Social comparison on Facebook: Its antecedents and psychological outcomes
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Cross-sectional research found a positive relationship between Facebook use and college students' social comparison behaviors.
“In line with these studies, cross-sectional research found support for a positive relationship between Facebook use and college students' social comparison behaviors (Fardouly & Vartanian, 2015; Jang, Park, & Song, 2015; Lee, 2014).”
From The reciprocal and indirect relationships between passive Facebook use, comparison on Facebook, and adolescents' body dissatisfaction (2017) · cites this paper as Jang et al., 2015
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“Scales: ASQ = Adolescent Stress Questionnaire, BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-II, BFI = The Big Five Inventory, BSCS = Bridging Social Capital Scale, BSI = Brief Symptom Inventory, CCS = Communication Competence Scale, CES = Cyberbullying Experiences Questionnaire, CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depres…”
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“Other studies indicated that active Facebook use promoted higher levels of social comparison and negative feelings alongside higher levels of social support (Chou & Edge, 2012; Jang et al., 2016).”
BackgroundCultural differences in social comparison on Facebook
Song, H., Cramer, E., & Park, N. (2018) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2018.1519037 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“A growing body of research examines social comparison on Facebook (e.g. Chou and Edge 2012; Feinstein et al. 2013; Jang, Park, and Song 2016; Lee 2014; Locatelli, Kluwe, and Bryant 2012), but extant work has not covered adequately how the medium may be influenced by antecedents of social…”
BackgroundSelf-citationHe, D., Shen, X., & Liu, Q. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105232 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kavaklı, M., & Ünal, G. (2021) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2021.105349 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Downward social comparison means that one compares oneself with people below in terms of traits which are important from their perspective, while upward social comparison means that one compares oneself with people higher in terms of traits which are important from their perspective (e.g., Crocker et al., 1987; Jang e…”
BackgroundWu, D., Liu, M., Li, D., & Yin, H. (2024) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12309 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Privacy and pleasure: A paradox of the hedonic use of computer-mediated social networks
Church, E. M., Thambusamy, R., & Nemati, H. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.040 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Status consistency refers to actions taken by individuals to increase or maintain their position within the social hierarchy (Jang et al., 2016; Wasko & Faraj, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialMcCrory, A., Best, P., & Maddock, A. (2022) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyac010 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Stangl, F. J., Riedl, R., Kiemeswenger, R., & Montag, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1141663 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“, 2021), general Facebook use (Cramer et al., 2016; Eşkisu et al., 2017; Jang et al., 2016; Uttravanich and Blauw, 2018), information search on Facebook (Castillo de Mesa et al.”
BackgroundThe impact of social network embeddedness on mobile massively multiplayer online games play
Gong, M., Wagner, C., & Ali, A. (2023) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12479 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“To measure social support, we adopted items from Jang et al. (2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFestl, R., Reer, F., & Quandt, T. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.010 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Alvarado, N. B. O., Ontiveros, M. R., & Quintanilla, C. (2020) · Journal of International Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1080/08961530.2020.1722979 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Liang, W., & Li, W. (2023) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102518 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Alfasi, Y. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2022-2-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“This is a result of people’s tendency to engage in impression management and self-idealization when using social media (Dorethy et al., 2014; Jang et al., 2016).”
BackgroundEnvy, Social Comparison, and Depression on Social Networking Sites: A Systematic Review
Carraturo, F., di Perna, T., Giannicola, V., Nacchia, M. A., Pepe, M., Muzii, B., Bottone, M., Sperandeo, R., Bochicchio, V., Maldonato, N., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe13020027 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Despite the need for caution in evaluating the present findings, a growing consensus is emerging about a relationship between social comparison and envy that negatively affects well-being [19,22,44].”
BackgroundA Stimulated Recall Method for the Improved Assessment of Quantity and Quality of Social Media Use
Griffioen, N., van Rooij, M., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., & Granic, I. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/15529 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Choi, J. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2022-1-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…Rosenberg’s (1965) scale, was controlled to examine the effects of Facebook and Instagram use in addition to the influence of self-esteem because the previous literature suggests that self-esteem can influence social comparison and subjective well-being (Jang et al., 2016; Paradise & Kernis, 2002).”
