The effects of physical activity interventions on psychosocial outcomes in adolescents: a meta-analytic review
Open accessAbstract
Physical activity interventions are often implemented in the adolescent mental health care practice to prevent or treat psychosocial problems. To date, no systematic review of the effect of these physical activity interventions in adolescents has been conducted. In the current study, four multilevel meta-analyses were performed to assess the overall effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems, internalizing problems, self-concept, and academic achievement in adolescents. In addition, possible moderating factors were examined. In total, 57 studies reporting on 216 effect sizes were included, and the results showed significant small-to-moderate effects of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems (d=0.320), internalizing problems (d=0.316), self-concept (d=0.297), and academic achievement (d=0.367). Further, moderator analyses showed that outcome, study, sample, and intervention characteristics influenced the effects of physical activity interventions on psychosocial outcomes. Implications for theory and practice concerning the use of physical activity interventions in adolescent mental health care practice are discussed.
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TL;DR
This meta-analytic review found that physical activity interventions produced significant small-to-moderate improvements in adolescents’ externalizing problems, internalizing problems, self-concept, and academic achievement. Effects varied by outcome, study, sample, and intervention characteristics, but no publication bias was indicated.
Key findings
- Across 57 studies and 216 effect sizes, physical activity interventions significantly reduced externalizing problems (d = 0.320, 95% CI 0.023–0.616, p = .036) and internalizing problems (d = 0.316, 95% CI 0.073–0.558, p = .011).
- Physical activity interventions significantly improved self-concept (d = 0.297, 95% CI 0.127–0.468, p = .001) and academic achievement (d = 0.367, 95% CI 0.038–0.697, p = .030).
- Moderator analyses showed: externalizing effects were larger when the comparison group received some other intervention/activity and no effect when it received no treatment; internalizing effects were weaker in RCTs than quasi-experimental studies and larger in samples with fewer males and with a clinical diagnosis; self-concept effects were larger for exercise than sports; academic achievement effects were larger when measured by grades than standardized tests.
- Trim-and-fill analyses did not impute missing effect sizes on the left side for any outcome, indicating publication bias was unlikely.
Methods
- Four separate multilevel meta-analyses were conducted on externalizing problems (14 studies, 35 effect sizes, N = 1169), internalizing problems (24 studies, 79 effect sizes, N = 2974), self-concept (33 studies, 68 effect sizes, N = 2647), and academic achievement (10 studies, 34 effect sizes, N = 1488).
- Studies were included if they evaluated a sports or aerobic exercise intervention, had a mean participant age between 11 and 18 and age range between 10 and 21, used an experimental or quasi-experimental design with a comparison group, and reported sufficient statistics for effect-size calculation.
- Three-level random-effects models were estimated in R with the metafor package, with moderator analyses for outcome, study, sample, and intervention characteristics; continuous moderators were mean-centered and categorical moderators dummy-coded.
Limitations
- The paper states that some included studies were low quality, had small samples, and did not provide enough information to code all moderators, creating possible power problems for detecting small or moderate moderator effects.
- The paper states that none of the primary studies controlled for leisure-time physical activity in intervention and comparison groups, which may influence intervention effects.
- The paper states that the psychosocial outcomes overlap and cannot be interpreted independently, and that the externalizing and academic achievement meta-analyses were based on small numbers of studies (14 and 10, respectively), limiting generalizability.
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0 of 44 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data§ a b s t r a c t · p. 2
Physical activity interventions have a significant small-to-moderate effect on self-concept in adolescents (d = 0.297).
“the results showed significant small-tomoderate effects of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems ( d =0.320), internalizing problems ( d =0.316), self-concept ( d =0.297), and academic achievement ( d =0.367).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ a b s t r a c t · p. 2
Physical activity interventions have a significant small-to-moderate effect on internalizing problems in adolescents (d = 0.316).
“the results showed significant small-tomoderate effects of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems ( d =0.320), internalizing problems ( d =0.316), self-concept ( d =0.297), and academic achievement ( d =0.367).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ 2.4. Calculations and analyses · p. 6
In the majority of the included studies, more than one effect size could be calculated.
“In the majority of the studies, it was possible to calculate more than one effect size.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ 2.4. Calculations and analyses · p. 6
Most included studies reported on multiple outcome variables, multiple scales to assess the variable of interest, multiple informants that reported about the outcome variable, or reported the effects of physical activity interventions in subsamples separately.
“Most studies reported on multiple outcome variables, multiple scales to assess the variable of interest, multiple informants that reported about the outcome variable, or reported the effects of physical activity interventions in subsamples separately.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ a b s t r a c t · p. 2
Physical activity interventions have a significant small-to-moderate effect on academic achievement in adolescents (d = 0.367).
“the results showed significant small-tomoderate effects of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems ( d =0.320), internalizing problems ( d =0.316), self-concept ( d =0.297), and academic achievement ( d =0.367).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data§ a b s t r a c t · p. 2
Moderator analyses showed that outcome, study, sample, and intervention characteristics influenced the effects of physical activity interventions on psychosocial outcomes.
“Further, moderator analyses showed that outcome, study, sample, and intervention characteristics influenced the effects of physical activity interventions on psychosocial outcomes.”
- Also stated in: § H I G H L I G H T S · p. 2 · plain
“Effects depend on several outcome, study, sample and intervention characteristics.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § H I G H L I G H T S · p. 2 · plain
- Findingown data§ a b s t r a c t · p. 2
Physical activity interventions have a significant small-to-moderate effect on externalizing problems in adolescents (d = 0.320).
“the results showed significant small-tomoderate effects of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems ( d =0.320), internalizing problems ( d =0.316), self-concept ( d =0.297), and academic achievement ( d =0.367).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.4.2. Results of moderator analyses on self-concept · p. 9
Type of comparison group did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept.
“Whether the authors were independent or not, the design of the study, the type of comparison group, and the follow-up time did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.4.2. Results of moderator analyses on self-concept · p. 10
Larger effects of physical activity interventions on self-concept were found when the intervention consisted of (aerobic) exercise.
“Larger effects of physical activity interventions on selfconcept were found when the intervention consisted of (aerobic) exercise.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.5.2. Results of moderator analyses on academic achievement · p. 10
Study design did not influence the effect of physical activity interventions on academic achievement.
“The design of the study and the type of comparison groupdid not influence the effect of physical activity intervention on academic achievement.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1.2. Results of moderator analyses on externalizing problems · p. 7
Larger effects of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems were found when intervention groups were compared to control groups that received any other type of intervention (psychosocial interventions, other leisure activities).
“Larger effects of physical activity interventions were found when intervention groups were compared to control groups that received any other type of intervention (i.e., psychosocial interventions, other leisure activities).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1.2. Results of moderator analyses on externalizing problems · p. 7
Whether the sample had a clinical diagnosis did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.
“Sample type, whether or not the sample had a clinical diagnosis, the proportion of males, and the proportion of minority groups in the sample did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
Whether or not the sample had a clinical diagnosis influenced the strength of the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.
“The design of the study, whether or not the sample had a clinical diagnosis, and the proportion of males in the sample influenced the strength of the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
Stronger effects on internalizing problems were found in samples with fewer males.
“The stronger effects in the current study in samples with fewer males and in clinical samples are in line with previous reviews”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.4.2. Results of moderator analyses on self-concept · p. 9
Study design did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept.
“Whether the authors were independent or not, the design of the study, the type of comparison group, and the follow-up time did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
Physical activity interventions had a significant small-to-moderate effect size on internalizing problems in adolescents (d = 0.316).
“internalizing problems ( d = 0.316)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
In 12 out of 14 studies, the intervention group interacted with the comparison group.
