FGF21 Is a Sugar-Induced Hormone Associated with Sweet Intake and Preference in Humans
Open accessAbstract
The liking and selective ingestion of palatable foods-including sweets-is biologically controlled, and dysfunction of this regulation may promote unhealthy eating, obesity, and disease. The hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) reduces sweet consumption in rodents and primates, whereas knockout of Fgf21 increases sugar consumption in mice. To investigate the relevance of these findings in humans, we genotyped variants in the FGF21 locus in participants from the Danish Inter99 cohort (n = 6,514) and examined their relationship with a detailed range of food and ingestive behaviors. This revealed statistically significant associations between FGF21 rs838133 and increased consumption of candy, as well as nominal associations with increased alcohol intake and daily smoking. Moreover, in a separate clinical study, plasma FGF21 levels increased acutely after oral sucrose ingestion and were elevated in fasted sweet-disliking individuals. These data suggest the liver may secrete hormones that influence eating behavior.
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These SNPs are also associated with increases in sweet-taste preference and greater waist-to-hip ratios.
“These single-nucleotide polymorphisms are also associated with increases in sweet-taste preference119 and greater waist-to-hip ratios120.”
From Metabolic messengers: FGF21 (2021) · cites this paper as [119]
Variants around the FGF21 locus are not associated with obesity or type 2 diabetes.
“Although variants around the FGF21 locus are associated with changes in macronutrient intake, they are not associated with obesity or type 2 diabetes (120).”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [120]
Statistically significant associations were identified between the FGF21 rs838133 allele and increased candy consumption.
“As was observed with increased carbohydrate intake (20, 127), statistically significant associations were identified between the FGF21 rs838133 allele and increased candy consumption (120).”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [120]
FGF21 regulates sweet taste preference in primates and humans.
“FGF21 also regulates sweet taste preference in primates and humans.”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [120]
SNPs at the FGF21 locus are associated with a preference for sweets.
“A third report also identified SNPs at the FGF21 locus associating with a preference for sweets (120).”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [120]
Alcohol consumption robustly increases FGF21, largely by the liver.
“another nutritional intervention was shown to robustly increase FGF21: alcohol consumption. Ample evidence, in both rodents and humans, demonstrates that ethanol intake increases FGF21 production, largely by the liver”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [166]
Additional studies support a relationship between FGF21 and macronutrient intake, including associations with alcohol intake.
“Additional studies have since supported this relationship between FGF21 and macronutrient intake, including associations with alcohol intake”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [166]
FGF21 sequence variants are linked with alterations in macronutrient preference and alcohol intake in humans.
“FGF21 sequence variants are linked with alterations in macronutrient preference and alcohol intake in humans”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [166]
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FGF21 Signals Protein Status to the Brain and Adaptively Regulates Food Choice and Metabolism
Hill, C. M., Laeger, T., Dehner, M., Albarado, D. C., Clarke, B., Wanders, D., Burke, S. J., Collier, J. J., Qualls-Creekmore, E., Solon-Biet, S. M., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.022 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis
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“Conversely, a putative loss-of-function FGF21 allele in humans is associated with greater intake of alcohol (82), preference for sweet foods (279), and altered macronutrient intake (280), but has no effect on total caloric consumption.”
BackgroundBrown Adipose Crosstalk in Tissue Plasticity and Human Metabolism
Scheele, C. C., & Wolfrum, C. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnz007 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, FGF21 has been shown to enhance thermogenesis in human brown adipocytes derived from the neck (107), and as circulating levels of FGF21 are elevated in response to ingested glucose (108) and alcohol (109) but not cold (107) this protein is likely to be involved in liver–BAT crosstalk in humans; however,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrown Adipose Tissue—A Translational Perspective
Carpentier, A. C., Blondin, D. P., Haman, F., & Richard, D. (2022) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnac015 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Therapeutic Landscape for NAFLD in 2020
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Going Back to the Biology of FGF21: New Insights
Lewis, J. E., Ebling, F. J. P., Samms, R. J., & Tsintzas, K. (2019) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2019.05.007 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
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“Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the FGF21 locus are associated with changes in macronutrient intake, specifically increased carbohydrate intake (Chu et al., 2013; Frayling et al., 2018; Tanaka et al., 2013) and increased preference for sweets (Soberg et al., 2017).”