BackgroundJattamart, A., & Leelasantitham, A. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04244 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“, 2009), and the impact of using social media on health means that it is promising educational potential and is now receiving more considerable attention (Banjanin et al., 2015; Hales et al., 2014; Jang et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2017; Nesi et al., 2017; Sagioglou and Greitemeyer, 2014; Zhou et al., 2017).”
BackgroundModeling Confirmation Bias and Peer Pressure in Opinion Dynamics
Liu, L., Wang, X., Chen, X., Tang, S., & Zheng, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2021.649852 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In addition, the wide availability of dissenting content on the web makes individuals exposed to peer pressure every day [18].”
BackgroundThe dark side of social media in the workplace: A social comparison perspective
Huang, X., & Fan, P. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107377 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gu, C., Liu, S., & Chen, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.931572 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In addition, with the aim of better understanding the relationship between mindfulness and social media rumination, this study introduces the upward social comparison, which has been found to be associated with negative psycho-emotional wellbeing (Jang et al., 2016), rumination (Yang et al.”
BackgroundThe Influence of Self-esteem in the Relationship of Social Media Usage and Conspicuous Consumption
Lee, W., & Osman, S. (2019) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v9-i2/5549 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Triệu, P., Ellison, N. B., Schoenebeck, S. Y., & Brewer, R. N. (2021) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051211042400 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Viewing Facebook content can thus induce unhealthy forms of social comparison and lower self-esteem (Jang et al., 2016; Vogel et al., 2015).”
BackgroundIdentity and Status: When Counterspeech Increases Hate Speech Reporting and Why
Kim, J. Y., Sim, J., & Cho, D. (2022) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-021-10229-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The alternative interpretation of upvotes is peer pressure (Erikson, 1968; Bond et al., 2012; Jang et al., 2016; Haenschen, 2016).”
BackgroundZhou, T., & Xie, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2257530 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Associations of Pornography Use and Body Image Among Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Men
Gewirtz‐Meydan, A., Bőthe, B., & Spivak‐Lavi, Z. (2024) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-024-02887-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…well-being (Hanna et al., 2017; Jang et al., 2016; Tiggemann & McGill, 2004), possibly because positively framed information of comparison objects gives rise to upward comparison, which in turn evokes a sense of relative deprivation or distress, aggravating one’s mental health (Jang et al., 2016).”
BackgroundYang, C. (2021) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2021.1894149 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Social media social comparison, likely due to its competitive nature, has been found to associate with negative psycho-emotional well-being (Feinstein et al., 2013; Jang et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResolving the complexity in Gen Z's envy occurrence: A cross‐cultural perspective
Colmekcioglu, N., Dedeoğlu, B. B., & Okumuş, F. (2022) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21745 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Social media use in the workplace: The role of social comparison in negative behaviors
Chen, L., Yan, X., & Yuan, H. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104144 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Araujo, S. V. I. D., Kamath, G. B., Pai, R. R., & Dhaigude, A. S. (2024) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2024.2432539 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…received much attention as a significant factor in the iM space. as previously mentioned, sports influencers may have a substantial impact on cW (Jang et al., 2016; Jin & ryu, 2020). in light of this, cW is an important aspect that should not be disregarded when examining the impact of sports…”
Weiguo, Z., Ding, W., Li, Q., Xinning, W., & Ming, Z. (2022) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2022.2101421 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…then upset, loss, frustration, loneliness and other negative emotions (Christopher & Schlenker, 2004; Leary et al., 1994; Wang, Zhou, et al., 2020) may be generated and exert negative effects on their physical and mental health (Jang et al., 2016; Morry et al., 2019; Sloman et al., 2003).”
BackgroundInfluencer Marketing and Behavioral Outcomes: How Types of Influencers Affect Consumer Mimicry?
Rahman, K. T. (2022) · SEISENSE Business Review · doi:10.33215/sbr.v2i1.792 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“While social comparisons with influencers can dent well-being, following them can boost self-perception (Jang et al. 2016; Kim and Kim 2021).”
BackgroundExploring the Credibility of Fitness Instagram Micro-Celebrities on Young British Males
Djafarova, E., & Thompson, M. (2020) · Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications · doi:10.30958/ajmmc.6-2-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Look Up, Look Down: Articulating Inputs and Outputs of Social Media Social Comparison
Johnson, B. K. (2021) · Journal of Communication Technology · doi:10.51548/joctec-2021-003 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“, 2014) and more intensive use (Jang et al., 2016; Lee, 2014) appear to cause more social comparison in general.”
