Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 611

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Recycling and environmental issues of lithium-ion batteries: Advances, challenges and opportunities

Open access
Costa, C.M., Barbosa, J.C., Gonçalves, R., Castro, H., Campo, F.J. Del, Lanceros-Méndez, S.·2021·Energy Storage Materials
DOI 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.02.032
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Abstract Lithium-ion batteries, LIBs are ubiquitous through mobile phones, tablets, laptop computers and many other consumer electronic devices. Their increasing demand, mainly driven by the implementation of the electric vehicles, brings several environmental issues related to the mining, extraction and purification of scarce materials such as cobalt, nickel and lithium. This work provides an overview on the relevance of recycling LIBs and their environmental impact. It also analyses the components of LIBs and evaluates their value in the world market. Although there is a strong focus on lithium, other critical metals, such as cobalt and nickel, are also addressed. Different recycling methods for the different battery components are reported together with the main achievements. The advantages and disadvantages of the different used methods are discussed, and their environmental issues are considered. Finally, the main environmental issues associated with the production, use and end of life of LIBs for electric vehicles are described.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.02.032

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 12 references

Research works printed but not linked: 272

  1. Lu, 2017, Substance flow analysis of lithium for sustainable management in mainland China: 2007–2014, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 119, 109, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.05.015 · DOI
  2. Li, 2018, The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: a review of current processes and technologies, Electrochem. Energy Rev., 1, 461, 10.1007/s41918-018-0012-1 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Agusdinata, 2018, Socio-environmental impacts of lithium mineral extraction: towards a research agenda, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 10.1088/1748-9326/aae9b1 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Mohr, 2012, Lithium resources and production: critical assessment and global projections, Minerals, 2, 10.3390/min2010065 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Gaines, 2018, Lithium-ion battery recycling processes: research towards a sustainable course, Sustain. Mater. Technol., 17, e00068
  6. Oliveira, 2015, Key issues of lithium-ion batteries – from resource depletion to environmental performance indicators, J. Cleaner Prod., 108, 354, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.021 · DOI · Paper page
  7. Heelan, 2016, Current and prospective Li-ion battery recycling and recovery processes, JOM, 68, 2632, 10.1007/s11837-016-1994-y · DOI · Paper page
  8. Song, 2017, Estimation of waste battery generation and analysis of the waste battery recycling system in China, J. Ind. Ecol., 21, 57, 10.1111/jiec.12407 · DOI
  9. Gu, 2017, An investigation of the current status of recycling spent lithium-ion batteries from consumer electronics in China, J. Cleaner Prod., 161, 765, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.181 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Sencanski, 2017, Recycling of LiCo0.59Mn0.26Ni0.15O2 cathodic material from spent Li-ion batteries by the method of the citrate gel combustion, Hemijska Industrija, 71, 211, 10.2298/HEMIND160418031S · doi:10.2298/hemind160418031s
  11. Dewulf, 2010, Recycling rechargeable lithium ion batteries: critical analysis of natural resource savings, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 54, 229, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.08.004 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Waldmann, 2016, Review—post-mortem analysis of aged lithium-ion batteries: disassembly methodology and physico-chemical analysis techniques, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A2149, 10.1149/2.1211609jes · DOI · Paper page