“in 12 out of 14 studies the intervention group interacted with the comparison group”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.4.2. Results of moderator analyses on self-concept · p. 9
None of the sample characteristics (sample type, proportion of males, proportion of ethnic minority youth) moderated the effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept.
“None of the sample characteristics (sample type, proportion of males in the sample, and proportion of youth from ethnic minority groups in the sample) moderated the effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3.2. Study characteristics · p. 8
Type of comparison group did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.
“Whether or not the authors were dependent, the type of comparison group, the type of informant, and the follow-up time did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
Stronger effects on internalizing problems were found in clinical samples.
“The stronger effects in the current study in samples with fewer males and in clinical samples are in line with previous reviews”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3.3. Sample characteristics · p. 8
Larger effects on internalizing problems were observed in samples with fewer males.
“Larger effects were observed in samples with fewer males”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3.4. Intervention characteristics · p. 8
No moderating effects of intervention characteristics were found for internalizing problems.
“Wefound no moderating effects of intervention characteristics.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
Physical activity interventions had a significant small-to-moderate effect size on academic achievement in adolescents (d = 0.367).
“academic achievement ( d =0.367)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1.2. Results of moderator analyses on externalizing problems · p. 7
No effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems was found when the intervention group was compared to a comparison group that did not receive any treatment.
“No effect of physical activity interventions was found in case the intervention group was compared to a comparison group which did not receive any treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1.2. Results of moderator analyses on externalizing problems · p. 7
Proportion of minority groups did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.
“Sample type, whether or not the sample had a clinical diagnosis, the proportion of males, and the proportion of minority groups in the sample did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
In the four meta-analyses, significant variance was present at the third and/or the second level.
“In the four meta-analyses, significant variance was present at the third and/or the second level”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1.2. Results of moderator analyses on externalizing problems · p. 7
Study design did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.
“The dependence of the authors, the design of the study, and the type of informant did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1.2. Results of moderator analyses on externalizing problems · p. 7
Type of informant did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.
“The dependence of the authors, the design of the study, and the type of informant did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1.2. Results of moderator analyses on externalizing problems · p. 7
The type of externalizing problems (aggression, delinquency, or other conduct problems) did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.
“The type of externalizing problems (aggression, delinquency, or other conduct problems) did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3.2. Study characteristics · p. 8
Author dependence did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.
“Whether or not the authors were dependent, the type of comparison group, the type of informant, and the follow-up time did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3.2. Study characteristics · p. 8
Type of informant did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.
“Whether or not the authors were dependent, the type of comparison group, the type of informant, and the follow-up time did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
The proportion of males in the sample influenced the strength of the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.
“The design of the study, whether or not the sample had a clinical diagnosis, and the proportion of males in the sample influenced the strength of the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
Physical activity interventions had a significant small-to-moderate effect size on externalizing problems in adolescents (d = 0.345).
“Overall, we found significant small-to-moderate effect sizes of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems ( d =0.345)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1.2. Results of moderator analyses on externalizing problems · p. 7
Proportion of males did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.
“Sample type, whether or not the sample had a clinical diagnosis, the proportion of males, and the proportion of minority groups in the sample did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1.2. Results of moderator analyses on externalizing problems · p. 7
Author dependence did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.
“The dependence of the authors, the design of the study, and the type of informant did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3.3. Sample characteristics · p. 8
Sample type did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.
“The sample type and the proportion of minority groups in the sample did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
Stronger effects on externalizing problems were found when the physical activity group was compared to a comparison group that received some other form of intervention.
“Stronger effects were found when the physical activity group was compared to a comparison group that received some other form of intervention (i.e., psychosocial interventions or group activities).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
Study design influenced the strength of the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.
“The design of the study, whether or not the sample had a clinical diagnosis, and the proportion of males in the sample influenced the strength of the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.5.2. Results of moderator analyses on academic achievement · p. 10
Proportion of males did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on academic achievement.
“The proportion of youth from an ethnic minority group and the proportions of males in the sample did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1.2. Results of moderator analyses on externalizing problems · p. 7
No moderating effects were found for intervention characteristics on externalizing problems.
“No moderating effects were found for intervention characteristics.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.5.2. Results of moderator analyses on academic achievement · p. 10
Stronger effects on academic achievement were found if academic achievement was measured through grades.
“Stronger effects were found if academic achievement was measured through grades.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
For externalizing problems, the type of comparison group moderated the effect of physical activity interventions.
“For the meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems, the results showed a moderating effect of the type of comparison group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.4.2. Results of moderator analyses on self-concept · p. 9
Follow-up time did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept.
“Whether the authors were independent or not, the design of the study, the type of comparison group, and the follow-up time did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
Physical activity interventions had a significant small-to-moderate effect size on self-concept in adolescents (d = 0.297).
“self-concept ( d = 0.297)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ 3.3.1. Outcome characteristic · p. 8
The type of internalizing problems (anxiety, depression, or other internalizing problems) did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.
“The type of internalizing problems (anxiety, depression, or other internalizing problems) did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.5.2. Results of moderator analyses on academic achievement · p. 10
The type of measure (standardized achievement tests vs. grades) did moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on academic achievement.
“We found that the type of measure (standardized achievement tests vs. grades) did moderate the effect of physical activity interventions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
Sample characteristics did not significantly moderate the effects of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.
“Although sample characteristics did not significantly moderate the effects of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.5.2. Results of moderator analyses on academic achievement · p. 10
Type of comparison group did not influence the effect of physical activity interventions on academic achievement.
“The design of the study and the type of comparison groupdid not influence the effect of physical activity intervention on academic achievement.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.5.2. Results of moderator analyses on academic achievement · p. 10
The type of academic achievement (language, science, or overall/other grades) did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on academic achievement.
“The type of academic achievement (language achievement, science achievement, or overall achievement/other grades) did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on academic achievement.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3.3. Sample characteristics · p. 8
Larger effects on internalizing problems were observed in samples with a clinical diagnosis.
“and in samples with a clinical diagnosis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1.2. Results of moderator analyses on externalizing problems · p. 7
Sample type did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.
“Sample type, whether or not the sample had a clinical diagnosis, the proportion of males, and the proportion of minority groups in the sample did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1.2. Results of moderator analyses on externalizing problems · p. 7
Whether the comparison group received any form of treatment had a moderating effect on the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems.
“Whether or not the comparison group received any form of treatment had a moderating effect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.5.2. Results of moderator analyses on academic achievement · p. 10
No significant moderating effects were found for intervention characteristics on academic achievement.
“No significant moderating effects were found for intervention characteristics (type of intervention,”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3.2. Study characteristics · p. 8
Follow-up time did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.
“Whether or not the authors were dependent, the type of comparison group, the type of informant, and the follow-up time did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.5.2. Results of moderator analyses on academic achievement · p. 10
Proportion of youth from an ethnic minority group did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on academic achievement.
“The proportion of youth from an ethnic minority group and the proportions of males in the sample did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3.3. Sample characteristics · p. 8
Proportion of minority groups did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.
“The sample type and the proportion of minority groups in the sample did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.4.2. Results of moderator analyses on self-concept · p. 9
Author independence did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept.
“Whether the authors were independent or not, the design of the study, the type of comparison group, and the follow-up time did not moderate the effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
Larger effects on self-concept were found for interventions with aerobic exercise elements compared to interventions with sports components.
“Larger effects were found for interventions with (aerobic) exercise elements compared to interventions with sports components.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
The included studies in the current meta-analyses provided little information on the contexts of the physical activity interventions.
“The included studies in the current meta-analyses provided little information on the contexts of the physical activity interventions”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
For academic achievement, the type of measure moderated the effect of physical activity interventions.
