Central Cholinergic Neurons Are Rapidly Recruited by Reinforcement Feedback
Open accessAbstract
Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons constitute a major neuromodulatory system implicated in normal cognition and neurodegenerative dementias. Cholinergic projections densely innervate neocortex, releasing acetylcholine to regulate arousal, attention, and learning. However, their precise behavioral function is poorly understood because identified cholinergic neurons have never been recorded during behavior. To determine which aspects of cognition their activity might support, we recorded cholinergic neurons using optogenetic identification in mice performing an auditory detection task requiring sustained attention. We found that a non-cholinergic basal forebrain population-but not cholinergic neurons-were correlated with trial-to-trial measures of attention. Surprisingly, cholinergic neurons responded to reward and punishment with unusual speed and precision (18 ± 3 ms). Cholinergic responses were scaled by the unexpectedness of reinforcement and were highly similar across neurons and two nuclei innervating distinct cortical areas. These results reveal that the cholinergic system broadcasts a rapid and precisely timed reinforcement signal, supporting fast cortical activation and plasticity.
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Neurons that reliably fired (≥70% of trials) at short latency (≤4 ms) after the onset of blue light were selected as being oxytocin neurons.
“For identifying oxytocin neurons in optically tagged recordings, we aligned neuronal activity to the onset of the blue light pulse30. Neurons that reliably fired (≥70% of trials) at short latency (≤4 ms) after the onset of blue light were selected as being oxytocin neurons.”
From Oxytocin neurons enable social transmission of maternal behaviour (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Hangya, B., Ranade, S. P., Lorenc, M., & Kepecs, A.
- Affiliations
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hangya, Balázs
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1155-1168
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4833212
- OpenAlex
- W2123985235
- Cited by
- 399
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 15.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Institutional Repository (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS075531, R01NS088661)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, acetylcholine, reward and punishment, sustained attention, neuromodulation, cortical plasticity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arousal, Attention, Behavior, Animal, Cognition, Feedback, Learning, Neuronal Plasticity, Reward, Prosencephalon, Mice, Cholinergic Neurons
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