The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 42 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation
Open accessAbstract
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective procedure for the treatment of obesity. Given the role of the gut microbiota in regulating host metabolism and adiposity, we investigated the long-term effects of bariatric surgery on the microbiome of patients randomized to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or vertical banded gastroplasty and matched for weight and fat mass loss. The two surgical procedures induced similar and durable changes on the gut microbiome that were not dependent on body mass index and resulted in altered levels of fecal and circulating metabolites compared with obese controls. By colonizing germ-free mice with stools from the patients, we demonstrated that the surgically altered microbiota promoted reduced fat deposition in recipient mice. These mice also had a lower respiratory quotient, indicating decreased utilization of carbohydrates as fuel. Our results suggest that the gut microbiota may play a direct role in the reduction of adiposity observed after bariatric surgery.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Bariatric surgery in women randomized to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) produced similar, durable gut microbiome changes about 9 years later that were not explained by BMI. Transplanting these surgically altered microbiotas into germ-free mice reduced fat deposition, suggesting the microbiome contributes directly to post-surgery adiposity reduction.
Key findings
- At 9.4 years after randomization, RYGB and VBG patients showed similar microbiome shifts; RYGB versus obese controls differed significantly, with 29 microbial genera differing in abundance, while VBG versus controls and RYGB versus VBG differences were not significant after multiple-testing correction.
- Metagenomic functional content differed: 928 KOs were enriched and 60 depleted in RYGB versus OBS, and 682 KOs were enriched and 33 depleted in VBG versus OBS; only 17 KOs differed between RYGB and VBG, all enriched in VBG.
- Fecal short-chain fatty acid/branched-chain fatty acid ratio decreased after surgery and was significant for RYGB; postprandial bile acid response was pronounced in RYGB, with increased total and conjugated bile acids and increased FGF19 response versus OBS.
- Germ-free mice colonized with RYGB or VBG microbiota for 2 weeks accumulated 43% and 26% less body fat, respectively, than mice colonized with OBS microbiota; RYGB-colonized mice also had a lower respiratory quotient.
Methods
- Cross-sectional human study of fecal samples from 14 women 9.4 years after randomization to RYGB (n = 7) or VBG (n = 7), matched for pre- and post-operative weight, BMI, and body composition, plus non-operated severely obese women (OBS, n = 7) and BMI-matched post-surgical controls (Ob, n = 9).
- Shotgun metagenomic sequencing on Illumina HiSeq 2000; reads aligned to 2,382 reference genomes and the MetaHIT gene catalog, with KEGG ortholog/pathway analysis and multiple-testing correction.
- Fecal SCFAs/BCFAs measured by GC-MS; plasma TMAO, choline, betaine, and bile acids measured by UPLC-MS/MS; fecal microbiota from three RYGB, three VBG, and three OBS patients transplanted into germ-free female mice for 2 weeks, with body composition and indirect calorimetry.
Limitations
- The paper states that the small sample size may explain the lack of distinct microbiota profiles between RYGB and VBG, and that bile acid gene findings need validation in larger cohorts and at shorter time points after surgery.
- The paper states that future studies of microbiome from patients achieving different levels of weight and fat loss are required to validate the findings.
- Evident from the text: the human cohort was small, all female, and diabetes-free, and the human microbiome–adiposity link is supported by mouse transplantation rather than direct human causality.