  13. Wang, 2014, Economic and environmental characterization of an evolving Li-ion battery waste stream, J. Environ. Manage., 135, 126, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.021 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Wang, 2014, Economies of scale for future lithium-ion battery recycling infrastructure, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 83, 53, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.11.009 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Asari, 2013, Li-ion battery recycling and cobalt flow analysis in Japan, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 81, 52, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.09.011 · DOI
  16. Park, 2010, A review of conduction phenomena in Li-ion batteries, J. Power Source., 195, 7904, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.06.060 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Placke, 2017, Lithium ion, lithium metal, and alternative rechargeable battery technologies: the odyssey for high energy density, J. Solid State Electrochem., 21, 1939, 10.1007/s10008-017-3610-7 · DOI · Paper page
  18. Kavanagh, 2018, Global lithium sources—industrial use and future in the electric vehicle industry: a review, Resources., 7, 57, 10.3390/resources7030057 · DOI · Paper page
  19. Hallmann, 2018, Effect of microstructure on the mechanical properties of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 82, 355, 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.02.032 · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.02.032
  20. Wang, 2019, Water vapor uptake into hygroscopic lithium bromide desiccant droplets: mechanisms of droplet growth and spreading, PCCP, 21, 1046, 10.1039/C8CP04504F · doi:10.1039/c8cp04504f
  21. Mendoza-Duarte, 2020, Aluminum-lithium alloy prepared by a solid-state route applying an alternative fast sintering route based on induction heating, Mater. Lett., 263, 10.1016/j.matlet.2019.127178 · doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2019.127178
  22. Ahmed, 2017, Organolithium-mediated cyclization reactions: a practical way to access hetero- and carbocycles, New J. Chem., 41, 7824, 10.1039/C7NJ01763D · doi:10.1039/c7nj01763d
  23. Wu, 2017, Preparation of High-Temperature Lubricants by Blending Castor Oil with Lithium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, Tribol. Lett., 65, 51, 10.1007/s11249-017-0833-9 · doi:10.1007/s11249-017-0833-9
  24. Licht, 2012, Lithium: still a Major Option in the Management of Bipolar Disorder, CNS Neurosci. Ther., 18, 219, 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00260.x · DOI · Paper page
  25. Baumgartner, 2020, Stereolithography-based additive manufacturing of lithium disilicate glass ceramic for dental applications, Mater. Sci. Eng., 116, 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111180 · DOI
  26. Mecklenburg, 2020, Cluster headache therapies: pharmacology and mode of action, Exp. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol., 13, 641, 10.1080/17512433.2020.1774361 · DOI
  27. Goodenough, 2018, How we made the Li-ion rechargeable battery, Nat. Electron., 1, 204, 10.1038/s41928-018-0048-6 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Borah, 2020, On battery materials and methods, Mater. Today Adv., 6
  29. Myung, 2011, Electrochemical behavior and passivation of current collectors in lithium-ion batteries, J. Mater. Chem., 21, 9891, 10.1039/c0jm04353b · DOI · Paper page
  30. Li, 2012, Superior performance of LiFePO4 aqueous dispersions via corona treatment and surface energy optimization, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159, A1152, 10.1149/2.018208jes · DOI
  31. Doberdò, 2014, Enabling aqueous binders for lithium battery cathodes – Carbon coating of aluminum current collector, J. Power Source., 248, 1000, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.039 · DOI
  32. Laszczynski, 2015, Improved performance of VOx-coated Li-rich NMC electrodes, ChemElectroChem, 2, 1768, 10.1002/celc.201500219 · doi:10.1002/celc.201500219
  33. Chen, 2010, Porous cathode optimization for lithium cells: ionic and electronic conductivity, capacity, and selection of materials, J. Power Source., 195, 2851, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.044 · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.044
  34. Gören, 2015, Lanceros-Méndez S. State of the art and open questions on cathode preparation based on carbon coated lithium iron phosphate, Compos. Part B, 83, 333, 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.08.064 · doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.08.064
