization in budding yeast
Huh, W.-K., Falvo, J. V., Gerke, L. C., Carroll, A. S., Howson, R. W., Weissman, J. S., & O'Shea, E. K. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02026 · Cited by 4,248
Self-citationWang, H., Yang, H., Shivalila, C. S., Dawlaty, M. M., Cheng, A. W., Zhang, F., & Jaenisch, R. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.025 · Cited by 3,495 · cited 2×
“…distinct organisms argues that Cas9 can bind to target DNA sites in a broad range of genes or regulatory regions (Cho et al., 2013; Cong et al., 2013; DiCarlo et al., 2013; Gratz et al., 2013; Hwang et al., 2013; Jiang et al., 2013; Jinek et al., 2012, 2013; Mali et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2013).”
BackgroundHigh-Frequency off-Target Mutagenesis Induced by CRISPR-Cas Nucleases in Human Cells
Fu, Y., Foden, J. A., Khayter, C., Maeder, M. L., Reyon, D., Joung, J. K., & Sander, J. D. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2623 · Cited by 3,292
Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system
Hwang, W. Y., Fu, Y., Reyon, D., Maeder, M. L., Tsai, S. Q., Sander, J. D., Peterson, R. T., Yeh, J.-R. J., & Joung, J. K. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2501 · Cited by 2,937
The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome
Thurman, R. E., Rynes, E., Humbert, R., Vierstra, J., Maurano, M. T., Haugen, E., Sheffield, N. C., Stergachis, A. B., Wang, H., Vernot, B., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11232 · Cited by 2,679 · cited 1×
“The recently published genome-widemaps of chromatin structure can inform where one targets dCas9 for both transcription repression and activation (Thurman et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCRISPR RNA Maturation by Trans-Encoded Small RNA and Host Factor RNase III
Deltcheva, E., Chylinski, K., Sharma, C. M., Gonzales, K., Chao, Y., Pirzada, Z. A., Eckert, M. R., Vogel, J., & Charpentier, E. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09886 · Cited by 2,563 · cited 2×
“In the type II CRISPR/Cas system, a ribonucleoprotein complex formed from a single protein (Cas9), a crRNA, and a trans-acting crRNA (tracrRNA) can carry out efficient crRNAdirected recognition and site-specific cleavage of foreign DNA (Deltcheva et al., 2011; Jinek et al., 2012).”
RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems
Jiang, W., Bikard, D., Cox, D., Zhang, F., & Marraffini, L. A. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2508 · Cited by 2,429 · cited 4×
“Recently, several groups have shown that a modified type II CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats) system can be targeted to DNA using RNA, enabling genetic editing of any region of the genome in a variety of organisms (Cho et al., 2013; Cong et al., 2013; Dicarlo et al., 2013; Gratz et al., 2013…”
BackgroundInfluentialRNA-programmed genome editing in human cells
Jinek, M., East, A., Cheng, A., Lin, S., Ma, E., & Doudna, J. (2013) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.00471 · Cited by 2,098
Targeted genome engineering in human cells with the Cas9 RNA-guided endonuclease
Cho, S. W., Kim, S., Kim, J. M., & Kim, J.-S. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2507 · Cited by 1,863 · cited 4×
“Recently, several groups have shown that a modified type II CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats) system can be targeted to DNA using RNA, enabling genetic editing of any region of the genome in a variety of organisms (Cho et al., 2013; Cong et al., 2013; Dicarlo et al., 2013; Gratz et al., 2013…”
InfluentialRNA-guided genetic silencing systems in bacteria and archaea
Wiedenheft, B., Sternberg, S. H., & Doudna, J. A. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10886 · Cited by 1,851 · cited 1×
“Prokaryotes have evolved diverse RNA-mediated systems that use short CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) and Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins to detect and defend against invading DNA elements (Bhaya et al., 2011; Marraffini and Sontheimer, 2008, 2010; Wiedenheft et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTALENs: A widely applicable technology for targeted genome editing
Joung, J. K., & Sander, J. D. (2013) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm3486 · Cited by 1,650 · cited 1×
“However, due to either fixed DNA-sequence-binding requirements or their repetitive composition and size, it remains time consuming and expensive to develop large-scale protein libraries for genome interrogation (Joung and Sander, 2013).”
BackgroundCRISPR Interference Limits Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococci by Targeting DNA
Marraffini, L. A., & Sontheimer, E. J. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1165771 · Cited by 1,642 · cited 1×
“Prokaryotes have evolved diverse RNA-mediated systems that use short CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) and Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins to detect and defend against invading DNA elements (Bhaya et al., 2011; Marraffini and Sontheimer, 2008, 2010; Wiedenheft et al., 2012).”