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Metabolic communication during exercise
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FGF21: A Novel Regulator of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism and Whole-Body Energy Balance
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New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors
Ornitz, D. M., & Itoh, N. (2022) · WIREs Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1002/wsbm.1549 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Li, X. (2019) · Frontiers of Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11684-019-0711-y · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Exposure to alcohol or sugar induces hepatic FGF21 through ChREBP, which then acts on the hypothalamus reward pathway to suppress the desire for sugar and alcohol in favor of drinking water in mice depending on the β-adrenergic circuit [97,98,121,122].”
BackgroundMechanisms of Weight Loss After Obesity Surgery
Akalestou, E., Miras, A. D., Rutter, G. A., & le Roux, C. W. (2022) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab022 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Emerging hormonal-based combination pharmacotherapies for the treatment of metabolic diseases
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Fibroblast growth factor 21: a regulator of metabolic disease and health span
Xie, T., & Leung, P. S. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00101.2017 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Andrés-Hernando, A., Orlicky, D. J., Kuwabara, M., Ishimoto, T., Nakagawa, T., Johnson, R. J., & Lanaspa, M. A. (2020) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.05.012 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“Consistent with previous reports(Soberg et al., 2017; von Holstein-Rathlou et al., 2016), exposure of WT mice to sugar results in a marked and significant up-regulation of plasma FGF21 levels (from 396 to 5326 pg/ml, P<0.”
ResultInfluentialFGF21 suppresses alcohol consumption through an amygdalo-striatal circuit
Flippo, K. H., Trammell, S. A. J., Gillum, M. P., Aklan, İ., Perez, M. B., Yavuz, Y., Smith, N. K., Jensen-Cody, S. O., Zhou, B., Claflin, K. E., et al. (2022) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.12.024 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationMuscle-to-Brain Signaling Via Myokines and Myometabolites
Rai, M., & Demontis, F. (2022) · Brain Plasticity · doi:10.3233/bpl-210133 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Therefore, based on the known roles of FGF21 in this process [63, 209, 210], FoxO/4EBP signaling in skeletal muscle may regulate feeding behavior via muscle-to-brain signaling mediated by FGF21 and related myokines.”
BackgroundMay-Wilson, S., Matoba, N., Wade, K. H., Hottenga, J., Concas, M. P., Mangino, M., Grzeszkowiak, E. J., Menni, C., Gasparini, P., Timpson, N. J., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30187-w · Cited by 114 · see citing works
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Self-citationRole of oxytocin in the control of stress and food intake
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FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference
Hill, C. M., Qualls-Creekmore, E., Berthoud, H.-R., Soto, P., Yu, S., McDougal, D. H., Münzberg, H., & Morrison, C. D. (2020) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaa019 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The role of FGF21 and its analogs on liver associated diseases
Falamarzi, K., Malekpour, M., Tafti, M. F., Azarpira, N., Behboodi, M., & Zarei, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.967375 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“This study implies that the liver can regulate eating and lifestyle habits via producing different hormones like FGF21 (47).”
BackgroundHenriksson, E., & Andersen, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.601349 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
How does the skeletal muscle communicate with the brain in health and disease?
Isaac, A. R., Lima‐Filho, R. A. S., & Lourenco, M. V. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108744 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
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“In favor of a conserved role for FGF21 as a negative regulator of alcohol and sugar intake in humans, the Fgf21 rs838133 Aallele is enriched among the top tertile of alcohol drinkers and sweet consumers in the Danish Inter99 cohort [15].”
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“This effect is consistent with previous rodent studies (25, 26, 40) and human genetic studies that identified variants in the FGF21 gene locus as regulators of carbohydrate consumption (19 – 21).”
Hwang, L., Lin, C., Gharahkhani, P., Cuéllar-Partida, G., Ong, J., An, J., Gordon, S. D., Zhu, G., MacGregor, S., Lawlor, D. A., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz043 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and the Adaptive Response to Nutritional Challenges
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“Genetic studies in humans have associated some SNPs in and around the FGF21 gene with carbohydrates, protein, fat, and alcohol preferences [33,184,185], but also a specific KLB expression profile has been described in humans.”
BackgroundThe impact of fasting on adipose tissue metabolism
Kersten, S. (2022) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159262 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
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Circulating FGF21 Levels in Human Health and Metabolic Disease
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Consequences of Obesity on the Sense of Taste: Taste Buds as Treatment Targets?