“For the meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity interventions on academic achievement, moderating effects were found for the type of measure of academic achievement.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
The same pattern was observed for the pedagogical background of instructors in the meta-analysis of internalizing problems (d = 0.565 vs. d = 0.171).
“The same was observed for the pedagogical background of instructors in the meta-analysis of internalizing problems (respectively, d =0.565 vs. d =0.171).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
Larger effects on academic achievement were found for grades compared to studies with standardized achievement tests.
“Larger effects were found for grades compared to studies with standardized achievement tests.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
The strength of the effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept was moderated by the type of physical activity.
“The strength of the effect of physical activity interventions on selfconcept was moderated by the type of physical activity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data§ 3.1.1. Overall effect on externalizing problems · p. 7
Publication bias was unlikely for the externalizing problems meta-analysis, as the trim-and-fill plot did not show any imputed effect sizes on the left side.
“The presence of publication bias is unlikely, as the trim-and-fill plot did not show any imputed effect sizes on the left side of the funnel (see Fig. 1 in Appendix C).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Studies may not have been published because of non-significant or unfavorable findings, and therefore are difficult to locate.
- Premisecitation§ 1.2. Previous reviews and gaps in the literature · p. 4
Liu et al. (2015) meta-analysis of 38 studies found small-to-moderate effect sizes of physical activity interventions in participants aged 4 to 20 on general self-outcomes, self-concept and self-worth.
“The recent meta-analysis of Liuet al. (2015) of 38 studies found small-tomoderate effect sizes of physical activity interventions in participants aged 4 to 20 on general self-outcomes, self-concept and selfworth.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Liu et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation§ 1.2. Previous reviews and gaps in the literature · p. 4
Biddle and Asare (2011) summarized three systematic reviews that reported a small-to-moderate effect of physical activity interventions on self-esteem in youth.
“The reviews discussed in Biddle and Asare (2011) reported a small-to-moderate effect of physical activity interventions on self-esteem in youth.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Biddle & Asare, 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data§ 3.1.1. Overall effect on externalizing problems · p. 7
Physical activity interventions reduced externalizing problems in adolescents.
“indicating that physical activity interventions reduced externalizing problems in adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning§ 2.4. Calculations and analyses · p. 6
The assumption of independent effect sizes that underlies classical meta-analytic strategies was violated.
“Therefore, the assumption of independent effect sizes that underlie classical meta-analytic strategies was violated (Hox, 2002; Lipsey & Wilson, 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Hox, 2002
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Lipsey & Wilson, 2001
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Effect sizes from the same study are more alike than effect sizes from different studies.
- Premisecitation§ 1.2. Previous reviews and gaps in the literature · p. 4
Previous systematic reviews on the effects of physical activity interventions on psychosocial outcomes mainly focus on internalizing problems or cognition in adult populations.
“Anextensive amount of systematic reviews on the effects of physical activity interventions on psychosocial outcomes are available, but these mainly focus on internalizing problems or cognition in adult populations”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisereasoning§ 1.2. Previous reviews and gaps in the literature · p. 4
To date, no recent meta-analysis exists focusing on the effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept in adolescents specifically.
“To date, no recent meta-analysis exists focusing on the effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept in adolescents specifically.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
Moderating variables may explain differences in the strength of the effect sizes.
“and that moderating variables may explain differences in the strength of the effect sizes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
Physical activity interventions were effective in reducing internalizing problems in adolescents.
“we conclude that physical activity interventions were effective in reducing externalizing and internalizing problems”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 3.5.1. Overall effect on academic achievement · p. 10
Physical activity interventions significantly increased academic achievement in adolescents compared to comparison groups.
“indicating that physical activity interventions significantly increased academic achievement in adolescents, compared to comparison groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
The effect size distribution was heterogeneous.
“indicating that the effect size distribution was heterogeneous”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
Exclusion from physical activity may have frustrated adolescents in the control group, resulting in higher levels of acting out behaviors.
“exclusion from the physical activity may have frustrated the adolescents from the control group resulting in higher levels of acting out behaviors”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
Physical activity interventions were effective in improving academic achievement in adolescents.
“in improving self-concept and academic achievement”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
Physical activity interventions were effective in reducing externalizing problems in adolescents.
“we conclude that physical activity interventions were effective in reducing externalizing and internalizing problems”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data§ 3.5.1. Overall effect on academic achievement · p. 10
Publication bias was unlikely for academic achievement, as the trim-and-fill plot did not show imputed effect sizes on the left side.
“The trim-and-fill plot did not show any imputed effect sizes of missing data on the left side (see Fig. 4 in Appendix C), indicating that the presence of publication bias is unlikely.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Studies may not have been published because of non-significant or unfavorable findings, and therefore are difficult to locate.
- Interpretationcitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
Stronger effects of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems in quasi-experimental studies may be explained by larger biases and less rigorous designs of quasi-experimental studies compared to RCTs.
“The findings of stronger effects of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems in quasi-experimental studies may be explained by larger biases and less rigorous designs of quasiexperimental studies compared to RCT-studies”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Study design and conductown data§ 3.2.1. Overall effect on internalizing problems · p. 7
Publication bias was not indicated for internalizing problems, as the trim-and-fill plot did not show imputed effect sizes on the left side.
“As for publication bias, the trim-and-fill plot did not show any imputed effect sizes on the left side (see Fig. 2 in Appendix C), indicating no publication bias.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Studies may not have been published because of non-significant or unfavorable findings, and therefore are difficult to locate.
- Interpretationown data§ 3.2.1. Overall effect on internalizing problems · p. 7
Physical activity interventions significantly reduced internalizing problems in adolescents.
“indicating that physical activity interventions significantly reduced internalizing problems in adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
Physical activity intervention groups benefited more than comparison groups on the four psychosocial outcomes.
“indicating that the physical activity intervention groups benefited more than the comparison groups”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11
Physical activity interventions were effective in improving self-concept in adolescents.
“in improving self-concept and academic achievement”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 3.4.1. Overall effect on self-concept · p. 9
Physical activity interventions increased positive self-concept in adolescents.
“Physical activity interventions increased positive self-concept in adolescents, indicated by a significant small-to-medium effect size ( d = 0.297).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
None of the primary studies controlled for the amount of physical activity of the intervention and comparison groups during leisure time of the participants.
“Second, none of the primary studies controlled for the amount of physical activity of the intervention and comparison groups during leisure time of the participants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
There might be a power problem in identifying moderators with a small or moderate influence.
“As a result, there might be a power problem in identifying moderators with a small or moderate influence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
The moderating result of measurement type may implicate that physical activity interventions have larger effect on the academic behavior component than on the intellectual component of academic achievement.
“The moderating result of measurement type may implicate that physical activity interventions have larger effect on the academic behavior component than on the intellectual component of academic achievement.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
In sum, the current study showed that physical activity interventions can be effective in improving psychosocial outcomes.
“In sum, the current study showed that physical activity interventions can be effective in improving psychosocial outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
Specific characteristics of the instructor/coach of physical activity interventions may influence the effects on emotional well-being and behaviors of participants.
“specific characteristics of the instructor/coach of the physical activity interventions (i.e., the level of moral reasoning, the extent of motivational behaviors of the instructor, the experience and knowledge with the target group) may influence the effects on emotional well-being and behaviors of participants of physical activity interventions”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
Internalizing problems have been shown to be predictors of externalizing problems in adolescents.
“internalizing problems have been shown to be predictors of externalizing problems in adolescents”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ybrandt, 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
The effect of physical activity interventions on a particular psychosocial outcome may be influenced by the effect of these interventions on other outcomes.
“Thus, the effect of physical activity interventions on a particular psychosocial outcome may be influenced by the effect of these interventions on other outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
The quality of some of the included studies was low.