Genome engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using CRISPR-Cas systems
DiCarlo, J. E., Norville, J. E., Mali, P., Rios, X., Aach, J., & Church, G. M. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt135 · Cited by 1,566
GAL4-VP16 is an unusually potent transcriptional activator
Sadowski, I., Ma, J., Triezenberg, S., & Ptashne, M. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/335563a0 · Cited by 1,298 · cited 2×
“the TALE proteins, have been fused to transcription activators and repressors to modulate gene expression (Cong et al., 2012; Deuschle et al., 1995; Gossen andBujard, 1992; Hathaway et al., 2012; Maeder et al., 2013; Margolin et al., 1994; PerezPinera et al., 2013; Sadowski et al., 1988; Zhang et al., 2000).”
BackgroundArchitectural protein subclasses shape 3D organization of genomes during lineage commitment
Phillips-Cremins, J. E., Sauria, M. E. G., Sanyal, A., Gerasimova, T. I., Lajoie, B. R., Bell, J. S. K., Ong, C.-T., Hookway, T. A., Guo, C., Sun, Y., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.053 · Cited by 1,187 · cited 1×
“Recent work has shown that during neural differentiation, CCCTC binding factor, cohesion and the mediator complex modulate chromosome topology to control development (Millau and Gaudreau, 2011; Phillips-Cremins et al., 2013).”
BackgroundIn vivo sequence requirements of the SV40 early promoter region
Benoist, C., & Chambon, P. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/290304a0 · Cited by 1,074 · cited 2×
“Cell 154, 442– had little effect on transcription (Baty et al., 1984; Benoist and Chambon, 1981).”
BackgroundSpatiotemporal control of cell signalling using a light-switchable protein interaction
Levskaya, A., Weiner, O. D., Lim, W. A., & Voigt, C. A. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08446 · Cited by 1,011 · cited 2×
“For example, dCas9 could be used with existing optogenetic or chemicalinduced proximity systems to dynamically analyze recruitment of a broad range of chromatin modifiers to a specific DNA sequence (Hathaway et al., 2012; Levskaya et al., 2009).”
Self-citationGenome Engineering of Drosophila with the CRISPR RNA-Guided Cas9 Nuclease
Gratz, S. J., Cummings, A. M., Nguyen, J. N., Hamm, D. C., Donohue, L. K., Harrison, M. M., Wildonger, J., & O’Connor-Giles, K. M. (2013) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.113.152710 · Cited by 1,000
CRISPR interference: RNA-directed adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea
Marraffini, L. A., & Sontheimer, E. J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2749 · Cited by 919 · cited 1×
“Prokaryotes have evolved diverse RNA-mediated systems that use short CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) and Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins to detect and defend against invading DNA elements (Bhaya et al., 2011; Marraffini and Sontheimer, 2008, 2010; Wiedenheft et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCRISPR-Cas Systems in Bacteria and Archaea: Versatile Small RNAs for Adaptive Defense and Regulation
Bhaya, D., Davison, M., & Barrangou, R. (2011) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132430 · Cited by 914 · cited 1×
“Prokaryotes have evolved diverse RNA-mediated systems that use short CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) and Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins to detect and defend against invading DNA elements (Bhaya et al., 2011; Marraffini and Sontheimer, 2008, 2010; Wiedenheft et al., 2012).”
Krüppel-associated boxes are potent transcriptional repression domains.
Margolin, J., Friedman, J. R., Meyer, W. K.-H., Vissing, H., Thiesen, H., & Rauscher, F. J. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.10.4509 · Cited by 619 · cited 5×
“…have been fused to transcription activators and repressors to modulate gene expression (Cong et al., 2012; Deuschle et al., 1995; Gossen andBujard, 1992; Hathaway et al., 2012; Maeder et al., 2013; Margolin et al., 1994; PerezPinera et al., 2013; Sadowski et al., 1988; Zhang et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDynamics and Memory of Heterochromatin in Living Cells
Hathaway, N. A., Bell, O., Hodges, C., Miller, E. L., Neel, D. S., & Crabtree, G. R. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.052 · Cited by 446
A Systematic Mammalian Genetic Interaction Map Reveals Pathways Underlying Ricin Susceptibility
Bassik, M. C., Kampmann, M., Lebbink, R. J., Wang, S., Hein, M. Y., Poser, I., Weibezahn, J., Horlbeck, M. A., Chen, S., Mann, M., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.030 · Cited by 365 · cited 1×
“Genome-wide shRNA libraries enable high-throughput interrogation of gene function and genetic networks in human cells (Bassik et al., 2013).”