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Lifestyle precision medicine: the next generation in type 2 diabetes prevention?
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Fibroblast growth factor-21 controls dietary protein intake in male mice
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Homeostatic sensing of dietary protein restriction: a case for FGF21
Hill, C. M., Berthoud, H.-R., Münzberg, H., & Morrison, C. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.06.002 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Factors mediating exercise‐induced organ crosstalk
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Self-citationHepatokines—A novel group of exercise factors
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“Human studies support a central regulation of food intake and reduction in sugar consumption by FGF21 [57, 58] and increased production of adiponectin [53,”
BackgroundParry, S. A., Rosqvist, F., Mózes, F. E., Cornfield, T., Hutchinson, M., Piché, M., Hülsmeier, A. J., Hornemann, T., Dyson, P. A., & Hodson, L. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-2331 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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Defining “FGF21 Resistance” during obesity: Controversy, criteria and unresolved questions
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Genetic analysis of dietary intake identifies new loci and functional links with metabolic traits
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“…is induced in situations of energy deficit, e.g., fasting [112,113] and amino acid deficiency [156 – 159], as well as in conditions of calorie excess, as created by the ketogenic diet [112,160], glucose intake [161 – 165], alcohol consumption [166 – 168], and milk intake by neonates [73,169].”
FGF21 counteracts alcohol intoxication by activating the noradrenergic nervous system
Choi, M., Schneeberger, M., Fan, W., Bugde, A., Gautron, L., Vale, K., Hammer, R. E., Zhang, Y., Friedman, J. M., Mangelsdorf, D. J., et al. (2023) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2023.02.005 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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“Indeed, the carbohydrates could induce FGF21 expression and secretion [59,60].”
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Self-citationAdipokines in glucose and lipid metabolism
Wang, X., Zhang, S., & Li, Z. (2023) · Adipocyte · doi:10.1080/21623945.2023.2202976 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
FGF-based drug discovery: advances and challenges
Chen, G., Chen, L., Li, X., & Mohammadi, M. (2025) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-024-01125-w · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“FGF21 also regulates sweet craving behaviour through its physiological action on glutamatergic neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus, inhibiting the consumption of monosaccharides 108–110 .”
Le, T. D. V., Fathi, P. A., Watters, A. B., Ellis, B. J., Besing, G.-L. K., Bozadjieva-Kramer, N., Perez, M. B., Sullivan, A. I., Rose, J. P., Baggio, L. L., et al. (2023) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101718 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationOld Paradoxes and New Opportunities for Appetite Control in Obesity
Montégut, L., López-Otı́n, C., Magnan, C., & Kroemer, G. (2021) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2021.02.005 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Fibroblast growth factor 21: an endocrine inhibitor of sugar and alcohol appetite
von Holstein‐Rathlou, S., & Gillum, M. P. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp277117 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Since then, the observation that sucrose, the most abundant dietary sugar, induces FGF21 expression has been expanded to include humans (Søberg et al. 2017), and a relationship with the FGF21 pathway has also been documented for alcohol intake (Schumann et al. 2016; Talukdar et al. 2016; Frayling…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationObesity linking to hepatocellular carcinoma: A global view
Gan, L., Liu, Z., & Sun, C. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.12.006 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A feed-forward regulatory loop in adipose tissue promotes signaling by the hepatokine FGF21
Han, M. S., Perry, R. J., Camporez, J.-P., Scherer, P. E., Shulman, G. I., Gao, G., & Davis, R. J. (2021) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.344556.120 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“2014), food choice preference (sugar and alcohol) (Schumann et al. 2016; Talukdar et al. 2016; von Holstein-Rathlou et al. 2016; Søberg et al. 2017), water consumption (Song et al.”
