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The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and Satisfaction with Life in college students
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“have been shown to constitute an at-risk population regarding excessive and addictive smartphone use1–4”
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Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000160 · Cited by 2,095
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“…China (n=4) (Hong et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015; Yen et al., 2009), Korea (n=4) (Ha et al., 2008; Jeong et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2015b), and the United States (n=4) (Khang et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2015a; Lee, 2015; Lepp et al., 2014; Smetaniuk, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRelationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life
Samaha, M., & Hawi, N. S. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045 · Cited by 1,246
“(2014) showed a negative relationship between smartphone addiction and anxiety (Lepp et al., 2014) and suggestedmore research to investigate this relationship and to search for other relevant variables such as physical activity.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBillieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y · Cited by 1,205
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“Lepp, Barkley, and Karpinski (2013) found that compulsive mobile device users are more likely to su ff er from an anxious state compared to non-compulsive users.”
BackgroundElhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079 · Cited by 1,020
Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058 · Cited by 999
Wilmer, H. H., Sherman, L. E., & Chein, J. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00605 · Cited by 736
How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone
Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.018 · Cited by 954
“Recent research has found FoMO to be associated with problematic mobile phone use (Cheever et al., 2014; Hong, Chiu & Huang, 2012; Lepp et al., 2014).”
BackgroundHawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2017) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439316660340 · Cited by 618
Cheever, N. A., Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Chavez, A. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002 · Cited by 589
“Lepp, Barkley, and Karpinski (2013) found through survey research that cell phone use was positively related to anxiety among college students , while Reid and Reid (2007) discovered that anxious participants preferred text messaging over other methods of communication, which mediated the effects…”
BackgroundSmartphone addiction among university students in the light of some variables
Aljomaa, S. S., Al.Qudah, M. F., Albursan, I. S., Bakhiet, S. F., & Abduljabbar, A. S. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.041 · Cited by 456
“This is consistent with most studies researching smartphone addiction (e.g., AboArrab & Al-Qosairi, 2014; Alasdair & Philips, 2011; Al-Jamal, 2014; Campbell, 2005; GSMA, 2011; Javid et al., 2011; Lepp et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultRashid, T., & Asghar, H. M. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.084 · Cited by 649
Excessive Smartphone Use Is Associated With Health Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults
Wacks, Y., & Weinstein, A. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669042 · Cited by 424
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Marsh, E., Vallejos, E. P., & Spence, A. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107118 · Cited by 348
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“…Cox, & Young, 2011), as well as impacts of mobile phone addiction on individuals’ psychological (Çağan, Ünsal, & Çelik, 2014), academic performance (Lepp et al., 2014), leisure (Lepp, Li, Barkley, & Salehi-Esfahani, 2015), behavioral (Kamibeppu & Sugiura, 2005; Wang et al., 2014), and health…”
BackgroundThe brain in your pocket: Evidence that Smartphones are used to supplant thinking
Barr, N., Pennycook, G., Stolz, J. A., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029 · Cited by 327
“For example, Lepp et al. (2014) found a negative correlation between grade point average (GPA) and both 2 Equal variances not assumed due to significant Levene’s test, F = 6.2, p = .013. overall cell phone use (i.e., including all uses apart from listening to music) and text messaging among…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThomée, S. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15122692 · Cited by 370
“• Depression L: [26,268,269] CS: [29,53,113,139,140,239,244,264,269] NA: [74,75] • Sleep problems, lower sleep quality L: [268,269,274] CS: [117,149,187,269] • Later bedtimes, shorter sleep CS: [103,113,117,228] • Tiredness, reduced daytime function CS: [65,113,117,187,228] • Lower mental well-being CS: [227] NA: [37]…”
BackgroundSmartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrastination and self-control
Geng, Y., Gu, J., Wang, J., & Zhang, R. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062 · Cited by 309
Digital detox: An effective solution in the smartphone era? A systematic literature review
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“Regarding healthrelated problems, studies have found that smartphone use is related to higher depression rates and anxiety (Lepp et al., 2014), sleep difficulties (Thomée, 2018), and also musculoskeletal problems in case of smartphone overuse (İNal et al., 2015).”