Self-citationSchreiber‐Agus, N., Chin, L., Chen, K., Torres, R., Rao, G., Guida, P. M., Skoultchi, A. I., & DePinho, R. A. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90356-9 · Cited by 364
Groner, A. C., Meylan, S., Ciuffi, A., Zangger, N., Ambrosini, G., Dénervaud, N., Bucher, P., & Trono, D. (2010) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000869 · Cited by 364
The tracrRNA and Cas9 families of type II CRISPR-Cas immunity systems
Chylinski, K., Le Rhun, A., & Charpentier, E. (2013) · RNA Biology · doi:10.4161/rna.24321 · Cited by 353 · cited 3×
“At present, all mammalian work on Cas9 has focused on the protein from a single species (S. pyogenes), and there is a huge amount of biological diversity that remains untapped (Chylinski et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2013).”
Fisher, A. L., Ohsako, S., & Caudy, M. A. (1996) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.16.6.2670 · Cited by 353 · cited 3×
“We further fused this modified dCas9 gene with different repressive chromatin modifier domains, including the KRAB (Krüppel associated box) domain of Kox1 (Figure 1B), the CS (Chromo Shadow) domain of HP1α, or the WRPW domain of Hes1 (Fisher et al., 1996; Hathaway et al., 2012; Margolin et al., 1994).”
Cong, L., Zhou, R., Kuo, Y.-C., Cunniff, M. M., & Zhang, F. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1962 · Cited by 346 · cited 2×
“the TALE proteins, have been fused to transcription activators and repressors to modulate gene expression (Cong et al., 2012; Deuschle et al., 1995; Gossen andBujard, 1992; Hathaway et al., 2012; Maeder et al., 2013; Margolin et al., 1994; PerezPinera et al., 2013; Sadowski et al., 1988; Zhang et al., 2000).”
BackgroundProcessing-Independent CRISPR RNAs Limit Natural Transformation in Neisseria meningitidis
Zhang, Y., Heidrich, N., Ampattu, B. J., Gunderson, C. W., Seifert, H. S., Schoen, C. U., Vogel, J., & Sontheimer, E. J. (2013) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.05.001 · Cited by 297 · cited 3×
“At present, all mammalian work on Cas9 has focused on the protein from a single species (S. pyogenes), and there is a huge amount of biological diversity that remains untapped (Chylinski et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLessons from Nature: microRNA-based shRNA libraries
Chang, K., Elledge, S. J., & Hannon, G. J. (2006) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth923 · Cited by 280 · cited 1×
“RNAi is a transformative technique for studying mammalian biology, and more than a decade of effort has led to sophisticated vectors, algorithms, and libraries for knocking down genes in human andmouse cells (Chang et al., 2006; Fellmann et al., 2011).”
BackgroundTetracycline-Reversible Silencing of Eukaryotic Promoters
Deuschle, U., Meyer, W. K.-H., & Thiesen, H. (1995) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.15.4.1907 · Cited by 267 · cited 2×
“the TALE proteins, have been fused to transcription activators and repressors to modulate gene expression (Cong et al., 2012; Deuschle et al., 1995; Gossen andBujard, 1992; Hathaway et al., 2012; Maeder et al., 2013; Margolin et al., 1994; PerezPinera et al., 2013; Sadowski et al., 1988; Zhang et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSynergistic and tunable human gene activation by combinations of synthetic transcription factors
Pérez‐Piñera, P., Ousterout, D. G., Brunger, J. M., Farin, A. M., Glass, K. A., Guilak, F., Crawford, G. E., Hartemink, A. J., & Gersbach, C. A. (2013) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2361 · Cited by 242 · cited 1×
“Naturally occurring and engineered DNAbinding proteins, such as the tetracycline repressor, Gal4, zinc-fingers or the TALE proteins, have been fused to transcription activators and repressors to modulate gene expression (Cong et al., 2012; Deuschle et al., 1995; Gossen and Bujard, 1992; Hathaway et al., 2012; Maeder e…”
BackgroundFunctional Identification of Optimized RNAi Triggers Using a Massively Parallel Sensor Assay
Fellmann, C., Zuber, J. A., McJunkin, K., Chang, K., Malone, C. D., Dickins, R. A., Xu, Q., Hengartner, M. O., Elledge, S. J., Hannon, G. J., et al. (2011) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2011.02.008 · Cited by 222 · cited 1×
“RNAi is a transformative technique for studying mammalian biology, and more than a decade of effort has led to sophisticated vectors, algorithms, and libraries for knocking down genes in human andmouse cells (Chang et al., 2006; Fellmann et al., 2011).”
