Time cells in the hippocampus: a new dimension for mapping memories
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Recent studies have revealed the existence of hippocampal neurons that fire at successive moments in temporally structured experiences. Several studies have shown that such temporal coding is not attributable to external events, specific behaviours or spatial dimensions of an experience. Instead, these cells represent the flow of time in specific memories and have therefore been dubbed 'time cells'. The firing properties of time cells parallel those of hippocampal place cells; time cells thus provide an additional dimension that is integrated with spatial mapping. The robust representation of both time and space in the hippocampus suggests a fundamental mechanism for organizing the elements of experience into coherent memories.
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Hippocampal time cells exhibit gradually changing activity over seconds during unfilled delays even when the animal remains in a fixed location, which is consistent with drift.
“Hippocampal “time cells” show gradually changing activity patterns on the order of seconds during unfilled delays even when the animal’s location is fixed [6–9], consistent with drift.”
From Does mental context drift or shift? (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
The existence of 'time cells' in the hippocampus provides the fundamental explanation of when in the neurobiology of memory.
“Nevertheless, the existence of “time cells” in the hippocampus provides the fundamental explanation of when in the neurobiology of memory (Eichenbaum, 2014, 2017a).”
From The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: Behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties (2020) · cites this paper as Eichenbaum, 2014
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Robitsek, R. J., White, J. A., & Eichenbaum, H. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.034 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationTime Finds Its Place in the Hippocampus
Rowland, D. C., & Moser, M. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.039 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Episodic memory and beyond: the hippocampus and neocortex in transformation
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Viewpoints: how the hippocampus contributes to memory, navigation and cognition
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Behavioral time scale synaptic plasticity underlies CA1 place fields
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Space and Time: The Hippocampus as a Sequence Generator
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Integrating time from experience in the lateral entorhinal cortex
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The role of the hippocampus in navigation is memory
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Self-citationHow the hippocampus preserves order: the role of prediction and context
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“More recently, there is evidence that neurons in hippocampal CA1 code both space and time, allowing animals to form conjoint spatial and temporal representations of their experiences (Eichenbaum, 2014).”
BackgroundPlasticity of intrinsic neuronal excitability
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Memory: organization and control.
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Self-citationPlanning and navigation as active inference
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Bidirectional prefrontal-hippocampal interactions support context-guided memory
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Time cells in hippocampal area CA3
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The medial prefrontal cortex shapes dopamine reward prediction errors under state uncertainty
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The hippocampus: a special place for time
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Does mental context drift or shift?
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Indicators and criteria of consciousness in animals and intelligent machines: an inside-out approach
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Separate elements of episodic memory subserved by distinct hippocampal-prefrontal connections
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Familiarity expands space and contracts time
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- Authors
- Eichenbaum, H.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eichenbaum, Howard
- ORCID
- Eichenbaum, Howard
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2014-10-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 732-744
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- PMC
- PMC4348090
- OpenAlex
- W2087514146
- Cited by
- 843
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 126 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 5.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 094263, MH095297, P50MH094263, R01MH095297)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- time cells, hippocampus, place cells, temporal coding, memory representation, spatial mapping, memory organization, hippocampal neurons
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Brain Mapping, Hippocampus, Humans, Memory, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Time Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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