Episodic Memory in Nonhuman Animals
Open accessAbstract
Episodic memories differ from other types of memory because they represent aspects of the past not present in other memories, such as the time, place, or social context in which the memories were formed. Focus on phenomenal experience in human memory, such as the sense of 'having been there', has resulted in conceptualizations of episodic memory that are difficult or impossible to apply to nonhuman species. It is therefore a significant challenge for investigators to agree on objective behavioral criteria that can be applied in nonhuman animals and still capture features of memory thought to be critical in humans. Some investigators have attempted to use neurobiological parallels to bridge this gap; however, defining memory types on the basis of the brain structures involved rather than on identified cognitive mechanisms risks missing crucial functional aspects of episodic memory, which are ultimately behavioral. The most productive way forward is likely a combination of neurobiology and sophisticated cognitive testing that identifies the mental representations present in episodic memory. Investigators that have refined their approach from asking the naïve question "do nonhuman animals have episodic memory" to instead asking "what aspects of episodic memory are shared by humans and nonhumans" are making progress.
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As consciousness is multidimensional with many different and complex parameters, some of these features, but not others, may be present in episodic-like memory recall, with the combination depending on the species.
“as consciousness is multidimensional with many different and complex parameters [203], some of these features, but not others, may be present in episodic-like memory recall (the combination of which depending on the species in question [204]).”
From Is episodic-like memory <i>like</i> episodic memory? (2024) · cites this paper as [204]
There is currently no objective proxy for studying episodic-like memory processing in animals.
“As there is currently no objective proxy for studying episodic-like memory processing in animals (Templer and Hampton, 2013), hippocampal functioning shall be considered here as a function of contextual and spatial memory task performance when referring to animal literature and episodic and spatial memory task performance in human literature.”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Templer and Hampton, 2013
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- Authors
- Templer, V. L., & Hampton, R. R.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Templer, Victoria L.
- Hampton, Robert R.
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- R801-R806
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3799964
- OpenAlex
- W2028008855
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (P51OD011132)
- U.S. Public Health Service (R01M H082819)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH082819)
- National Center for Research Resources (P51RR000165)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- episodic memory, non-human animals, animal cognition, mental representation, comparative cognition, cognitive assessment
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Cognition, Memory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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