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58 Own result · 21 Not checked yet · 17 Own interpretation · 8 Own method · 1 Sources not found · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observed significant differences in microbiota composition for RYGB versus OBS samples, but not for VBG versus OBS or RYGB versus VBG (Figure 1; Table S3).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery has Long-Term Effects on Gut Microbiota Composition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, the reporter pathways for nitrogen metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and two-component systems were enriched both in RYGB versus OBS and VBG versus OBS microbiomes (Tables 1 and S4).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery Has Long-Term Effects on the Genetic Content of the Gut Microbiota
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reporter pathways for phosphotransferase systems and fluorobenzoate degradation were enriched in RYGB versus OBS microbiomes, and the reporter pathways for flagellar assembly, sulfur relay system, glutathione metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, ABC transporters (in particular for lysine/arginine/ornithine, histidine, and putrescine), and phenylalanine metabolism were enriched”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery Has Long-Term Effects on the Genetic Content of the Gut Microbiota
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observed significant differences in microbiota composition for RYGB versus OBS samples, but not for VBG versus OBS or RYGB versus VBG (Figure 1; Table S3).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery has Long-Term Effects on Gut Microbiota Composition
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that the two-component systems responding to nitrogen availability (nifA), phosphoglycerate transport (pgtCAP), and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolism (acetoacetate, atoCE) were specifically enriched in RYGB compared to OBS, while salt stress response and twitching motility were specifically enriched in VBG compared to OBS (Table S4).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery Has Long-Term Effects on the Genetic Content of the Gut Microbiota
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the RYGB and VBG patients in our study were not under inflammatory stress as determined by plasma CRP levels (Table S1).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery has Long-Term Effects on Gut Microbiota Composition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“E. coli tended to increase, while Eubacterium rectale and Roseburia intestinalis tended to decrease in VBG compared to OBS (Table S3).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery has Long-Term Effects on Gut Microbiota Composition
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The abundance of species belonging to 29 microbial genera differed significantly between RYGB and OBS samples (Figure 1A; Table S3); in particular, the levels of several species in the Gammaproteobacteria class were higher while the levels of three species in the Firmicutes phylum (Clostridium difficile, Clostridium hiranonis, and Gemella sanguinis) were lower in RYGB versus OBS samples (Table S3”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery has Long-Term Effects on Gut Microbiota Composition
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two surgical procedures induced similar and durable changes on the gut microbiome that were not dependent on body mass index and resulted in altered levels of fecal and circulating metabolites compared with obese controls.”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: There are no long-term investigations of the stability of gut microbiota changes after bariatric surgery or of the effects of different procedures on the human gut microbiota.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The abundance of species belonging to 29 microbial genera differed significantly between RYGB and OBS samples (Figure 1A; Table S3); in particular, the levels of several species in the Gammaproteobacteria class were higher while the levels of three species in the Firmicutes phylum (Clostridium difficile, Clostridium hiranonis, and Gemella sanguinis) were lower in RYGB versus OBS samples (Table S3”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery has Long-Term Effects on Gut Microbiota Composition
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observed differences in the microbiome of operated and non-operated severely obese women (Figure 2; Table S4): 928 KOs were enriched and 60 were depleted in RYGB versus OBS samples (Figure 2A; Table S4), while 682 KOs were enriched and 33 were depleted in VBG versus OBS samples (Figure 2B; Table S4).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery Has Long-Term Effects on the Genetic Content of the Gut Microbiota
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, only 17 KOs were differentially abundant between RYGB and VBG samples, all enriched in VBG (Figure 2C; Table S4).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery Has Long-Term Effects on the Genetic Content of the Gut Microbiota
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, total fiber intake did not differ, while protein intake decreased for RYGB and VBG women (Table S1), indicating that the lower SCFA/BCFA ratio was not a consequence of dietary consumption.”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery Has Long-Term Effects on Microbial Fermentation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SCFAs acetate, propionate, and butyrate were present in comparable proportions, but their concentrations tended to decrease in RYGB and VBG samples (Figures S2A–S2D), while the BCFAs isobutyrate and isovalerate, produced from the amino acids valine and leucine, respectively, either showed no change or a slight tendency to increase in RYGB and VBG samples (Figures S2E–S2G).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery Has Long-Term Effects on Microbial Fermentation
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found again an expansion in Proteobacteria and a reduction in several clostridial species after RYGB, and also a significant increase in the relative abundance of three E. coli species in VBG (Figure 4A; Table S5).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Analysis of BMI as a Possible Confounding Factor
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“body weight gain and food intake did not differ between the groups during the 2-week colonization period (Figures S5D and S5E)”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Transmission of the Human Adiposity Phenotype by Transplantation of the Gut Microbiota
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the RYGB patients had significantly reduced fasting insulin compared with OBS, whereas there was a trend toward reduction in the VBG patients (Table S1).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Experimental Procedures > Subjects and Sample Collection