“First, the quality of some of the included studies was low.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
Rutten et al. (2007, 2011) showed that the prosocial and antisocial behaviors of young athletes can be explained by the moral atmosphere of the sporting environment and the presence of supportive coach-athlete relationships.
“Rutten et al. (2007, 2011) showed that the prosocial and antisocial behaviors of young athletes can be explained by the moral atmosphere of the sporting environment, and the presence of supportive coach -athlete relationships.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rutten et al., 2007, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
The results of each meta-analysis cannot be interpreted independently, as the psychosocial outcomes overlap to a certain extent.
“The results of each meta-analysis can therefore not be interpreted independently, as the psychosocial outcomes overlap to a certain extend.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
High academic competence has been related to lower levels of externalizing and internalizing problems.
“high academic competence has been related to lower levels of externalizing and internalizing problems”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Moilanen, Shaw, & Maxwell, 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 12
IQ is perceived as a relatively stable concept across time.
“IQ is perceived as a relatively stable concept across time”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Deater-Deckard et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 6
- May combine two claims. 28
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 25
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ 3.1.1. Overall effect on externalizing problems · p. 7Physical activity interventions had a significant small-to-medium effect on externalizing problems (d=0.320, 95% CI 0.023;0.616, p=.036).
“A significant small-to-medium effect ( d =0.320) of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems was found”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.1. Effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems · p. 7The meta-analysis on externalizing problems contained 14 independent studies, 35 effect sizes, and a total sample of 1169 subjects (534 intervention, 635 comparison).
“The meta-analysis on the effect of physical activity interventions on externalizing problems contained 14 independent studies ( s ), reporting on 35 effect sizes ( k ), and a total sample of N =1169subjects. The total sample consisted of n =534 subjects in the intervention groups, and n =635 subjects in the comparison groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ 3.5.1. Overall effect on academic achievement · p. 10Physical activity interventions had a significant small-to-medium effect on academic achievement (d=0.367, 95% CI 0.038;0.697, p=.030).
“A significant small-to-medium effect ( d =0.367) was found for physical activity interventions on academic achievement”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ 3.4.1. Overall effect on self-concept · p. 9Physical activity interventions had a significant small-to-medium effect on self-concept (d=0.297, 95% CI 0.127;0.468, p=.001).
“Physical activity interventions increased positive self-concept in adolescents, indicated by a significant small-to-medium effect size ( d = 0.297).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.4. Effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept · p. 9The meta-analysis on self-concept contained 33 independent studies, 68 effect sizes, and a total sample of 2647 subjects (1374 intervention, 1273 comparison).
“The meta-analysis on the effect of physical activity interventions on self-concept contained 33 independent studies ( s ), with 68 effect sizes ( k ), and a total sample of N =2647. The total sample contained n = 1374 in the intervention groups, and n = 1273 in the comparison groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.2. Effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems · p. 7The meta-analysis on internalizing problems contained 24 independent studies, 79 effect sizes, and a total sample of 2974 subjects (1332 intervention, 1642 comparison).
“The meta-analysis on the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems contained 24 independent studies ( s ), with 79 effect sizes ( k ), and a total sample of N = 2974. The total sample contained n =1332 in the intervention groups, and n =1642 in the comparison groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.4.2. Results of moderator analyses on self-concept · p. 10No moderating effects were found for the type of intervention, duration and frequency, team/individual, and instructor background on self-concept.
“No moderating effects were found for the type of intervention, the duration and frequency of the intervention, whether the intervention consisted of team or individual physical activities, and whether or not the instructor/therapist had any pedagogical background.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.3.2. Study characteristics · p. 8Study design moderated the strength of the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems; RCT studies showed weaker effects than quasi-experimental studies.
“The study design moderated the strength of the effect of physical activity interventions on internalizing problems. Studies using an RCT design showed weaker effects than studies using a quasi-experimental design.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 11Close inspection of studies reporting pretest scores and where experimental groups interacted showed that five studies found increased externalizing problems in the comparison group, four studies found scores remained the same, and one study found scores decreased.
“five studies found increased levels of externalizing problems in the comparison group. In four studies the scores remained the same, and in one study the scores of the comparison group decreased.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.5. Effect of physical activity interventions on academic achievement · p. 10The meta-analysis on academic achievement contained 10 independent studies, 34 effect sizes, and a total sample of 1488 subjects (729 intervention, 759 comparison).
“The meta-analysis on the effect of physical activity interventions on academic achievement contained 10 independent studies ( s ), with 34 effect sizes ( k ), and a total sample of N = 1488. The total sample contained n =729in the intervention groups, and n =759in the comparison groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ 3.2.1. Overall effect on internalizing problems · p. 7Physical activity interventions had a significant small-to-medium effect on internalizing problems (d=0.316, 95% CI 0.073;0.558, p=.011).
“A significant small-to-medium effect ( d = 0.316) was found for physical activity interventions on internalizing problems”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ 4. Discussion · p. 11No indications of publication bias were found in the meta-analyses.
“No indications of publication bias were found.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 12Differences between effect sizes of independent and dependent authors for externalizing problems were considerable (d = 0.184 vs. d = 0.671), but this was not identified as a significant moderator.
“Differences between effect sizes of independent and dependent authors seem quite considerable for the meta-analysis of externalizing problems (respectively, d =0.184 vs. d =0.671), but was not identified as a significant moderator.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone given§ 2.4. Calculations and analyses · p. 6Moderator analyses were only performed if each category of the potential moderator was filled with at least three studies.
“For each of the four meta-analyses, moderator analyses were only performed in case each category of the potential moderator was filled with at least three studies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone given§ a b s t r a c t · p. 2To date, no systematic review of the effect of physical activity interventions on psychosocial outcomes in adolescents has been conducted.
“To date, no systematic review of the effect of these physical activity interventions in adolescents has been conducted.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ 1.2. Previous reviews and gaps in the literature · p. 4Spruit et al. (2015) found in their meta-analysis of 52 studies, including 431 effect sizes, that there was no overall relation between sports participation and juvenile delinquency.
“For example, Spruit et al. (2015) recently found in their meta-analysis of 52 studies, including 431 effect sizes, that there was no overall relation between sports participation and juvenile delinquency”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Spruit et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 1.2. Previous reviews and gaps in the literature · p. 4Spruit et al. (2015) found that sports participation was in some cases related to more juvenile delinquency.
“and that sports participation was in some cases even related to more juvenile delinquency.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Spruit et al., 2015
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone given§ 1.2. Previous reviews and gaps in the literature · p. 4To date, no systematic review of the effect of physical activity on externalizing problems has been conducted.
“To date, no systematic review of the effect of physical activity on externalizing problems has been conducted.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Study design and conductown data§ 2.3. Coding the studies · p. 6The percentages of agreement for the moderator variables ranged from 79% to 100%, and for the calculated effect size and sample sizes the percentages of agreement were 95% and 100%, respectively.
“The percentages of agreement for the moderator variables ranged from sufficient (79%) for the variable frequency of intervention, to perfect (100%) for the variables dependence of authors, duration of treatment, follow-up period, proportion of males, proportion of minority groups, type of internalizing problem, type of externalizing problem, type of academic achievement, and type of informant.”
- Also stated in: § 2.3. Coding the studies · p. 6 · plain
“For the calculated effect size and the sample sizes the percentages of agreement were 95% and 100%, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § 2.3. Coding the studies · p. 6 · plain
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ 2.5. Publication bias · p. 7Not including unpublished studies may lead to an overestimation of the true effect size, the so-called publication bias.
“Not including these studies may lead to an overestimation of the true effect size, the so called ' publication bias ' (Rosenthal, 1979).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rosenthal, 1979 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Studies may not have been published because of non-significant or unfavorable findings, and therefore are difficult to locate.
