Meta-analysis of risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury
Open accessAbstract
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a prevalent and dangerous phenomenon associated with many negative outcomes, including future suicidal behaviors. Research on these behaviors has primarily focused on correlates; however, an emerging body of research has focused on NSSI risk factors. To provide a summary of current knowledge about NSSI risk factors, we conducted a meta-analysis of published, prospective studies longitudinally predicting NSSI. This included 20 published reports across 5078 unique participants. Results from a random-effects model demonstrated significant, albeit weak, overall prediction of NSSI (OR=1.59; 95% CI: 1.50 to 1.69). Among specific NSSI risk factors, prior history of NSSI, cluster b, and hopelessness yielded the strongest effects (ORs>3.0); all remaining risk factor categories produced ORs near or below 2.0. NSSI measurement, sample type, sample age, and prediction case measurement type (i.e., binary versus continuous) moderated these effects. Additionally, results highlighted several limitations of the existing literature, including idiosyncratic NSSI measurement and few studies among samples with NSSI histories. These findings indicate that few strong NSSI risk factors have been identified, and suggest a need for examination of novel risk factors, standardized NSSI measurement, and study samples with a history of NSSI.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Meta-analyses of longitudinal studies have highlighted suicidal ideation, previous self-harm, and psychiatric disorders as replicated risk factors.
“Meta-analyses of longitudinal studies have highlighted suicidal ideation, previous self-harm, and psychiatric disorders as replicated risk factors,68, 69, 70, 71, 72”
From Risk factors for self-harm in prison: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [68]
Previous self-harm is among the strongest predictors of future self-harm and suicide.
“Given that previous self-harm is among the strongest predictors of future self-harm68, 69, 70 and suicide,9, 10”
From Risk factors for self-harm in prison: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [68]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · see citing works
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/b:joba.0000007455.08539.94 · Cited by 8,942 · see citing works
Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research
Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Fox, K. R., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., Huang, X., Musacchio, K. M., Jaroszewski, A. C., Chang, B. P., & Nock, M. K. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000084 · Cited by 3,784 · see citing works
Self-citationSwannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St John, N. J. (2014) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12070 · Cited by 1,624 · see citing works
Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts
NOCK, M., JOINERJR, T., GORDON, K., LLOYDRICHARDSON, E., & PRINSTEIN, M. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.010 · Cited by 1,617 · see citing works
Self-citationA Functional Approach to the Assessment of Self-Mutilative Behavior.
Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.5.885 · Cited by 1,564 · see citing works
Self-citationNock, M. K. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258 · Cited by 1,550 · see citing works
Self-citationSolving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005 · Cited by 1,475 · see citing works
Coming to terms with the terms of risk
Kraemer, H. C. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830160065009 · Cited by 1,432 · see citing works
Nock, M. K., Holmberg, E. B., Photos, V. I., & Michel, B. D. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309 · Cited by 1,352 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasurement of Deliberate Self-Harm: Preliminary Data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory
Gratz, K. L. (2001) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1012779403943 · Cited by 1,166 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Deliberate Self Harm Inventory, 9 item version (DSHI-9r; Bjärehed & Lundh, 2008; Gratz, 2001).”
Posner, K., Oquendo, M. A., Gould, M., Stanley, B., & Davies, M. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.7.1035 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents
Lloyd‐Richardson, E. E., Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, M. L. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170700027x · Cited by 929 · see citing works
Childhood origins of self-destructive behavior
(1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.12.1665 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Brown, M. Z., Comtois, K. A., & Linehan, M. M. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.111.1.198 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Brown, M. Z., Comtois, K. A., & Linehan, M. M. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.1.198 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Klonsky, E. D. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710002497 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Klonsky, E. D., & Olino, T. M. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.1.22 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Wilkinson, P., Kelvin, R., Roberts, C., Dubicka, B., & Goodyer, I. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050718 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Asarnow, J. R., Porta, G., Spirito, A., Emslie, G., Clarke, G., Wagner, K. D., Vitiello, B., Keller, M., Birmaher, B., McCracken, J., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.04.003 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Nock, M. K., Wedig, M. M., Holmberg, E. B., & Hooley, J. M. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.05.005 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Self-citationNonsuicidal self-injury as a gateway to suicide in young adults
Whitlock, J., Muehlenkamp, J., Eckenrode, J., Purington, A., Baral Abrams, G., Barreira, P., & Kress, V. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.010 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2009) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015687 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Affect Regulation and Addictive Aspects of Repetitive Self-Injury in Hospitalized Adolescents
Nixon, M. K., Cloutier, P., & AGGARWAL, S. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200211000-00015 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Brunner, R. M., Parzer, P., Haffner, J., Steen, R., Roos, J., Klett, M., & Resch, F. (2007) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.7.641 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Longitudinal analysis of adolescent NSSI: The role of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors
Tatnell, R., Kelada, L., Hasking, P., & Martin, G. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9837-6 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Guan, K., Fox, K. R., & Prinstein, M. J. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029429 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Hankin, B. L., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.056 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors in Youth
Glenn, C. R., Franklin, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.945211 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence and Correlates of Self-Injury Among University Students
Gollust, S. E., Eisenberg, D., & Golberstein, E. (2008) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.3200/jach.56.5.491-498 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Development and Initial Validation of the Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire
Gutierrez, P. M., Osman, A., Barrios, F. X., & Kopper, B. A. (2001) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7703_08 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Whitlock, J. L., Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Eckenrode, J. J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410802359734 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) disorder: A preliminary study.
