Screening and assessment tools for gaming disorder: A comprehensive systematic review
Open accessAbstract
The inclusion of gaming disorder (GD) as an official diagnosis in the ICD-11 was a significant milestone for the field. However, the optimal measurement approaches for GD are currently unclear. This comprehensive systematic review aimed to identify and evaluate all available English-language GD tools and their corresponding evidence. A search of PsychINFO, PsychArticles, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar identified 32 tools employed in 320 studies (N = 462,249 participants). The evaluation framework examined tools in relation to: (1) conceptual and practical considerations; (2) alignment with DSM-5 and ICD-11 criteria; (3) type and quantity of studies and samples; and (4) psychometric properties. The evaluation showed that GD instrumentation has proliferated, with 2.5 tools, on average, published annually since 2013. Coverage of DSM-5 and ICD-11 criteria was inconsistent, especially for the criterion of continued use despite harm. Tools converge on the importance of screening for impaired control over gaming and functional impairment. Overall, no single tool was found to be clearly superior, but the AICA-Sgaming, GAS-7, IGDT-10, IGDS9-SF, and Lemmens IGD-9 scales had greater evidential support for their psychometric properties. The GD field would benefit from a standard international tool to identify gaming-related harms across the spectrum of maladaptive gaming behaviors.
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The evidence base for gaming disorder may be compromised by lack of rigorous psychometric validation of scales and reliance on non-clinical convenience samples.
“The evidence base may be further compromised by lack of rigorous psychometric validation of scales and reliance on non-clinical convenience samples 171 .”
From Emerging experience with selected new categories in the <scp>ICD</scp>‐11: complex <scp>PTSD</scp>, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [171]
Sections 3.5 and 4.1 identify gaps in psychometric evaluation: only seven tools had been examined for test–retest reliability, and 17 had not been used in research involving clinical samples. But section 4.2 explicitly rejects the broader criticism that gaming-disorder evidence relies on convenience samples, reporting that 58% of participants were recruited through non-convenience methods. The claim is supported on validation gaps, not on its characterization of sampling across the evidence base. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe field has employed more than 30 different screening tools across more than 300 studies.
“The field has employed more than 30 different screening tools across more than 300 studies 171 .”
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Self-citation
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- Authors
- King, D. L., Chamberlain, S. R., Carragher, N., Billieux, J., Stein, D., Mueller, K., Potenza, M. N., Rumpf, H. J., Saunders, J., Starcevic, V., Demetrovics, Z., Brand, M., Lee, H. K., Spada, M., Lindenberg, K., Wu, A. M. S., Lemenager, T., Pallesen, S., Achab, S., Kyrios, M., Higuchi, S., Fineberg, N. A., & Delfabbro, P. H.
- Affiliations
- Flinders University (AU)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Yale University (US)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Eötvös Loránd University (HU)
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Catholic University of Korea (KR)
- London South Bank University (GB)
- Heidelberg University of Education (DE)
- University of Macau (MO)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center (JP)
- University of Hertfordshire (GB)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Corresponding author
- King, Daniel L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 77
- Pages
- 101831
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3005982773
- Cited by
- 369
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 33
- FWCI
- 10.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Open (London South Bank University) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- IRIS (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Keywords
- gaming disorder, screening tool, assessment instruments, psychometric properties, ICD-11, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, functional disability
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Behavior, Addictive, Video Games
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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