The quote only partly states this claim.
Interpretationown data§ H I G H L I G H T S · p. 2Physical activity interventions can be effective in reducing psychosocial problems in adolescents.
“Physical activity interventions can be effective in reducing psychosocial problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ 2.4. Calculations and analyses · p. 6A multilevel approach accounts for the hierarchical structure of the data, in which effect sizes are nested within studies.
“The multilevel approach accounts for the hierarchical structure of the data, in which effect sizes are nested within the studies (Van Den Noortgate & Onghena, 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Van Den Noortgate & Onghena, 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Effect sizes from the same study are more alike than effect sizes from different studies.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ 1. Introduction · p. 3Physical activity interventions are widely used to treat or prevent all kinds of psychosocial problems in youth.
“Hence, physical activity interventions are widely used to treat or prevent all kinds of psychosocial problems in youth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Physical activity interventions are often implemented in adolescent mental health care practice to prevent or treat psychosocial problems.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown data§ 2.5. Publication bias · p. 7A trim and fill procedure was performed to check the presence of publication bias in the meta-analyses.
“In order to check the presence of publication bias in our meta-analyses, we performed a trim and fill procedure (Duval & Tweedie, 2000) by drawing a trim-and-fill plot in R (Version 3.2.0) using the function ' trimfill ' of the metafor package (Viechtbauer, 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Duval & Tweedie, 2000 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Viechtbauer, 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Studies may not have been published because of non-significant or unfavorable findings, and therefore are difficult to locate.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 1.2. Previous reviews and gaps in the literature · p. 4Local governments and institutions all over the world have implemented physical activity interventions to prevent externalizing problems of juveniles.
“Local governments and institutions all over the world have implemented physical activity interventions to prevent externalizing problems of juveniles (Coakley, 2002; Kelly, 2013; Nichols, 2010; Chamberlain, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Coakley, 2002
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Kelly, 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Nichols, 2010
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1.2. Previous reviews and gaps in the literature · p. 4Rasberry et al. (2011) showed that almost half of the outcomes of physical activity on children's academic achievement in intervention studies were positive (48%), the other half neutral (49%), and only one outcome (3%) was negative, implicating that physical activity can improve academic achievement.
“They showed that almost half of the outcomes of physical activity on children's academic achievement in intervention studies were positive (48%), the other half neutral (49%), and only one outcome (3%) was negative, implicating that physical activity can improve academic achievement (Rasberry et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rasberry et al., 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitation§ 1.3. The current meta-analysis · p. 5The multilevel meta-analytic techniques enable the use of all available effect sizes in the analyses, so all information can be preserved and maximum statistical power is generated.
“The multilevel meta-analytic techniques enable the use of all available effect sizes in the analyses, so all information can be preserved and maximum statistical power is generated (Assink et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Assink et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone given§ 2.3. Coding the studies · p. 6To assess interrater agreement, 14 studies (k = 74) were randomly selected and double coded by a research assistant.
“To assess interrater agreement, 14 studies ( k =74) were randomly selected, and double coded by a research assistant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1.2. Previous reviews and gaps in the literature · p. 4Fedewa and Ahn (2011) combined experimental and correlational studies to assess the effect of physical activity interventions on academic achievement in children (d = .24 on grade point average), which limits the possibility of statements about causality.
“The meta-analysis of Fedewa and Ahn (2011) combined experimental studies and correlational studies to assess the effect of physical activity interventions on academic achievement in children ( d =.24 on grade point average), which limits the possibility of statements about causality.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fedewa & Ahn, 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 2.4. Calculations and analyses · p. 6A multilevel meta-analysis enables using all effect sizes reported in primary studies, preserving all information and achieving maximum statistical power.
“Further, a multilevel meta-analysis enables using all effect sizes reported in the primary studies, so that all information is preserved and maximum statistical power is achieved (Assink et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Assink et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Effect sizes from the same study are more alike than effect sizes from different studies.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 2.5. Publication bias · p. 7In systematic reviews, the aim is to include all studies previously conducted that meet the inclusion criteria.
“In systematic reviews, the aim is to include all studies previously conducted that meet the inclusion criteria (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lipsey & Wilson, 2001
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone given§ 1.3. The current meta-analysis · p. 5The current study takes into account the shortcomings of previous systematic reviews by focusing on a narrow age range and including only (quasi-)experimental studies.
“By focusing on a narrow age range, and including only (quasi-)experimental studies, the current study takes into account the shortcomings of previous systematic reviews.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisenone given§ 2.4. Calculations and analyses · p. 6Significant variance on level 2 or 3 indicates a heterogeneous effect size distribution, meaning that the effect sizes cannot be treated as estimates of a common effect size.
“Significant variance on level 2 or 3 indicates a heterogeneous effect size distribution, meaning that the effect sizes cannot be treated as estimates of a common effect size.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1.2. Previous reviews and gaps in the literature · p. 4Rasberry et al. (2011) did not report about the strength of the effect of physical activity interventions on academic achievement, and generalization of conclusions was difficult due to methodological weaknesses of included studies, the diversity of the samples, and the limited number of studies included.
“However, the authors did not report about the strength of the effect of physical activity interventions on academic achievement, and the generalization of conclusions was difficult due to methodological weaknesses of included studies, the diversity of the samples, and the limited number of studies included (Rasberry et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rasberry et al., 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 12Previous reviews show that physical activity interventions are more effective in reducing internalizing problems in samples with more females and more severe/clinical cases.
“showing that physical activity interventions are more effective in reducing internalizing problems in samples with more females, and more severe/clinical cases”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ahn & Fedewa, 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Calfas & Taylor, 1994
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Craft & Landers, 1998
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone given§ 4. Discussion · p. 11It was not possible to test whether the changes in externalizing problems in the comparison group were significant.
“it was not possible to test whether these changes were significant”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown data§ 3.4.1. Overall effect on self-concept · p. 9Publication bias was not found for self-concept, as the trim-and-fill procedure did not impute effect sizes on the left side.
“Publication bias was not found, since the trim-and-fill procedure did not impute effect sizes on the left side (see Fig. 3 in Appendix C).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Studies may not have been published because of non-significant or unfavorable findings, and therefore are difficult to locate.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationcitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 11The findings of this meta-analysis are consistent with findings of previous reviews.
“These findings are consistent with findings of previous reviews”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 12The meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on externalizing problems and academic achievement was based on a small number of studies (14 and 10 studies respectively), which may negatively influence generalizability.
“Finally, the meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on externalizing problems and academic achievement was based on a small number of studies (14 and 10 studies respectively), which may negatively influence generalizability.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Discussion · p. 12The power problem may apply to the moderator authors in the meta-analysis of externalizing problems and to background of instructor in the meta-analysis of internalizing problems.
“This may be the case for the moderator authors in the meta-analysis of externalizing problems, and for background of instructor in the meta-analysis of internalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 12Exercise interventions often focus on generating a minimum level of physical exertion, obtaining the physiological effects of exercise, and developing strength and stamina.
“Exercise interventions often focus on generating a minimum level of physical exertion, obtaining the physiological effects of exercise, and developing strength and stamina”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lubans, Plotnikoff & Lubans, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 12The main results of the current study provide justifications for the increasing use of physical activity interventions in adolescent mental health care practice.
“All in all, the main results of the current study provide justifications for the increasing use of physical activity interventions in adolescent mental health care practice.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown data§ 4. Discussion · p. 12According to the outcomes of the meta-analyses, physical activity interventions appear to be effective in reducing both internalizing and externalizing problems, and in improving self-concept and academic achievement.
