On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and theory of mind

In the paper

“When activated together in complex social situations, the two networks may also directly influence each other.”

In the paper

“Meta-analyses have later identified these regions as a core network that is activated whenever we witness the suffering of others [8,9].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] source
• Not checked yetcites [9] source

In the paper

“Indeed, when confronted with others' distress, the AI, which is activated for negative affect sharing, inhibits activity in TPJ, an important hub of the mentalizing network [27 ].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] source

In the paper

“A process that is critical for both, empathy and ToM, is self-other distinction, which is implemented in different temporoparietal brain regions.”

• Also stated in: § Self-other distinction · plain

  “The distinction of self and other constitutes an important element of both empathy and ToM, as it enables the differentiation between one's own emotional or mental states and the states shared with others.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [41] source
• Not checked yetcites [42] source
• Not checked yetcites [43] source

In the paper

“Common activations were observed in the typical empathy related core network.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] source

In the paper

“Furthermore, this network is modulated by individual differences in experienced negative affect and empathy [6,10].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [6] source
• Not checked yetcites [10] source

In the paper

“Congruently with these activations in reward-associated and affiliation-associated networks, compassion generates positive affect towards others' suffering.”

In the paper

“An indirect source of evidence for such co-activation is a meta-analysis on different empathy for pain paradigms, which suggests that the core region of the ToM network is coactivated in empathy paradigms when additional inferring from a cue is required to understand the other's state.[8].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] source

In the paper

“In contrast to compassion, empathic distress, which is an alternative outcome of empathy, may be detrimental to the experiencer as well as to the suffering other [15,18].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [15] source
• Not checked yetcites [18] source

In the paper

“The two networks associated with empathy and ToM are also jointly activated for complex evaluations of someone else's feelings such as empathic accuracy, the ability to infer what someone else is feeling [38].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [38] source

In the paper

“Crucial brain regions involved in ToM include the ventral temporoparietal junction (TPJ), superior temporal sulcus (STS), temporal poles (TP), medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and precuneus/posterior cingulate (PCC) [23].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [23] source

In the paper

“Thus, adaptive social behavior is a result of dynamic interplay of socio-affective and socio-cognitive processes.”

• Also stated in: § Concluding remarks · boosted

  “In synthesis, the evidence supports a detailed view of the social mind, not as a monolithic 'social intelligence', but as dynamic interplay between different functions and subserving neuronal networks that enable in different ways to engage in prosocial behavior.”

In the paper

“In line with such independent functions, selective impairments in empathy or ToM have been observed in different psychopathologies such as autism and psychopathy.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] source
• Not checked yetcites [36] source

In the paper

“These findings suggest that, dependent on the provided information in a given context, different networks will be co-activated together with the core empathy-related network.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] source

In the paper

“The pictorial presentation of someone in a painful situation, on the other hand, co-activates the action-observation network to decode the potential affective consequences of a certain action.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] source

In the paper

“A process that is critical for both, empathy and ToM, is self-other distinction, which is implemented in different temporoparietal brain regions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [45] source
• Not checked yetcites [41] source

In the paper

“Failure of selfother distinction results in a blending of these states, thereby inducing an egocentricity bias, the tendency to project one's own emotional or mental state on someone else [41,42], or an altercentric bias, the influence of others' states on judgments about oneself [43].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [41] source
• Not checked yetcites [42] source
• Not checked yetcites [43] source

In the paper

“The first studies in neuroscience targeting empathy investigated empathy in the domain of pain, showing that directly experiencing pain and witnessing another person receiving painful stimuli results in shared neural activations in the anterior insula (AI) and anterior middle cingulate cortex (aMCC) [6,7].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [6] source
• Not checked yetcites [7] source

In the paper

“This socio-affective process results from neural network activations that resemble those activations observed when the same emotion is experienced first-hand (shared network hypothesis) [2][3][4][5].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [2] source
• Not checked yetcites [3] source
• Not checked yetcites [4] source

In the paper

“This reduction in TPJ activity is related to impaired ToM performance [27 ].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] source

In the paper

“In synthesis, the evidence supports a detailed view of the social mind, not as a monolithic 'social intelligence', but as dynamic interplay between different functions and subserving neuronal networks that enable in different ways to engage in prosocial behavior.”

In the paper

“Overcoming emotional egocentricity involves a slightly anterior temporoparietal region in the right supramarginal gyrus (rSMG) [41].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [41] source

In the paper

“For instance, using donation choices for charity organizations, a recent study [48 ] showed that an extensive cortical network is involved in forming such prosocial decisions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [48] source

In the paper

“Correspondingly, disruption of rSMG activity using transcranial magnetic stimulation leads to increased emotional egocentricity [41].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [41] source

In the paper

“Short-term contemplative training in compassion increases helping, even when it is costly [51].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [51] source

In the paper

“Interestingly, the SMG (see Figure 2) is also part of a different functional connectivity network with extensive connections to the AI [47].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [47] source

In the paper

“In contrast, impairments in empathy or ToM have been associated with antisocial behavior, for instance to hyperaggression [18,37,50].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] source
• Not checked yetcites [37] source
• Not checked yetcites [50] source

In the paper

“Empathy and ToM provide us with an understanding of our interaction partners' emotional and cognitive states, thereby forming the basis for flexible interactive behavior and social decision making.”

In the paper

“Reappraisal on the other hand yielded activity in a fronto-parietal network associated with cognitive control and attention regulation [54].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [54] source

In the paper

“The activation of SMG and TPJ in complex empathy and ToM paradigms, respectively [25 ], corresponds with the crucial role of self-other distinction for both capacities.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [25] source

In the paper

“It is also functionally connected to other parts of the ToM neural network, such as the medial and ventrolateral PFC and the PCC [45 ,46].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [45] source
• Not checked yetcites [46] source

In the paper

“On a neural level, compassion was accompanied by activations in reward and positive emotion related networks [14 ].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [14] source

In the paper

“Compassion can thus be viewed as an emotionregulation strategy that buffers negative affect through the active generation of positive affect relying on rewardrelated and affiliation-related brain circuitries.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [14] source
• Not checked yetcites [15] source
• Not checked yetcites [53] source

In the paper

“In contrast to empathic distress, compassion reduces punishment behavior in long-term compassion meditation practitioners even when they were themselves the victim of fairness violations [52].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [52] source

In the paper

“On a neural level, the right TPJ seems to be critical to overcome cognitive egocentricity [45 ].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [45] source