  35. Lee, 2019, The effect of active material, conductive additives, and binder in a cathode composite electrode on battery performance, Energies, 12, 658, 10.3390/en12040658 · DOI
  36. Miranda, 2019, Theoretical simulation of the optimal relation between active material, binder and conductive additive for lithium-ion battery cathodes, Energy, 172, 68, 10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.122 · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.122
  37. Zheng, 2012, Cooperation between active material, polymeric binder and conductive carbon additive in lithium ion battery cathode, J. Phys. Chem. C, 116, 4875, 10.1021/jp208428w · doi:10.1021/jp208428w
  38. Huang, 1998, Electrochemical evaluation of LiCoO2 synthesized by decomposition and intercalation of hydroxides for lithium-ion battery applications, J. Appl. Electrochem., 28, 1365, 10.1023/A:1003443108681 · doi:10.1023/a:1003443108681
  39. Yamada, 2001, Optimized LiFePO4 for Lithium Battery Cathodes, J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, A224, 10.1149/1.1348257 · DOI · Paper page
  40. G. Bruce, 1999, New intercalation compounds for lithium batteries: layered LiMnO2, J. Mater. Chem., 9, 193, 10.1039/a803938k · DOI · Paper page
  41. Yabuuchi, 2005, Electrochemical behaviors of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 in lithium batteries at elevated temperatures, J. Power Source., 146, 636, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.080 · DOI
  42. Qiu, 2019, Improving the electrochemical performance and structural stability of the LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode material at high-voltage charging through Ti substitution, ACS Appl. Mater. Interface., 11, 23213, 10.1021/acsami.9b05100 · DOI
  43. Yoshio, 2003, Spherical carbon-coated natural graphite as a lithium-ion battery-anode material, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 42, 4203, 10.1002/anie.200351203 · DOI · Paper page
  44. Chan, 2008, High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires, Nat. Nanotechnol., 3, 31, 10.1038/nnano.2007.411 · DOI · Paper page
  45. Fransson, 2001, Influence of carbon black and binder on Li-ion batteries, J. Power Source., 101, 1, 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00481-5 · DOI · Paper page
  46. Liu, 1998, Cycle life improvement of LiMn2O4 cathode in rechargeable lithium batteries, J. Power Source., 74, 228, 10.1016/S0378-7753(98)00071-8 · doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(98)00071-8
  47. Lopez, 2019, Designing polymers for advanced battery chemistries, Nat. Rev. Mater., 4, 312, 10.1038/s41578-019-0103-6 · DOI · Paper page
  48. Lee, 2014, A review of recent developments in membrane separators for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 3857, 10.1039/C4EE01432D · DOI · Paper page
  49. Choudhury, 2019, Stabilizing polymer electrolytes in high-voltage lithium batteries, Nat. Commun., 10, 3091, 10.1038/s41467-019-11015-0 · DOI
  50. Bresser, 2018, Alternative binders for sustainable electrochemical energy storage – the transition to aqueous electrode processing and bio-derived polymers, Energy Environ. Sci., 11, 3096, 10.1039/C8EE00640G · DOI · Paper page
  51. Barbosa, 2018, Recent advances in poly(vinylidene fluoride) and its copolymers for lithium-ion battery separators, Membranes, 8, 10.3390/membranes8030045 · doi:10.3390/membranes8030045
  52. Lu, 2013, The Re-Synthesis of LiCoO2 from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries Separated by Vacuum-Assisted Heat-Treating Method 2013, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 8, 8201, 10.1016/S1452-3981(23)12879-3 · DOI
  53. Zeng, 2019, Effects of heat setting on the morphology and performance of polypropylene separator for lithium ion batteries, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 58, 2217, 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05782 · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05782
  54. Costa, 2014, Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based, co-polymer separator electrolyte membranes for lithium-ion battery systems, J. Power Source., 245, 779, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.151 · DOI
  55. Shin, 2019, Pore-controlled polymer membrane with Mn (II) ion trapping effect for high-rate performance LiMn2O4 cathode, J. Solid State Electrochem., 23, 475, 10.1007/s10008-018-4153-2 · DOI