“According to the outcomes of the meta-analyses, physical activity interventions appear to be effective in reducing both internalizing and externalizing problems, and in improving self-concept and academic achievement.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Discussion · p. 12Prior differences in physical activities between intervention and comparison groups may influence the strength of the intervention effects.
“prior differences in physical activities between intervention and comparison groups may influence the strength of the intervention effects”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 12Physical activity is a fairly common leisure activity for adolescents.
“Physical activity is a fairly common leisure activity for adolescents”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Linver, Roth, & Brooks-Gunn, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationcitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 12This finding is in line with a previous meta-analysis showing larger effects for exercise compared to sports in RCT-studies.
“This finding is in line with the previous meta-analysis on the effect of physical interventions on mental health in children, showing larger effects for exercise in comparison to sports in RCT-studies”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ahn & Fedewa, 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Study design and conductnone given§ 4. Discussion · p. 12The outcome measures of interest in the current study are closely associated to one another.
“Third, we acknowledge that the outcome measures of interest in the current study are closely associated to one another.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 12Exercise may more strongly improve the sense of feeling well about yourself than sports activities, which are more focused on the social environment and the competitive element.
“This may more strongly improve the sense of ' feeling well about yourself ' than sports activities, which are more focused on the social environment and the competitive element”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fraser-Thomas, Cote, & Deakin, 2005 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The sports element of winning a game can lead to increased self-esteem, whereas losing the game may have adverse effects on self-esteem.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Discussion · p. 12Although physical activity interventions are generally effective, empirical and theoretical insights from the current study showed that these interventions may be harmful in certain situations.
“Although physical activity interventions are generally effective, empirical and theoretical insights from the current study showed that these interventions may be harmful in certain situations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 12A negative self-concept is a risk factor for both internalizing and externalizing problems.
“a negative self-concept is a risk factor for both internalizing and externalizing problems”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ybrandt, 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone given§ 4. Discussion · p. 12Many included studies had small samples and did not always provide enough information to code all the moderators.
“Many studies had small samples, and did not always provide enough information to code all the moderators.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 12The stability of IQ may also explain smaller effects for standardized achievement tests and larger effects for grades.
“which may also explain smaller effects for standardized achievement tests, and larger effects for grades”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 4. Discussion · p. 12Increasing the quality of the physical activity context can improve the effects of physical activity interventions.
“as it is expected that increasing the quality of the physical activity context can improve the effects of physical activity interventions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 4. Discussion · p. 12Standardized achievement tests better predict IQ, whereas grades better predict academic behaviors.
“Standardized achievement tests and grades differ to the extent that standardized achievement tests better predict IQ, whereas grades better predict academic behaviors”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Duckworth, Quinn, & Tsukayama, 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical activity interventions are often implemented in adolescent mental health care practice to prevent or treat psychosocial problems.
“Physical activity interventions are often implemented in the adolescent mental health care practice to prevent or treat psychosocial problems.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Studies may not have been published because of non-significant or unfavorable findings, and therefore are difficult to locate.
“However, a common problem is that studies may not have been published because of non-significant or unfavorable findings, and therefore are difficult to locate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Effect sizes from the same study are more alike than effect sizes from different studies.
“It is possible that effect sizes from the same study are more alike than effect sizes from different studies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sports element of winning a game can lead to increased self-esteem, whereas losing the game may have adverse effects on self-esteem.
“The sports element of winning a game can lead to increased selfesteem, whereas losing the game may have adverse effects on selfesteem.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It is unethical to withhold interventions from children who experience serious problem behaviors.
“In general, it is perceived unethical to withhold interventions from children who experience serious problem behaviors.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A recent meta-analysis reported a positive effect of physical activity on academic outcomes in adolescents, with Cohen's d of 0.37 across 10 studies.
“Despite these limitations, a recent meta-analysis reported a positive effect (Cohen’s d=0.37) for PA on academic outcomes across 10 studies (38).”
From Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Internalizing activity-type coefficient disagrees with subgroup means
MinorIn Table 3, the exercise mean is 0.381 and the sports reference mean is 0.211. Their difference is 0.170, not the reported coefficient of 0.107.
Reported 0.107 · recomputed 0.17
“| Exercise | 15 | 56 | 0.381 | 2.436 ⁎ | 0.107 | 0.672 |”
Externalizing sample-type coefficient disagrees with subgroup means
MinorIn Table 2, the clinical mean is 0.453 and the community reference mean is 0.265. Their difference is 0.188, not the reported clinical coefficient of −0.100.
Reported -0.1 · recomputed 0.188
“| Clinical | 6 | 13 | 0.453 | 1.855 + | - 0.100 | - 0.362 |”
Externalizing effect size differs in the discussion
MinorThe discussion reports an overall effect of d = 0.345 for externalizing problems, whereas the abstract, results, and Table 1 report d = 0.320.
“externalizing problems ( d =0.345)”
“Externalizing problems | 14 | 35 | 0.320”
Self-concept follow-up row lists more studies than effect sizes
MinorTable 4 lists 11 independent studies but only 5 effect sizes for the follow-up analysis. An analysis cannot draw effect sizes from more studies than it contains effect sizes.
“| Follow-up time (continuous) | 11 | 5 | 0.509 | 1.076 | 0.004 | 0.209 | F (1,9) =0.044 |”
“s =numberofindependent studies; k =numberofeffect sizes”
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Biddle, S. J. H., Ciaccioni, S., Thomas, G., & Vergeer, I. (2019) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.011 · Cited by 1,454 · see citing works
Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., Cadenas-Sánchez, C., Estévez-López, F., Muñoz, N. E., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Migueles, J. H., Molina-García, P., Henriksson, H., Mena-Molina, A., Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., et al. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01099-5 · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works
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Self-citationPhysical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines
ERICKSON, K. I., HILLMAN, C., STILLMAN, C. M., BALLARD, R. M., BLOODGOOD, B., CONROY, D. E., MACKO, R., MARQUEZ, D. X., PETRUZZELLO, S. J., & POWELL, K. E. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001936 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
Effects of music interventions on stress-related outcomes: a systematic review and two meta-analyses
de Witte, M., Spruit, A., van Hooren, S., Moonen, X., & Stams, G.-J. (2020) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2019.1627897 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Self-citationJournal of Youth and Adolescence
(2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/10964.1573-6601 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Music therapy for stress reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis
de Witte, M., Pinho, A. D. S., Stams, G.-J., Moonen, X., Bos, A. E. R., & van Hooren, S. (2022) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2020.1846580 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
“We applied a multilevel approach to meta-analysis in order to account for the interdependency of effect sizes (see Assink et al., 2015; Cheung, 2014; de Witte et al., 2020a; Houben et al., 2015; Spruit et al., 2016).”
MethodSelf-citationDale, L. P., Vanderloo, L., Moore, S., & Faulkner, G. (2019) · Mental Health and Physical Activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2018.12.001 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Andermo, S., Hallgren, M., Nguyen, T.-T.-D., Jonsson, S., Petersen, S., Friberg, M., Romqvist, A., Stubbs, B., & Elinder, L. S. (2020) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-020-00254-x · Cited by 336 · see citing works
“Targeted interventions usually result in larger effect sizes [17].”
BackgroundResultSpruit, A., Goos, L., Weenink, N., Rodenburg, R., Niemeyer, H., Stams, G. J., & Colonnesi, C. (2020) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00299-9 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationHaverkamp, B. F., Wiersma, R., Vertessen, K., van Ewijk, H., Oosterlaan, J., & Hartman, E. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1794763 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
“This is slightly different from a previous meta-analysis, which showed positive effects on science, including mathematics, but not on language or grade point average (Spruit et al., 2016).”