plaincorrelationaln = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we observed a pronounced postprandial bile acid response in RYGB compared to OBS patients, with a significant increase in total and glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids, but not unconjugated bile acids (Figures 3A and 3B).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery Has Long-Term Effects on Bile Acid Metabolism
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although O2 consumption, body weight gain, and food intake did not differ during the measurements (Figures S5F–S5I)”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Transmission of the Human Adiposity Phenotype by Transplantation of the Gut Microbiota
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, dietary weight loss interventions have been shown to increase gene richness of the microbiota and shift its composition toward that of lean individuals (Cotillard et al., 2013; Ley et al., 2006).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent work has also indicated that the gut microbiota may mediate some of the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery, and changes in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota have been observed in the short term after RYGB in humans (Furet et al., 2010; Graessler et al., 2013; Kong et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2009), as well as after vertical sleeve gastrectomy and RYGB in mice (Liou et”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, obesity has been associated with altered gut microbiota composition, reduced microbial diversity, and reduced gene richness (Le Chatelier et al., 2013; Ley et al., 2005; Turnbaugh et al., 2009).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent work has also indicated that the gut microbiota may mediate some of the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery, and changes in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota have been observed in the short term after RYGB in humans (Furet et al., 2010; Graessler et al., 2013; Kong et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2009), as well as after vertical sleeve gastrectomy and RYGB in mice (Liou et”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, our results are in agreement with previous findings showing an expansion of Proteobacteria shortly after RYGB, both in humans (Furet et al., 2010; Graessler et al., 2013; Kong et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2009) and mice (Liou et al., 2013).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery has Long-Term Effects on Gut Microbiota Composition
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There are a number of bariatric surgery procedures, of which Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is considered one of the most effective, promoting both weight reduction and improvement of metabolism (Sjöström et al., 2007; Werling et al., 2013a).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sjöström et al., 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Werling et al., 2013a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“RYGB and VBG patients were matched for pre- and post-operative weight, BMI, and body composition, and had thus experienced similar weight and fat mass loss.”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery has Long-Term Effects on Gut Microbiota Composition
plaindirectn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For microbiota transplantations, we selected stool samples from three RYGB, three VBG, and three OBS patients who did not use medications and did not receive cholecystectomy and used these samples to colonize GF Swiss Webster female mice in three independent experiments.”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Experimental Procedures > Mouse Experiments
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“These observations are of interest because high TMAO levels linked to TMA oxidation by the human hepatic flavin monooxygenase FMO3 have been associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) (Tang et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2011), while it is known that RYGB is associated with a lower CVD risk (Sjöström et al., 2012).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery Has Long-Term Effects on the Genetic Content of the Gut Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sjöström et al., 2012 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together with these observations, our results suggest that bariatric surgery produces a specific shift in the microbiota that persists for up to a decade after surgery and is different from shifts related to dietary interventions for weight loss.”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Analysis of BMI as a Possible Confounding Factor
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All study participants were informed verbally and in writing and signed a consent form.”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Experimental Procedures > Subjects and Sample Collection
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Bile acids are cholesterol metabolites that facilitate the absorption of dietary fat and fat-soluble molecules and are now also recognized as regulators of energy metabolism through activation of the receptors TGR5 and FXR (Hylemon et al., 2009; Lefebvre et al., 2009).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery Has Long-Term Effects on Bile Acid Metabolism
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These observations are of interest because high TMAO levels linked to TMA oxidation by the human hepatic flavin monooxygenase FMO3 have been associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) (Tang et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2011), while it is known that RYGB is associated with a lower CVD risk (Sjöström et al., 2012).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery Has Long-Term Effects on the Genetic Content of the Gut Microbiota
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increased levels of TMAO in RYGB samples might be the consequence of a less anaerobic metabolism in the RYGB intestine, which is supported by the broad increase of facultative anaerobes in RYGB microbiomes, and could occur due to the shortening of the small bowel.”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery Has Long-Term Effects on the Genetic Content of the Gut Microbiota
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“thus indicating decreased utilization of carbohydrates and increased utilization of lipids as fuel in recipients of RYGB microbiota.”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Transmission of the Human Adiposity Phenotype by Transplantation of the Gut Microbiota
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The postprandial bile acid response is blunted in obesity and enhanced after RYGB, indicating that this response might be important for inducing satiety, reduced food intake, and lower body weight (Ahmad et al., 2013; Glicksman et al., 2010).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery Has Long-Term Effects on Bile Acid Metabolism