BackgroundLi, J., Xue, H., Wang, W., Sun, G., & Cheng, Z. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.11.016 · Cited by 361
The association between smartphone use, stress, and anxiety: A meta‐analytic review
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Mobile phone dependency and its impacts on adolescents’ social and academic behaviors
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Smartphone use and academic performance: A literature review
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“Smartphones’ mobility allows students to access the same (internet-based) services as a computer almost anywhere, almost every time (Lepp, Barkley & Karpinski, 2014).”
BackgroundSmartphone addiction and associated consequences: Role of loneliness and self-regulation
Mahapatra, S. (2019) · Behaviour & Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2018.1560499 · Cited by 261
“A heavy investment of time spent interacting with smartphone results into divided attention in class leading to a ‘cognitive bottleneck’ due to limited cognitive capacity for information processing resulting in poor academic performance (Junco and Cotton 2012; Lepp, Barkley, and Karpinski 2014).”
BackgroundI need my smartphone: A hierarchical model of personality and cell-phone addiction
Roberts, J. A., Pullig, C., & Manolis, C. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.049 · Cited by 258
“Lepp, Barkley, and Karpinski (2014) also found a negative relationship between college students’ cell phone use and GPA.”
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“Pearson and Hussain’s (2015) survey research of 256 smartphone users found that 13.”
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“Improving student–student relationship can help reduce adolescent smartphone addiction, given the adverse impacts smartphone addiction has on adolescents’ development, such as physical health, emotions, sleep quality, and academic performance (Kim et al., 2015; Lemola et al., 2015; Lepp et al., 2014; Samaha & Hawi, 20…”
BackgroundYang, Z., Asbury, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9961-1 · Cited by 241
The effects of smartphone addiction on learning: A meta-analysis
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Cell phone usage and academic performance: An experiment
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Mobile phone addiction and adolescents’ anxiety and depression: the moderating role of mindfulness
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“Although there is considerable research on the links between mobile phone addiction and mental health problems (Chen et al. 2016; Jun 2016; Lepp et al. 2014; Merlo 2008), there is little research on factors that might lessen or amplify these associations (i.e., moderation).”
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“, 2015), and decreased life satisfaction (Lepp et al., 2014).”
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Relationships among smartphone addiction, anxiety, and family relations
Hawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2017) · Behaviour & Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2017.1336254 · Cited by 190
“…been linked to poor academic performance (Kibona and Mgaya 2015; Hawi and Samaha 2016c), stress, and low satisfaction with life (Lee et al. 2014; Lepp, Barkley, and Karpinski 2014; Samaha and Hawi 2016), and some studies addressed the negative impact of smartphone addiction on people’s physical…”
BackgroundExploring the relationships between college students’ cell phone use, personality and leisure
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Self-citationSmartphone usage among older adults
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“In the academic setting, numerous studies have reported small to moderate negative associations between multitasking with mobile devices and various aspects of academic performance (Kuznekoff and Titsworth, 2013; Lepp et al., 2014; Chen and Yan, 2016; Dempsey et al., 2019; Baert et al., 2020).”
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Is the smartphone a smart choice? The effect of smartphone separation on executive functions
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“Despite conflicting findings, researchers generally agree that a broad understanding of the field combined with proper utilization of social media would enable the creation of better learner-focused systems in education [5], although previous frameworks and models related to social media have been shown to produce sev…”
BackgroundProblematic smartphone use: an empirically validated model
Pivetta, E., Harkin, L., Billieux, J., Kanjo, E., & Kuss, D. J. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.013 · Cited by 149
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Problematic smartphone use, nature connectedness, and anxiety
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“Studies have shown that deterioration in academic performance was one of the most frequently reported adverse outcomes of smartphone addiction among university students in the United States [47] and Italy [48].”
BackgroundA descriptive literature review of phubbing behaviors
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Unhappy and addicted to your phone?- Higher mobile phone use is associated with lower well-being
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The association between social anxiety and mobile phone addiction: A three-level meta-analysis
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“…have examined associations between technology addictions and stress, anxiety (Hawi and Samaha 2017a), depression, and psychological well-being, which all had negative impacts on satisfaction with life (Lepp, Barkley, and Karpinski 2014; Kabasakal 2015; Hawi and Samaha 2016; Samaha and Hawi 2016).”