ResultPhysical Activity and Academic Achievement: An Umbrella Review
Barbosa, A., Whiting, S., Simmonds, P., Scotini Moreno, R., Mendes, R., & Breda, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165972 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“…volumes, durations, frequencies, intensities and patterns of objectively measured total PA School grades, standardised test scores School, community, home Spruit et al., 2016 [30] To conduct four multilevel meta-analyses on the effect of PA interventions on externalising problems, internalising…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFernández‐Castilla, B., Jamshidi, L., Declercq, L., Beretvas, S. N., Onghena, P., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01373-9 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
The effects of educational robotics in STEM education: a multilevel meta-analysis
Ouyang, F., & Xu, W. (2024) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-024-00469-4 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
“Moderator analysis was only performed in case each category of the potential moderator variables was filled with at least three effect sizes (Spruit et al., 2016, 2020).”
MethodBruner, M. W., McLaren, C. D., Sutcliffe, J., Gardner, L. A., Lubans, D. R., Smith, J. J., & Vella, S. A. (2021) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2021.1875496 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“…used a similar approach of including categorical moderators that focused on aspects of the study design and characteristics of the intervention itself, similar to recent meta-analyses in the fi eld of sport and exercise psychology (e.g. Bailey et al., 2018; Marker et al., 2018; Spruit et al., 2016).”
MethodHale, G. E., Colquhoun, L., Lancastle, D., Lewis, N., & Tyson, P. J. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12485 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Zhu, W., Kang, S., Qiu, L., Lu, Z., & Sun, Y. L. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207666 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Cowley, E. S., Watson, P. M., Foweather, L., Belton, S., Thompson, A., Thijssen, D. H. J., & Wagenmakers, A. J. M. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8010031 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Associations between physical activity intensity and well-being in adolescents
Costigan, S. A., Lubans, D. R., Lonsdale, C., Sanders, T., & Cruz, B. D. P. (2019) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.009 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Lubans, D. R., Smith, J. J., Eather, N., Leahy, A. A., Morgan, P. J., Lonsdale, C., Plotnikoff, R. C., Nilsson, M., Kennedy, S. G., Holliday, E. G., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103277 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“55 56 Alternatively, exercise appears to be a promising and acceptable intervention for adolescents experiencing depression.”
Wassenaar, T. M., Williamson, W., Johansen-Berg, H., Dawes, H., Roberts, N., Foster, C., & Sexton, C. E. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-00959-y · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“analyses, one included three studies [24], whereas the other included a large number of non-peer reviewed dissertations [26].”
BackgroundInfluentialEl-Ammari, A., Kazdouh, H. E., Bouftini, S., Samira, E. F., & Achhab, Y. E. (2019) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12199-019-0775-y · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Mental Health in Children and Adolescents With Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Liu, C., Liang, X., & Sit, C. H. P. (2024) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.6251 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Wong, M. Y. C., Chung, P., & Leung, K. M. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01513-4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Migueles, J. H., Cadenas‐Sánchez, C., Lubans, D. R., Henriksson, P., Torres‐Lopez, L. V., Rodríguez‐Ayllón, M., Plaza‐Florido, A., Gil-Cosano, J. J., Henriksson, H., Escolano-Margarit, M. V., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.24839 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Participation in sport and physical activity in adults with intellectual disabilities
Borland, R. L., Hu, N., Tonge, B. J., Einfeld, S., & Gray, K. M. (2020) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12782 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Chan, J. S. Y., Deng, K., & Yan, J. H. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320977645 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Moreover, physical activity can reduce internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescents (Spruit et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSpruit, A., Kavussanu, M., Smit, T., & Ijntema, M. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0968-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The authors used R (version 3.5.0) within the foreignand metafor-package, employing a multilevel randomeffects model (Assink and Wibbelink 2016), which is often used for multilevel analyses (e.g., Assink et al. 2018; Spruit et al. 2016a, b; Ter Beek et al. 2018).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationEstimating outcome-specific effects in meta-analyses of multiple outcomes: A simulation study
Fernández‐Castilla, B., Aloe, A. M., Declercq, L., Jamshidi, L., Beretvas, S. N., Onghena, P., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01459-4 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Jugl, I., Bender, D., & Lösel, F. A. (2021) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-021-09536-3 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Heinze, K., Cumming, J., Dosanjh, A., Palin, S., Poulton, S., Bagshaw, A. P., & Broome, M. R. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.014 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Physical activity interventions for the mental health of children: A systematic review
Hale, G. E., Colquhoun, L., Lancastle, D., Lewis, N., & Tyson, P. J. (2022) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.13048 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Tackling Mental Health in Youth Sporting Programs: A Pilot Study of a Holistic Program
Dowell, T. L., Waters, A. M., Usher, W. T., Farrell, L. J., Donovan, C. L., Modecki, K. L., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Castle, M., & Hinchey, J. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-00984-9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Participation in sport plays a central role in the lifestyle of children and adolescents, especially boys [22, 23].”
BackgroundFazel, S., Burghart, M., Wolf, A., Whiting, D., & Yu, R. (2023) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231195880 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Violence prevention interventions based on physical activity (e.g., martial arts) were examined in two reviews (Harwood et al., 2017; Spruit et al., 2016).”
BackgroundPhysical Activity Interventions to Decrease Substance Use in Youth: A Review of the Literature
Simonton, A. J., Young, C. C., & Johnson, K. E. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1452338 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Such interventions have been effective in improving anxiety, depression, and self-esteem in youth (Lubans, Plotnikoff, & Lubans, 2012; Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2008; Spruit et al., 2016).”
BackgroundActive and social life is associated with lower non-social fearfulness in pet dogs
Hakanen, E., Mikkola, S., Salonen, M., Puurunen, J., Sulkama, S., Araujo, C., & Lohi, H. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70722-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Xiang, M., Liu, Y., Yamamoto, S., Mizoue, T., & Kuwahara, K. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-022-01327-8 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that participating in physical activity and reducing screen time may increase social interaction and social support [8, 9].”
BackgroundYin, J., Yue, C., Song, Z., Sun, X., & Wen, X. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.037 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Pinto‐Escalona, T., Gobbi, E., Valenzuela, P. L., Bennett, S. J., Aschieri, P., Martín‐Loeches, M., Paoli, A., & Martínez‐de‐Quel, Ó. (2021) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2021.10.006 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
How can adolescent aggression be reduced? A multi-level meta-analysis
Castillo-Eito, L., Armitage, C. J., Norman, P. E., Day, M. R., Doğru, O. C., & Rowe, R. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101853 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Vaquero‐Solís, M., Tapia‐Serrano, M. Á., Alcalá, D. H., Sierra-Díaz, M. J., & Miguel, P. A. S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18137185 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The effect of a sport-based intervention to prevent juvenile delinquency in at-risk adolescents
Spruit, A., Hoffenaar, P. J., van der Put, C. E., van Vugt, E., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.013 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationZink, J., Booker, R., Wolff‐Hughes, D. L., Allen, N. B., Carnethon, M. R., Alexandria, S. J., & Berrigan, D. A. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-024-01587-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…is a period of rapid biopsychosocial change [64] and beyond increasing energy expenditure, physical activity offers psychosocial benefits that screen time may not, such as increasing body esteem and physical self-efficacy [65, 66], which can each further indirectly support healthy weight [67, 68].”
BackgroundWong, M. L., Girdler, S. J., Afsharnejad, B., Ntoumanis, N., Milbourn, B. T., Kebble, P. G., Morris, S. L., & Black, M. H. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241240603 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The lower participation in PA by autistic youth is of concern given that reduced PA can negatively influence the mental and physical health and well-being of children and adolescents (Bessa et al., 2019; Mygind et al., 2019; Spruit et al., 2016).”