BackgroundEating, diet, and nutrition for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Semmler, G., Datz, C., & Trauner, M. A. (2022) · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology · doi:10.3350/cmh.2022.0364 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Innate gut microbiota predisposes to high alcohol consumption
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“Oral alcohol and sugar intake have been shown to markedly increase FGF21 plasma levels, while the administration of recombinant FGF21 greatly inhibits the self-administration of both alcohol and saccharin.(9,41,42) In the present study, gut microbiota modification by the administration of LGG led to an 11-fold increas…”
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Beta-klotho in type 2 diabetes mellitus: From pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies
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Fibroblast growth factor 21 is a hepatokine involved in MASLD progression
Gallego‐Durán, R., Ampuero, J., Maya‐Miles, D., Pastor‐Ramírez, H., Montero‐Vallejo, R., Rivera‐Esteban, J., Álvarez‐Amor, L., Pareja, M. J., Rico, M. C., Millán, R., et al. (2024) · United European Gastroenterology Journal · doi:10.1002/ueg2.12534 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“34 Besides, the A ‐ allele has been strongly associated with higher blood pressure and waist ‐ hip ratio, despite an association with lower total body ‐ fat percentage, 10 as well as linked to high salt intake.”
BackgroundNew Horizon: Exercise and a Focus on Tissue-Brain Crosstalk
Townsend, L. K., MacPherson, R. E. K., & Wright, D. C. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab333 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
FGF21 increases water intake, urine output and blood pressure in rats
Turner, T., Chen, X., Zahner, M. R., Opsahl, A., DeMarco, G. J., Boucher, M., Goodwin, B. J., & Perreault, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202182 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
PGC1α Controls Sucrose Taste Sensitization in Drosophila
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Protein Appetite at the Interface between Nutrient Sensing and Physiological Homeostasis
Khan, M. S. H., Spann, R. A., Münzberg, H., Yu, S., Albaugh, V. L., He, Y., Berthoud, H., & Morrison, C. D. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13114103 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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Can Blood-Circulating Factors Unveil and Delay Your Biological Aging?
Rybtsova, N., Berezina, T. N., Kagansky, A., & Александрович, Р. С. (2020) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines8120615 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fibroblast growth factor 21 as a potential master regulator in metabolic disorders
Velingkar, A., Vuree, S., Prabhakar, P. K., Kalashikam, R. R., Banerjee, A., & Kondeti, S. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00244.2022 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery Has Unique Effects on Postprandial FGF21 but Not FGF19 Secretion
Harris, L.-A. L. S., Smith, G. I., Mittendorfer, B., Eagon, J. C., Okunade, A. L., Patterson, B. W., & Klein, S. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01295 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Paracrine-endocrine FGF chimeras as potent therapeutics for metabolic diseases
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Dietary Patterns and Their Associations With the FTO and FGF21 Gene Variants Among Emirati Adults
Naja, F., Itani, L., Hammoudeh, S. M., Manzoor, S., Abbas, N., Radwan, H. M., & Saber-Ayad, M. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.668901 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Genotyping was performed for FTOrs9939609(A>T), rs9930506(A>G), FGF21 rs838133 (A > G), and FGF21 rs838145 (A>G) as previously described (30, 31).”
BackgroundMethodNutrition for precision health: The time is now
Qi, L. (2022) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23448 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Gluco-metabolic effects of oral and intravenous alcohol administration in men
Lanng, A. R., Gasbjerg, L. S., Bergmann, N. C., Bergmann, S., Helsted, M. M., Gillum, M. P., Hartmann, B., Holst, J. J., Vilsbøll, T., & Knop, F. K. (2019) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-19-0317 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationConverging vulnerability factors for compulsive food and drug use
Serafine, K. M., O’Dell, L. E., & Zorrilla, E. P. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108556 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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FGF21 impedes peripheral myelin development by stimulating p38 MAPK/c‐Jun axis
Zhang, Y., Jiang, K., Xie, G., Ding, J., Su, P., Liu, X., Sun, C., & Tang, X. (2020) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.29942 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“FGF21 also influences eating behavior, that is, FGF21 reduces sweet consumption in humans and rodents (Soberg et al., 2017).”
BackgroundFerrer‐Curriu, G., Guitart‐Mampel, M., Rupérez, C., Zamora, M., Crispi, F., Villarroya, F., Fernández‐Solà, J., Garrabou, G., & Planavila, A. (2020) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.5573 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In humans, KLB genetic variants are associated with increased alcohol intake [21,22].”
BackgroundIizuka, K. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222112058 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“These results suggest that the glucose/fructose-ChREBP-FGF21 pathway forms a negative feedback loop regulating sugar-eating behavior [99].”
BackgroundFibroblast Growth Factor 21 Facilitates the Homeostatic Control of Feeding Behavior
Wu, C.-T., CHAFFIN, A. T. B., & Ryan, K. K. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11030580 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Further analyses showed that rs838133 carriers were specifically associated with high intake of sweet foods [66].”