BackgroundRobust, synergistic regulation of human gene expression using TALE activators
Maeder, M. L., Linder, S. J., Reyon, D., Angstman, J. F., Fu, Y., Sander, J. D., & Joung, J. K. (2013) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2366 · Cited by 182 · cited 2×
“the TALE proteins, have been fused to transcription activators and repressors to modulate gene expression (Cong et al., 2012; Deuschle et al., 1995; Gossen andBujard, 1992; Hathaway et al., 2012; Maeder et al., 2013; Margolin et al., 1994; PerezPinera et al., 2013; Sadowski et al., 1988; Zhang et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSynthetic Zinc Finger Transcription Factor Action at an Endogenous Chromosomal Site
Zhang, L., Spratt, S. K., Liu, Q., Johnstone, B. H., Qi, H., Raschke, E. E., Jamieson, A. C., Rebar, E. J., Wolffe, A. P., & Case, C. C. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m005341200 · Cited by 180 · cited 2×
“the TALE proteins, have been fused to transcription activators and repressors to modulate gene expression (Cong et al., 2012; Deuschle et al., 1995; Gossen andBujard, 1992; Hathaway et al., 2012; Maeder et al., 2013; Margolin et al., 1994; PerezPinera et al., 2013; Sadowski et al., 1988; Zhang et al., 2000).”
BackgroundBaty, D., Barrera-Saldaña, H. A., Everett, R. D., Vigneron, M., & Chambon, P. (1984) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/12.2.915 · Cited by 74 · cited 2×
“Previous studies have shown that the AP1 enhancer (for AP-1 transcription factor binding) is a more important DNA motif for SV40 promoter activity as compared to the SP1 enhancer (for SP-1 transcription factor binding), as SP1 enhancer deletion had little effect on transcription (Baty et al., 1984; Benoist and Chambon…”
BackgroundSIN3 -Dependent Transcriptional Repression by Interaction with the Mad1 DNA-Binding Protein
Kasten, M. M., Ayer, D. E., & Stillman, D. J. (1996) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.16.8.4215 · Cited by 58 · cited 4×
“We cloned dCas9 with two NLSs into a vector under control of the TDH3 promoter (Figure S4C).”
MethodInfluentialSin3 corepressor function in Myc-induced transcription and transformation.
Harper, S. E., Qiu, Y., & Sharp, P. A. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.16.8536 · Cited by 49
CTCF, cohesin, and histone variants: connecting the genome
Millau, J., & Gaudreau, L. R. (2011) · Biochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1139/o11-052 · Cited by 41
Introduction to Theme “Chromatin, Epigenetics, and Transcription”
Conaway, J. W. (2012) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-090711-093103 · Cited by 39 · cited 1×
“Most genes are controlled by the interplay of activating and repressive transcription factors acting at DNA regulatory elements, which can be spread across large regions of the genome (Conaway, 2012).”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system
Ran, F. A., Hsu, P. D., Wright, J., Agarwala, V., Scott, D. A., & Zhang, F. (2013) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.143 · Cited by 11,133
The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9
Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1258096 · Cited by 7,062
“Specifically, fusion of dCas9 to effector domains including VP64 or KRAB allowed stable and efficient transcriptional activation or repression, respectively, in human and yeast cells (129).”
Self-citationDevelopment and Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for Genome Engineering
Hsu, P. D., Lander, E. S., & Zhang, F. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010 · Cited by 5,762
“This CRISPR-based interference, or CRISPRi, works efficiently in prokaryotic genomes but is less effective in eukaryotic cells (Gilbert et al., 2013).”
InfluentialGenome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening in human cells
Shalem, O., Sanjana, N. E., Hartenian, E., Shi, X., Scott, D. A., Mikkelsen, T. S., Heckl, D., Ebert, B. L., Root, D. E., Doench, J. G., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1247005 · Cited by 5,234
CRISPR-Cas systems for editing, regulating and targeting genomes
Sander, J. D., & Joung, J. K. (2014) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2842 · Cited by 3,153
Metadata
- Authors
- Gilbert, L. A., Larson, M. H., Morsut, L., Liu, Z., Brar, G. A., Torres, S. E., Stern-Ginossar, N., Brandman, O., Whitehead, E. H., Doudna, J. A., Lim, W. A., Weissman, J. S., & Qi, L. S.
- Affiliations
- QB3 (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Peking University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Weissman, Jonathan S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 442-451
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3770145
- OpenAlex
- W2101749257
- Cited by
- 3,696
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 195 · 2025: 260 · 2024: 298 · 2023: 286 · 2022: 316 · 2021: 374 · 2020: 387 · 2019: 332 · 2018: 328 · 2017: 286 · 2016: 256 · 2015: 187 · 2014: 161 · 2013: 28
- FWCI
- 94.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (U01 CA168370, P50 GM102706, 0540879)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institutes of Health (GM102706, GM081879)
- University of California, San Francisco (GM081879)
- National Cancer Institute (U01CA168370)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P50GM081879, P50GM102706, GM081879, F32GM100611, GM102706)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Keywords
- CRISPR interference, dCas9, transcriptional repression, transcriptional activation, gene silencing, CRISPR/Cas9
- MeSH terms
- Bacterial Proteins, HeLa Cells, Humans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Gene Targeting, HEK293 Cells, RNA, Small Untranslated
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