Selby, E. A., Bender, T. W., Gordon, K. H., Nock, M. K., & Joiner, T. E. (2011) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0024405 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Injurious Behavior in Women With Eating Disorders
Paul, T., Schroeter, K., Dahme, B., & Nutzinger, D. O. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.408 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Prinstein, M. J., Heilbron, N., Guerry, J. D., Franklin, J. C., Rancourt, D., Simon, V., & Spirito, A. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9423-0 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationZanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Reich, D. B., Fitzmaurice, G. M., Weinberg, I., & Gunderson, J. G. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01155.x · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Emotional Cascades and Self‐Injury: Investigating Instability of Rumination and Negative Emotion
Selby, E. A., Franklin, J., Carson-Wong, A. R., & Rizvi, S. L. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21966 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence and correlates of cutting behavior: Risk for HIV transmission
DiClemente, R. J., Ponton, L. E., & Hartley, D. (1991) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0890-8567(10)80007-3 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Prospective Prediction of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A 1-Year Longitudinal Study in Young Adults
Glenn, C. R., & Klonsky, E. D. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.005 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Suicide Attempts and Self-Mutilative Behavior in a Juvenile Correctional Facility
Penn, J. V., Esposito, C. L., Schaeffer, L. E., Fritz, G. K., & Spirito, A. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000046869.56865.46 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Kaess, M., Hille, M., Parzer, P., Maser-Gluth, C., Resch, F., & Brunner, R. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.009 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Predictors of Prospectively Examined Suicide Attempts Among Youth With Bipolar Disorder
Goldstein, T. R., Ha, W., Axelson, D., Goldstein, B. I., Liao, F., Gill, M. K., Ryan, N. D., Yen, S., Hunt, J., Hower, H. M., et al. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.650 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Bjärehed, J., & Lundh, L. (2008) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070701778951 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Guerry, J. D., & Prinstein, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410903401195 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Reported Childhood Onset of Self-Mutilation Among Borderline Patients
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Ridolfi, M. E., Jager-Hyman, S., Hennen, J., & Gunderson, J. G. (2006) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2006.20.1.9 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Franklin, J. C., Hessel, E. T., Aaron, R. V., Arthur, M. S., Heilbron, N., & Prinstein, M. J. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020896 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationPain perception in self-injurious patients with borderline personality disorder
Russ, M. J., Roth, S. D., Lerman, A., Kakuma, T., Harrison, K., Shindledecker, R. D., Hull, J. W., & Mattis, S. A. (1992) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90218-o · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Daily Emotion in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury
Victor, S. E., & Klonsky, E. D. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22037 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Tuisku, V., Kiviruusu, O. H., Pelkonen, M. U. I., Karlsson, L., Strandholm, T., & MARTTUNEN, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.09.031 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Depressive Symptoms During Middle Adolescence: A Longitudinal Analysis
Marshall, S. K., Tilton‐Weaver, L. C., & Stattin, H. (2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9919-3 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Suicidal Behavior: A Latent Class Analysis among Young Adults
Hamza, C. A., & Willoughby, T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059955 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Tang, J., Yu, Y., Wu, Y., Du, Y., Ma, Y., Zhu, H., Zhang, P., & Liu, Z. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017977 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Predictors of Onset for Non-suicidal Self-injury Within a School-Based Sample of Adolescents
Andrews, T., Martin, G., Hasking, P. A., & Page, A. (2013) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-013-0412-8 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Martin, G., Thomas, H. J., Andrews, T., Hasking, P. A., & Scott, J. G. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714001615 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
MacLaren, V. V., & Best, L. A. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.019 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Roaldset, J. O., Linaker, O. M., & Bjørkly, S. K. (2012) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.722052 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Bresin, K. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.09.005 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Emotional reactivity in nonsuicidal self-injury: Divergence between self-report and startle measures
Glenn, C. R., Blumenthal, T. D., Klonsky, E. D., & Hajcak, G. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.016 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Bresin, K., & Gordon, K. H. (2011) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0025736 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Psychotherapeutic approaches to non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents
Washburn, J. J., Richardt, S. L., Styer, D. M., Gebhardt, M., Juzwin, K. R., Yourek, A., & Aldridge, D. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-6-14 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Lundh, L., Wångby‐Lundh, M., & Bjärehed, J. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00894.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Study of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Offspring at High Risk for Mood Disorder
Cox, L. J., Stanley, B. H., Melhem, N. M., Oquendo, M. A., Birmaher, B., Burke, A., Kolko, D. J., Zelazny, J. M., Mann, J. J., Porta, G., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.11m07250 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Franklin, J. C., Puzia, M., Lee, K. M., & Prinstein, M. J. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036436 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationNonsuicidal Self injury in Adolescents.