BackgroundResultLarsen, E. L., Poulsen, H. E., Michaelsen, C., Kjær, L. K., Lyngbæk, M. P. P., Andersen, E. S., Petersen-Bønding, C., Lemoine, C., Gillum, M. P., Jørgensen, N. R., et al. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1770918 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Additionally, FGF21 seems to be associated with sweet and alcohol preferences (Søberg et al., 2018, 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEndocrine Fibroblast Growth Factors in Relation to Stress Signaling
Shimizu, M., & Sato, R. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11030505 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Monnard, C. R., & Grasser, E. K. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmx023 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In humans, excess dietary carbohydrate intake (80% of energy, with a glucose:fructose ratio of 1:1) for 3 d resulted in an 8-fold increase in FGF-21 concentrations compared with a control diet (71), whereas ingestion of 75 g sucrose doubled FGF-21 concentrations in healthy subjects, with peak responses occurring 120 m…”
Fibroblast growth factor 21: A “rheostat” for metabolic regulation?
She, Q.-Y., Bao, J., Wang, H.-Z., Liang, H., Huang, W., Wu, J., Zhong, Y.-W., Ling, H., Li, A., & Qin, S.-L. (2022) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155166 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Relationship between FGF21 and drug or nondrug therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Guo, C. Y., Zhao, L., Li, Y., Deng, X., & Yuan, G. (2020) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.29879 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The study found that after 12 hr of fasting to exclude the effects of acute high glucose stimulation, the circulating FGF21 level of sub- jects who did not like sweet food was 51% higher than that of those who liked sweet food (Søberg et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMetabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance: A Review of Complex Interlinks
Barber, T. M., Kabisch, S., Pfeiffer, A. F. H., & Weickert, M. O. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13060757 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Data from a wide range of settings (including rodent, primate, and human-based data) show that FGF21 may reduce the consumption of sweet foods [59].”
BackgroundMetabolic Factors Determining the Susceptibility to Weight Gain: Current Evidence
Hollstein, T., & Piaggi, P. (2020) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-020-00371-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Similarly, in humans, FGF21 was shown to increase energy expenditure [120] and modulate food preference [121].”
BackgroundDaily, J. W., Liu, M., & Park, S. (2018) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2018.09.009 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Glycerol-3-phosphate activates ChREBP, FGF21 transcription and lipogenesis in citrin deficiency
Tiwari, V., Jin, B., Sun, O., Gonzalez, E. D. J. L., Chen, M.-H., Wu, X., Shah, H., Zhang, A., Herman, M. A., Spracklen, C. N., et al. (2025) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-025-01399-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Meal sugar-protein balance determines postprandial FGF21 response in humans
Ramne, S., Duizer, L., Nielsen, M. S., Jørgensen, N. R., Svenningsen, J. S., Grarup, N., Sjödin, A. M., Raben, A., & Gillum, M. P. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00241.2023 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Søberg, S., Sandholt, C. H., Jespersen, N. Z., Toft, U., Madsen, A. L., von Holstein-Rathlou, S., Grevengoed, T. J., Christensen, K. B., Bredie, W. L. P., Potthoff, M. J., Solomon, T. P. J., Scheele, C., Linneberg, A., Jørgensen, T., Pedersen, O., Hansen, T., Gillum, M. P., & Grarup, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Capital Region of Denmark (DK)
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gillum, Matthew P.
- Grarup, Niels
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1045-1053.e6
- ISSN
- 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2611671707
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 13
- FWCI
- 9.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- TrygFonden
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF15CC0018486)
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research
- Strategiske Forskningsråd (09 – 067009, 09 – 075724)
- Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond (4092-00240B)
- Danmarks Grundforskningsfond (DNRF55)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques
- Keywords
- FGF21, hepatokines, sugar consumption, sweet taste preference, food liking, sucrose intake, alcohol consumption, smoking, genetic variants, dietary habits, obesity, liver hormone
- MeSH terms
- Sugars, Adult, Appetite, Appetite Regulation, Candy, Female, Fibroblast Growth Factors, Food Preferences, Genotype, Humans, Male, Obesity, Polymorphism, Genetic, Taste, Cohort Studies, Young Adult
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