  56. Wang, 2016, Electrospinning: a facile technique for fabricating functional nanofibers for environmental applications, Nanotechnol. Rev., 5, 10.1515/ntrev-2015-0065 · DOI
  57. Song, 2019, Thermally stable, nano-porous and eco-friendly sodium alginate/attapulgite separator for lithium-ion batteries, Energy Storage Mater., 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.06.033 · DOI
  58. Tsao, 2019, Immobilized cation functional gel polymer electrolytes with high lithium transference number for lithium ion batteries, J. Membr. Sci., 572, 382, 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.11.033 · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2018.11.033
  59. Zheng, 2019, Enhanced thermal stability and lithium ion conductivity of polyethylene separator by coating colloidal SiO2 nanoparticles with porous shell, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 554, 29, 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.06.102 · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2019.06.102
  60. Gonçalves, 2019, Lanceros-Méndez S. Mesoporous cellulose nanocrystal membranes as battery separators for environmentally safer lithium-ion batteries, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2, 3749, 10.1021/acsaem.9b00458 · DOI
  61. Pereira, 2018, Silk fibroin separators: a step toward lithium-ion batteries with enhanced sustainability, ACS Appl. Mater. Interface., 10, 5385, 10.1021/acsami.7b13802 · DOI
  62. Zhang, 2015, Preparation and characterization of a Lithium-ion battery separator from cellulose nanofibers, Heliyon, 1, e00032, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2015.e00032 · DOI
  63. Dai, 2018, Interface engineering for garnet-based solid-state lithium-metal batteries: materials, structures, and characterization, Adv. Mater., 30, 10.1002/adma.201802068 · doi:10.1002/adma.201802068
  64. Wang, 2015, Development of electrolytes towards achieving safe and high-performance energy-storage devices: a review, ChemElectroChem, 2, 22, 10.1002/celc.201402277 · DOI · Paper page
  65. Chang, 2019, 3D printed electrochemical energy storage devices, J. Mater. Chem. A, 7, 4230, 10.1039/C8TA11860D · DOI · Paper page
  66. Chagnes, 2015, Chapter 5 - lithium battery technologies: electrolytes, 167
  67. Etacheri, 2012, Effect of Fluoroethylene Carbonate (FEC) on the performance and surface chemistry of Si-nanowire Li-ion battery anodes, Langmuir, 28, 965, 10.1021/la203712s · DOI · Paper page
  68. Chen, 2007, Effect of vinylene carbonate (VC) as electrolyte additive on electrochemical performance of Si film anode for lithium ion batteries, J. Power Source., 174, 538, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.06.149 · DOI · Paper page
  69. Arora, 2004, Battery separators, Chem. Rev., 104, 4419, 10.1021/cr020738u · DOI · Paper page
  70. Richardson, 2013, Electric vehicles and the electric grid: a review of modeling approaches, Impacts, and renewable energy integration, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 19, 247, 10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.042 · DOI · Paper page
  71. Tadesse, 2019, The beneficiation of lithium minerals from hard rock ores: a review, Miner. Eng., 131, 170, 10.1016/j.mineng.2018.11.023 · DOI · Paper page
  72. Pehlken, 2015, Is there a resource constraint related to lithium ion batteries in cars?, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 22, 40, 10.1007/s11367-015-0925-4 · DOI
  73. Schmuch, 2018, Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries, Nat. Energy, 3, 267, 10.1038/s41560-018-0107-2 · DOI · Paper page
  74. Mo, 2018, The impact of electric vehicle demand and battery recycling on price dynamics of lithium-ion battery cathode materials: a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) analysis, Sustainability., 10, 10.3390/su10082870 · DOI
  75. Titirici, 2021, Sustainable batteries—Quo Vadis?, Adv. Energy Mater., n/a
  76. Tisserant, 2016, Matching global cobalt demand under different scenarios for co-production and mining attractiveness, J. Econ. Struct., 5, 4, 10.1186/s40008-016-0035-x · DOI
  77. Kwade, 2018, Current status and challenges for automotive battery production technologies, Nat. Energy, 3, 290, 10.1038/s41560-018-0130-3 · DOI · Paper page