Peterson, J., Freedenthal, S. L., Sheldon, C., & Andersen, R. (2008) · PubMed Central · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Adolescent Non‐Suicidal Self‐Injury ( NSSI ) Interventions
Gonzales, A. H., & Bergström, L. (2013) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12035 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., Ray-Sannerud, B. N., Etienne, N., & Morrow, C. E. (2013) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.10.006 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Poor Sleep as a Risk Factor for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Adolescent Girls
Lundh, L., Bjärehed, J., & Wångby‐Lundh, M. (2012) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9307-4 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The effects of self-injury on acute negative arousal: A laboratory simulation
Weinberg, A., & Klonsky, E. D. (2011) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-011-9233-x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Anestis, M. D., Silva, C., Lavender, J. M., Crosby, R. D., Wonderlich, S. A., Engel, S. G., & Joiner, T. E. (2011) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20947 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Review of Empirical Treatment Studies for Adolescent Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Brausch, A. M., & Girresch, S. K. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.26.1.3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents
In‐Albon, T. (2015) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000229 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Franklin, J. C., Lee, K. M., Puzia, M., & Prinstein, M. J. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613503140 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults.
Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1878 · Cited by 1,424 · see citing works
Mehlum, L., Tørmoen, A. J., Ramberg, M., Haga, E., Diep, L. M., Laberg, S., Larsson, B. S., Stanley, B. H., Miller, A. L., Sund, A. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.07.003 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wolff, J. C., Thompson, E., Thomas, S. A., Nesi, J., Bettis, A. H., Ransford, B., Scopelliti, K., Frazier, E. A., & Liu, R. T. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.004 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence
Brown, R. C., & Plener, P. L. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0767-9 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Laestadius, L., Bishop, A., Gonzalez, M., Illenčík, D., & Campos-Castillo, C. (2024) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448221142007 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Risk factors for self-harm in prison: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Favril, L., Yu, R., Hawton, K., & Fazel, S. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30190-5 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems.
Miller, A. B., & Prinstein, M. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095625 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, prior research clearly has revealed NSSI as both a correlate and risk factor for suicidal ideation and behavior; yet the predictors and developmental course of NSSI differ from that of suicidal ideation and behaviors (see reviews by Fox et al. 2015 and Liu et al. 2017).”
BackgroundExamining the role of sex in self-injurious thoughts and behaviors
Fox, K. R., Millner, A. J., Mukerji, C. E., & Nock, M. K. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.009 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationObeid, J. S., Dahne, J., Christensen, S., Howard, S., Crawford, T., Frey, L. J., Stecker, T., & Bunnell, B. E. (2020) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/17784 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Liu, Z.-Z., Tein, J.-Y., Jia, C.-X., & Liu, X. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.015 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Body image as a predictor of nonsuicidal self-injury in women: A longitudinal study
Black, E. B., Garratt, M., Beccaria, G., Mildred, H., & Kwan, M. (2019) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.11.010 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Victor, S. E., Brown, S. L., & Scott, L. N. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.01.003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fox, K. R., Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Kleiman, E. M., Bentley, K. H., & Nock, M. K.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fox, Kathryn R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 42
- Pages
- 156-167
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4772426
- OpenAlex
- W1738630770
- Cited by
- 548
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 13 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH018921)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Keywords
- non-suicidal self-injury, risk factors, cluster B personality disorders, hopelessness, suicidal behavior, longitudinal prediction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Humans, Risk Factors, Self-Injurious Behavior, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