BackgroundVentus, D., & Jern, P. (2016) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.08.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“symptoms: physical activity is well known to improve overall health and self-esteem.(24) It has long been hypothesized that (performance) anxiety has a reciprocal relation with PE,(25) so that anxiety and PE symptoms feed and aggravate each other, leading to increased distress and lower self-esteem.”
BackgroundGanjeh, P., Meyer, T., Hagmayer, Y., Kuhnert, R., Ravens‐Sieberer, U., von Steinbüchel, N., Rothenberger, A., & Becker, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052207 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pang, J. C. Y., Chan, E. L. S., Lau, H. M.-C., Reeves, K. K. L., Chung, T. H. Y., Hui, H. W. L., Leung, A. H. L., & Fu, A. C. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1015943 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sjöwall, D., Hertz, M., & Klingberg, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01342 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“However, a number of meta-analyses have given a more nuanced picture of this relation (Verburgh et al., 2014; Cooper et al., 2016; Spruit et al., 2016), pointing out that some of the positive correlations are from cross-sectional studies where there is a risk of confounding variables, such as…”
BackgroundBreakfast and Exercise Improve Academic and Cognitive Performance in Adolescents
川端, 雅., Lee, K. L., Choo, H.-C., & Burns, S. F. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041278 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“37) of physical activity based on 10 studies [18].”
BackgroundKramers, S., Turgeon, S., Bean, C. N., Sabourin, C., & Camiré, M. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/1747954120922367 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Isaksson, J., Selinus, E. N., Åslund, C., & Nilsson, K. W. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.008 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Sleep and adjustment in adolescence: physical activity as a moderator of risk
Gillis, B. T., & El‐Sheikh, M. (2019) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2019.02.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Healy, C., Eaton, A., Cotter, I., Carter, E., Dhondt, N., & Cannon, M. D. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000477 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Peng, S., Fang, Y., Othman, A. T., & Liang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.940977 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The effect of Physical activity (PA) on mental health has been an important research topic in the area of public health and psychological interdisciplinary (Brown et al., 2013; Spruit et al., 2016).”
BackgroundWong, M. Y. C., Chung, P., & Leung, K. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073661 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ouyang, N., & Liu, J. (2023) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2023.101821 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Addressing Dependency in Meta-Analysis: A Companion to Assink and Wibbelink (2016)
Assink, M., & Wibbelink, C. J. M. (2024) · The Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.20.1.p001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“For instance, Spruit et al. (2016) synthesized primary studies examining the effects of physical activity interventions on internalizing behaviors in adolescents using the three-level model.”
BackgroundSelf-citationNelson, B. W., Flannery, J., Flournoy, J. C., Duell, N., Prinstein, M. J., & Telzer, E. H. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13471 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mental Health and Positive Development Prevention Interventions: Overview of Systematic Reviews
Harrison, L., Sharma, N., Irfan, O., Zaman, M., Vaivada, T., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2022) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2021-053852g · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Nutritional Pattern Related to Maturation and Development
Bustamante-Sánchez, Á., Villegas-Mora, B. E., Martínez‐Guardado, I., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Ardigò, L. P., Nobarı, H., & Clemente‐Suárez, V. J. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142416958 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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“…and martial arts) effectively improved externalizing behaviors (e.g., aggression, de-linquency, hostility, anger, and other maladaptive or disruptive behaviors) in both minors (children and adolescents) and adults (Harwood et al., 2017; Spruit et al., 2016; van der Sluys et al., 2022).”
BackgroundTreatment Effect on Recidivism for Juveniles Who Have Sexually Offended: a Multilevel Meta-Analysis
ter Beek, E., Spruit, A., Kuiper, C. H. Z., van der Rijken, R. E. A., Hendriks, J., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2017) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0308-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The multilevel meta-analysis was conducted in R (version 3.2.0) the metafor-package, (see also Assink et al., 2015; Houben et al., 2015; Spruit et al, 2016; Wibbelink & Assink, 2015).”
InfluentialSelf-citationPhysical activity and its benefits on adolescents' mental health through self-esteem
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“Nonetheless, there is abundant evidence of the effect of PA on individuals’ self-concept, including specific meta-analyses that affirm the improvements facilitated by these interventions (Ahn & Fedewa, 2011; Collins et al., 2019; Ekeland et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2015; Spruit et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialPhysical Activity in High School Classrooms: A Promising Avenue for Future Research
Fenesi, B., Graham, J. D., Crichton, M. C., Ogrodnik, M., & Skinner, J. K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19020688 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ahmed, K. R., Horwood, S., Kolbe-Alexander, T. L., & Khan, A. (2023) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2023-0062 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Virtual Sport-Based Positive Youth Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Bates, S. M., Greene, D., & O’Quinn, L. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-021-00774-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Scholars found that children’s involvement in sports programming can buffer risks for substance misuse and such complex social issues in communities as early sexual activity, delinquency, and crime (Anderson-Butcher, 2019; Spruit et al., 2016).”
BackgroundCarney, R., Imran, S., Law, H., Firth, J., & Parker, S. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12981 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Despite the benefits of exercise for adolescents and young people (Spruit, Assink, van Vugt, van der Put, & Stams, 2016), less attention has been given to those individuals in mental health inpatient units and there have been no reviews summarizing the evidence for physical health interventions for…”
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Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Mental Health in Young People: A Review of Reviews
Rodríguez‐Ayllón, M., Estévez‐López, F., Cadenas‐Sánchez, C., Gracia‐Marco, L., Lubans, D. R., Ortega, F. B., & Esteban‐Cornejo, I. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25816-0_3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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RetractedLiu, C., Yang, Y., Wong, S. H., Leung, A., & Sit, C. H. P. (2025) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-025-01745-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“A previous meta-analysis demonstrated that adolescents with clinical diagnoses experienced greater benefits from PA interventions for internalizing problems compared to typically developing peers [56].”
Is Brisk Walking an Effective Physical Activity for promoting Taiwanese Adolescents' Mental Health?
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Persönlichkeitsentwicklung durch Sport
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Is Social Media Use Related to Social Anxiety? A Meta-Analysis
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“Moderation analyses were only performed in case each category of the potential moderator was filled with at least three studies (Spruit et al., 2016).”
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Physical activity attitudes among adolescents in Bangladesh
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“Similarly, Spruit et al. (2016) reported that physical exercise is associated with higher self-esteem, lower depression levels, and fewer behavioral issues [20].”
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“The effect of exercise in mood regulation has also been studied, suggesting that physical activity could have important neurobiological effects in reducing depression and anxiety, but also act as a first line of treatment for these conditions [26].”
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“…likely to exhibit externalizing symptoms and be physically active, compared to females who are more likely to exhibit internalizing symptoms and have lower rates of physical activity (Active Healthy Kids Australia, 2016; Iglesias Gallego et al., 2020; Lawrence et al., 2015; Spruit et al., 2016).”
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“A multivariate model was used for the moderator analysis, incorporating all subgroups of the moderating variables to assess the moderated impact of gami fi cation in higher education (Spruit et al. 2016).”
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“In a meta-analytic review, not limited to the school setting, a positive effect of PA interventions on externalizing problems was found [94].”
- Authors
- Spruit, A., Assink, M., van Vugt, E., van der Put, C., & Stams, G. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Spruit, Anouk
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 45
- Pages
- 56-71
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2321893984
- Semantic Scholar
- 09bd3d1bc916fdbf79163492ac054230ed39b8e1
- Cited by
- 250
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- handle.uba.uva.nl
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Youth Development and Social Support
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- physical activity interventions, adolescents, psychosocial outcomes, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, self-concept, academic performance, adolescent mental health, moderators
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Mental Disorders, Humans, Social Behavior, Exercise
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