BackgroundHow Does Social Comparison Influence Chinese Adolescents’ Flourishing through Short Videos?
Guo, S., Bi, K., Zhang, L., & Jiang, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19138093 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Church, M., Thambusamy, R., & Nemati, H. (2019) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2019.1667440 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Competitive desires, which represent a person’s craving to win in interpersonal situations, was found to have a significant negative influence on OSN users’ mental health (Jang, Park, and Song 2016) leading to adverse psychological effects such as technology-related addiction (Turel 2015).”
BackgroundUso pasivo de redes sociales y malestar psicológico. El rol de la comparación social
Perugini, M. L. L., & Solano, A. C. (2023) · Interdisciplinaria Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines · doi:10.16888/interd.2023.40.2.31 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hu, Y., Liu, Q., & Ma, Z.-F. (2022) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2022.2134277 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Previous study also found that people suffering from related low self-esteem were vulnerable to engaging in damaging social comparison on Facebook (Jang et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSriwatanathamma, P., Sirivesmas, V., Simatrang, S., & Bhowmik, N. H. (2023) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/41638 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Some posts do deal with social comparison to avoid players developing adverse mental health outcomes, such as a decline in psychological well-being [62], and making unfavorable social comparisons [63]; for example, a person may experience a lowering of self-esteem after they see someone showing off their material poss…”
BackgroundThe Cost of Impression Management to Life Satisfaction: Sense of Control and Loneliness as Mediators
Wang, W., Zhou, K. P., Yu, Z., & Li, J. (2020) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s238344 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gao, Q., & Chen, Y. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119636113.ch45 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ruan, C.-H., Lu, Z.-H., Li, H.-Z., Lin, W.-H., Li, D., & Yuan, J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283723 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“However, for individuals with low self-esteem, they exhibit higher need of comparison information on Facebook [35,46].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBazine, N., Serra, J., Giunchi, M., & Peña-Jimenez, M. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108456 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zhang, P., Wang, M., Ding, L., Liu, J., Yuan, Y., Zhang, J., Feng, S., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s508668 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“49 This anxiety may cause them to avoid in-person interactions, thereby increasing the risk of mobile phone addiction.”
Framework For Preventing Procrastination And Increasing Productivity
Amit, A., Shankararam, S. R. G., Pradeep, P., Perumalraja, R., & Kamalesh, S. (2021) · doi:10.1109/icspc51351.2021.9451773 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Adolescents and adults alike will use social media to instil and/or feel pressure on a daily basis [10].”
BackgroundWhen Every Day is a High School Reunion: Social Media Comparisons and Self-EsteemPreprint
Midgley, C., Thai, S., Lockwood, P., Kovacheff, C., & Page‐Gould, E. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/a24sv · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Envy in Social Comparison–Behaviour Relationship: Is Social Comparison Always Bad?
Fam, J. Y., Murugan, S. B., & Yap, C. Y. L. (2020) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-020-00575-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The dawn of ‘deinfluencing’ as a vehicle for moral responsibility and anti-consumption
Michaelidou, N., Kostopoulos, I., & Lowe, E. (2025) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115773 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Effect of Self-Comparison in Social Media on Self Esteem
Moningka, C., & Eminiar, P. R. (2020) · International Conference on Intervention and Applied Psychology (ICIAP) · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.201125.032 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This finding is similar to the results of a previous study conducted by Jang, Park, and Song (2016).”
BackgroundResultGewirtz‐Meydan, A., & Spivak‐Lavi, Z. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.008 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Perugini, M. L. L., & Solano, A. C. (2022) · Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.21865/ridep64.3.11 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Chen, Z., Wu, Y. F., Ma, H., Niu, G., & Wang, W. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13050412 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Consistent with this, a study showed that the kind of social support that is the most available on social media is not correlated with mental health [16].”
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Feeling low: How social media influences employees' knowledge hidings and innovative behavior.
Chen, Y., Pitafi, A. H., Saher, L., & Wang, G. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104261 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Jang, K., Park, N., & Song, H.
- Affiliations
- Yonsei University (KR)
- Gachon University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Namkee
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-09
- Volume
- 62
- Pages
- 147-154
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2329846357
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 32.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- social comparison, Facebook use, social comparison orientation, perceived social support, mental health, self-esteem, impression management, university students, social media
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