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Linking decent work with physical and mental health: A psychology of working perspective
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Effects of Phubbing: Relationships With Psychodemographic Variables
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“The “always on” or “perpetual contact” offered by the modern smartphone, asserts McDaniel (2015), can lead to stress.”
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“Literature highlighted how psychopathological measures of anxiety and depression entertained small or negligible correlation with flourishing [84] and life satisfaction [85,86], which are respectively EWB and HWB measures.”
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“The effects of multitasking on academic performance were examined in numerous studies (Becker et al., 2013; Junco & Cotten, 2012; Karpinski, Kirschner, Ozer, Mellott, & Ochwo, 2013; Lepp et al., 2014; Wang & Tchernev, 2012).”
Prolonged mobile phone use is associated with depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents
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What College Instructors Can Do About Student Cyber-slacking
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“Meanwhile, using mobile technology for off-task purposes while handling academic tasks has been associated with detriments to homework completion rates (e.g., Junco and Cotten 2012), test scores (e.g., Bjornsen and Archer 2015), final course grades (e.g., Lepp et al. 2014), and more.”
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“These negative consequences include symptoms of depression and anxiety [7,8], detrimental effects on attention [9], financial problems [10], sleep disturbances [11], dangerous use [12], and problematic social and academic behaviours [9,13].”
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Smartphones are more reinforcing than food for students
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The Impact of Social Media Networks Websites Usage on Students’ Academic Performance
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“[19] explored that Cell Phone use was negatively related to GPA and positively related to anxiety.”
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“Studies in the United States that have subjectively measured the association of smartphones with physical activity and sedentary behavior have demonstrated that smartphone use is positively associated with sedentary behavior with no relationship between smartphone use and physical activity and may decrease the intensi…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWang, P., Lei, L., Wang, X., Nie, J., Chu, X., & Jin, S. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.009 · Cited by 98
Cazan, A., Cocoradă, E., & Maican, C. I. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.001 · Cited by 95
Problematic smartphone use among Lebanese adults aged 18–65 years using MPPUS-10
Nahas, M., Hlais, S., Saberian, C., & Antoun, J. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.009 · Cited by 91
Digital distraction in the classroom: exploring instructor perceptions and reactions
Flanigan, A. E., & Babchuk, W. A. (2020) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2020.1724937 · Cited by 91
“College students spend several hours on their mobile phones (Barkley and Lepp 2016; Roberts, Yaya, and Manolis 2014), send hundreds of text messages (Lepp, Barkley, and Karpinski 2014; Lepp, Barkley, and Salehi-Esfahani 2015; Lepp, Li, and Barkley 2016), and log several hours on Twitter, Facebook,…”
BackgroundLee, S., Kim, M., Mendoza, J. S., & McDonough, I. M. (2018) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00895 · Cited by 101
Liu, Q., Yang, X., Hu, Y., Zhang, C., & Nie, Y. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104827 · Cited by 95
Chen, C. (2018) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2018.1518469 · Cited by 92
“This debate surrounding Internet addiction is now related to smartphone use as well (Lopez-Fernandez, 2017; Lopez-Fernandez, Kuss, Griffiths, & Billieux, 2015), because most research on excessive smartphone use has commonly focused more on generalized use, and less on specific forms.”
BackgroundSmartphone Restriction and Its Effect on Subjective Withdrawal Related Scores
Flaa, T. A., Aarestad, S. H., Andreassen, C. S., Bilder, R. M., & Pallesen, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01444 · Cited by 106
Fırat, S., Gül, H., Sertçelik, M., Gül, A., Gürel, Y., & Kılıç, B. G. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.015 · Cited by 96
Xiang, M.-Q., Lin, L., Wang, Z.-R., Jin, L., Zebo, X. U., & Hu, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03032 · Cited by 98
Metadata
- Authors
- Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Kent State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lepp, Andrew
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-02
- Volume
- 31
- Pages
- 343-350
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1998146685
- Cited by
- 990
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 14
- FWCI
- 116.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Keywords
- mobile phone use, text messaging, academic performance, anxiety, life satisfaction, subjective well-being, university students, GPA, mental health, mediation
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