  78. Hsieh, 2019, Learning only buys you so much: practical limits on battery price reduction, Appl. Energy, 239, 218, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.138 · DOI · Paper page
  79. Engwa, 2019, Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans, Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?, Ozgur Karcioglu and Banu Arslan, IntechOpen
  80. Chagnes, 2013, A brief review on hydrometallurgical technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 88, 1191, 10.1002/jctb.4053 · DOI · Paper page
  81. Zhao, 2019, Comparative life-cycle assessment of li-ion batteries through process-based and integrated hybrid approaches, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 7, 5082, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05902 · DOI
  82. Wang, 2017, Carbon footprint analysis of lithium ion secondary battery industry: two case studies from China, J. Cleaner Prod., 163, 241, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.057 · DOI
  83. Unterreiner, 2016, Recycling of battery technologies – ecological impact analysis using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Energy Procedia, 99, 229, 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.113 · DOI
  84. Marques, 2019, Comparative life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles addressing capacity fade, J. Cleaner Prod., 229, 787, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.026 · DOI · Paper page
  85. G. Pistoia J.-P. Wiaux S.P. Used Battery Collection and Recycling, Volume 10 1st Edition, Wolsky, Elsevier Science, 8th November 2001.
  86. Zackrisson, 2010, Life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles – critical issues, J. Cleaner Prod., 18, 1519, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.06.004 · DOI · Paper page
  87. Zackrisson, 2016, Life cycle assessment of lithium-air battery cells, J. Cleaner Prod., 135, 299, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.104 · DOI
  88. Wanger, 2011, The Lithium future-resources, recycling, and the environment, Conserv. Lett., 4, 202, 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00166.x · DOI · Paper page
  89. Richa, 2017, Eco-efficiency analysis of a lithium-ion battery waste hierarchy inspired by circular economy, J. Ind. Ecol., 21, 715, 10.1111/jiec.12607 · DOI · Paper page
  90. Dunn, 2012, Impact of recycling on cradle-to-gate energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of automotive lithium-ion batteries, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 12704, 10.1021/es302420z · DOI · Paper page
  91. Nguyen, 2014, Selective recovery of cobalt, nickel and lithium from sulfate leachate of cathode scrap of Li-ion batteries using liquid-liquid extraction, Met. Mater. Int., 20, 357, 10.1007/s12540-014-1016-y · DOI
  92. da Cunha, 2015, Cobalt recovery from leached solutions of lithium-ion batteries using waste materials as adsorbents, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 93, 2198, 10.1002/cjce.22331 · doi:10.1002/cjce.22331
  93. Kang, 2013, Potential environmental and human health impacts of rechargeable lithium batteries in electronic waste, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 5495, 10.1021/es400614y · DOI · Paper page
  94. Bozich, 2017, Core chemistry influences the toxicity of multicomponent metal oxide nanomaterials, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and lithium cobalt oxide to Daphnia magna, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 36, 2493, 10.1002/etc.3791 · DOI
  95. Renault, 2014, Environmentally-friendly lithium recycling from a spent organic Li-ion battery, ChemSusChem, 7, 2859, 10.1002/cssc.201402440 · DOI
  96. Gaines, 2014, The future of automotive lithium-ion battery recycling: charting a sustainable course, Sustain. Mater. Technol., 1-2, 2
  97. Wu, 2015, Complete separation of Cu(II), Co(II) and Li(I) using self-driven MFCs–MECs with stainless steel mesh cathodes under continuous flow conditions, Sep. Purif. Technol., 147, 114, 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.04.016 · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2015.04.016
  98. Li, 2010, Environmental friendly leaching reagent for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries, Waste Manage. (Oxford), 30, 2615, 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.08.008 · DOI · Paper page
  99. Yao, 2016, Recycling and synthesis of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 from waste lithium ion batteries using d,l-malic acid, RSC Adv., 6, 17947, 10.1039/C5RA25079J · DOI · Paper page
