Cited by 459Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPerfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies

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Toward a definition of intolerance of uncertainty: A review of factor analytical studies of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale

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Birrell, Jane, Meares, Kevin, Wilkinson, Andrew, Freeston, Mark·2011·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.009

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Abstract

Since its emergence in the early 1990s, a narrow but concentrated body of research has developed examining the role of intolerance of uncertainty (IU) in worry, and yet we still know little about its phenomenology. In an attempt to clarify our understanding of this construct, this paper traces the way in which our understanding and definition of IU have evolved throughout the literature. This paper also aims to further our understanding of IU by exploring the latent variables measures by the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS; Freeston, Rheaume, Letarte, Dugas & Ladouceur, 1994). A review of the literature surrounding IU confirmed that the current definitions are categorical and lack specificity. A critical review of existing factor analytic studies was carried out in order to determine the underlying factors measured by the IUS. Systematic searches yielded 9 papers for review. Two factors with 12 consistent items emerged throughout the exploratory studies, and the stability of models containing these two factors was demonstrated in subsequent confirmatory studies. It is proposed that these factors represent (i) desire for predictability and an active engagement in seeking certainty, and (ii) paralysis of cognition and action in the face of uncertainty. It is suggested that these factors may represent approach and avoidance responses to uncertainty. Further research is required to confirm the construct validity of these factors and to determine the stability of this structure within clinical samples.

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Authors: Birrell, J., Meares, K., Wilkinson, A., & Freeston, M.
Affiliations: Newcastle University (GB)
Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Corresponding author: Birrell, Jane
ORCID: Freeston, Mark
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-11
Volume: 31
Issue: 7
Pages: 1198-1208
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.009
OpenAlex: W2009179987
Cited by: 459
References: 71
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 1.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Keywords: intolerance of uncertainty, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, factor structure, construct validity, worry, approach-avoidance behavior, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Models, Psychological, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Uncertainty

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Toward a definition of intolerance of uncertainty: A review of factor analytical studies of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale

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