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for differences in BMI, we compared the gut microbiome of RYGB and VBG patients with that of non-operated women (Ob, n = 9) with BMI matched to the post-surgical BMI of the RYGB and VBG patients (BMI = 31.9 ± 2.7 [SD]) (Table S1 and S5).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Analysis of BMI as a Possible Confounding Factor
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The reduced fat mass gain in GF mice transplanted with RYGB and VBG microbiota is in agreement with our results on the composition of the gut microbiome and with a short-term human study showing an inverse correlation between E. coli abundance and fat mass after RYGB (Furet et al., 2010).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Transmission of the Human Adiposity Phenotype by Transplantation of the Gut Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Furet et al., 2010 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 21 women in our study did no use antibiotics for at least 6 weeks before inclusion in the study.”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Experimental Procedures > Subjects and Sample Collection
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All animal experiments were approved by the Gothenburg Animal Ethics Committee.”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Experimental Procedures > Mouse Experiments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Reduced RQ has been observed in humans after RYGB and associated to reduced glucose oxidation, increased lipid oxidation, and increased plasma levels of conjugated bile acids (Simonen et al., 2012).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Transmission of the Human Adiposity Phenotype by Transplantation of the Gut Microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Simonen et al., 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“All p values were corrected for multiple testing with the method from Benjamini and Hochberg (1995).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Experimental Procedures > DNA Extraction and Metagenome Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Benjamini and Hochberg (1995) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The studies were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Gothenburg, Sweden (no: 359-09 and 740-10).”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Experimental Procedures > Subjects and Sample Collection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The similar SCFA/BCFA ratio and the analysis of pathways enriched in RYGB and VBG compared to OBS subjects reveal some common effects of the two bariatric surgery procedures and indicate altered intestinal fermentation shifted toward reduced production of SCFAs and increased amino acid fermentation after bariatric surgery.”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Results and Discussion > Bariatric Surgery Has Long-Term Effects on Microbial Fermentation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the women included in our study had diabetes.”
§ Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation > Experimental Procedures > Subjects and Sample Collection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There are no long-term investigations of the stability of gut microbiota changes after bariatric surgery or of the effects of different procedures on the human gut microbiota.
“However, there are no long-term investigations of the stability of these changes or of the effects of different procedures on the human gut microbiota.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The causal link between alterations to the microbiota and the reduction in adiposity observed after bariatric surgery has not been previously analyzed in humans.
“Additionally, the causal link between the alterations to the microbiota and the reduction in adiposity observed after bariatric surgery has not been previously analyzed in humans.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Both RYGB and VBG are associated with reduced luminal exposure to gastric acidity.
“For example, increases in pH have been shown to promote the growth of E. coli in vitro (Duncan et al., 2009), and both RYGB and VBG are associated with reduced luminal exposure to gastric acidity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The observed microbiome shifts are attributable to bariatric surgery rather than to unmeasured differences in diet or other lifestyle factors.
“Importantly, the changes in the microbiome were not dependent on BMI or degree of weight and fat mass loss, thus revealing shifts in the gut microbiota that were specific to bariatric surgery.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, amelioration of obesity by bariatric or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery results in a change in gut microbial composition (Gralka et al., 2015;Tremaroli et al., 2015;Zhang et al., 2009), even though this is not the case for weight gain in anorexia nervosa (Mack et al., 2016).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Tremaroli et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“This observation also holds true when the microbiota from obese or lean humans is transferred to germ-free mice (Ridaura et al., 2013; Tremaroli et al., 2015).”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as Tremaroli et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“reports of alterations in the gut microbiota of obese people4,13–15, which confer the obese or adiposity phenotypes when transferred to mice14,16”
From Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“transplantation of the fecal microbiota from patients with obesity, steatosis or type 2 diabetes can partly reproduce the donor’s metabolic phenotype in mouse recipients [4–7].”
From Dietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tremaroli, V., Karlsson, F., Werling, M., Ståhlman, M., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., Olbers, T., Fändriks, L., le Roux, C. W., Nielsen, J., & Bäckhed, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Bäckhed, Fredrik
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 228-238
- ISSN
- 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4537510
- OpenAlex
- W2103218211
- Cited by
- 757
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 14
- FWCI
- 35.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Hjärt-Lungfonden
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset
- Göteborgs Universitet
- Institut National Du Cancer
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF13OC0008163, NNF13SA0006017)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, vertical banded gastroplasty, bariatric surgery, gut microbiota, obesity, adiposity, fecal metabolites, circulating metabolites, germ-free mice, fat deposition, respiratory quotient, carbohydrate utilization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Intestines, Obesity, Gastric Bypass, Body Mass Index, Adiposity, Mice, Microbiota
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