Cyberbullying: Labels, behaviours and definition in three European countries
Abstract
Abstract This study aims to examine students' perception of the term used to label cyberbullying, the perception of different forms and behaviours (written, verbal, visual, exclusion and impersonation) and the perception of the criteria used for its definition (imbalance of power, intention, repetition, anonymity and publicity) in three different European countries: Italy, Spain and Germany. Seventy adolescents took part in nine focus groups, using the same interview guide across countries. Thematic analysis focused on three main themes related to: (1) the term used to label cyberbullying, (2) the different behaviours representing cyberbullying, (3) the three traditional criteria of intentionality, imbalance of power and repetition and the two new criteria of anonymity and publicity. Results showed that the best word to label cyberbullying is ‘cyber-mobbing’ (in Germany), ‘virtual’ or ‘cyber-bullying’ (in Italy), and ‘harassment’ or ‘harassment via Internet or mobile phone’ (in Spain). Impersonation cannot be considered wholly as cyberbullying behaviour. In order to define a cyberbullying act, adolescents need to know whether the action was done intentionally to harm the victim, the effect on the victim and the repetition of the action (this latter criterion evaluated simultaneously with the publicity). Information about the anonymity and publicity contributes to better understand the nature and the severity of the act, the potential effects on the victim and the intentionality.
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There was little mention of power imbalance or repetition in discussions around defining cyberbullying, despite these being defining features for adolescents in previous research.
“There was little mention of power imbalance or repetition in discussions around defining cyberbullying, despite these being defining features for adolescents in previous research (54–57, 59).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [57]
Focus groups found that European adolescents defined cyberbullying based on intention to cause harm, repetition and whether the victim was affected.
“From a qualitative perspective, focus groups found that European adolescents defined cyberbullying based on intention to cause harm, repetition and whether the victim was affected (57).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [57]
When discussing definitions of cyberbullying, participants heavily focused on the target's perspective, for example, if they were affected and determined intention based on whether the perpetrator continued after being told to stop, with very little mention of the perpetrator's actions.
“When discussing definitions of cyberbullying, this was heavily focused on the target’s perspective. For example, if they were affected (41, 57, 59) and determined intention based on whether the perpetrator continued after being told to stop (8), with very little mention of the perpetrator’s actions.”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [57]
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- Authors
- Nocentini, A., Calmaestra, J., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Ortega, R., & Menesini, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Florence (IT)
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Nocentini, Annalaura
- Venue
- Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-12-01
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-142
- ISSN
- 1037-2911 (ISSN-L)
- 1839-2520
- OpenAlex
- W1975173369
- Cited by
- 405
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 17.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Government
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, adolescents' perceptions, impersonation, exclusion, anonymity, publicity, intentionality, repetition, cross-cultural comparison, Italy, Spain, Germany
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