  100. Perez, 2016, In-situ precipitation of Metal–Organic Frameworks from a simulant battery waste solution, Mater. Lett., 167, 188, 10.1016/j.matlet.2015.12.129 · DOI
  101. Abreu Gonçalves, 2015, Chemical recycling of cell phone Li-ion batteries: application in environmental remediation, Waste Manage. (Oxford), 40, 144, 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.014 · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.014
  102. Zhao, 2017, Preparation of MnO2-modified graphite sorbents from spent Li-ion batteries for the treatment of water contaminated by lead, cadmium, and silver, ACS Appl. Mater. Interface., 9, 25369, 10.1021/acsami.7b07882 · DOI
  103. Hua, 2020, Sustainable value chain of retired lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles, J. Power Source., 478, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228753 · DOI · Paper page
  104. Busch, 2017, Closing the low-carbon material loop using a dynamic whole system approach, J. Cleaner Prod., 149, 751, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.166 · DOI
  105. Simon, 2013, Analysis of materials and energy flows of different lithium ion traction batteries, Revue de Métallurgie, 110, 65, 10.1051/metal/2013056 · DOI
  106. Sabbaghi, 2015, Reusability Assessment of Lithium-Ion Laptop Batteries Based on Consumers Actual Usage Behavior 2015, J. Mech. Des., 137, 124501, 10.1115/1.4031654 · DOI
  107. Diouf, 2015, Recycling mobile phone batteries for lighting, Renew. Energy, 78, 509, 10.1016/j.renene.2015.01.034 · DOI
  108. Sommerville, 2021, A qualitative assessment of lithium ion battery recycling processes, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 165, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105219 · DOI · Paper page
  109. Hoyer, 2014, Technology and capacity planning for the recycling of lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries in Germany, J. Bus. Econ., 85, 505
  110. Vassura, 2009, Chemical characterisation of spent rechargeable batteries, Waste Manag., 29, 2332, 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.033 · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.033
  111. Shi, 2018, Effective regeneration of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries: a direct approach towards high-performance active particles, Green Chem., 20, 851, 10.1039/C7GC02831H · DOI · Paper page
  112. Bernardes, 2004, Recycling of batteries: a review of current processes and technologies, J. Power Source., 130, 291, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.026 · DOI · Paper page
  113. Park, 2017, High-yield one-pot recovery and characterization of nanostructured cobalt oxalate from spent lithium-ion batteries and successive re-synthesis of LiCoO2, Metals, 7, 303, 10.3390/met7080303 · doi:10.3390/met7080303
  114. Gratz, 2014, A closed loop process for recycling spent lithium ion batteries, J. Power Sources, 262, 255, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.126 · DOI · Paper page
  115. Pant, 2017, Green and facile method for the recovery of spent Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) based Lithium ion batteries, Waste Manag., 60, 689, 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.039 · DOI · Paper page
  116. Poyraz, 2016, Effective recycling of manganese oxide cathodes for lithium based batteries, Green Chem., 18, 3414, 10.1039/C6GC00438E · DOI
  117. Sita, 2017, Re-synthesis of LiCoO2 extracted from spent Li-ion batteries with low and high state of health, Mater. Chem. Phys., 194, 97, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.03.026 · DOI
  118. Granata, 2012, Simultaneous recycling of nickel metal hydride, lithium ion and primary lithium batteries: accomplishment of European Guidelines by optimizing mechanical pre-treatment and solvent extraction operations, J. Power Source., 212, 205, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.04.016 · DOI · Paper page
  119. Castillo, 2002, Advances in the recovering of spent lithium battery compounds, J. Power Source., 112, 247, 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00361-0 · DOI · Paper page
  120. Asl, 2012, Lithium–liquid battery: harvesting lithium from waste Li-ion batteries and discharging with water, RSC Adv., 2, 6094, 10.1039/c2ra20814h · doi:10.1039/c2ra20814h
  121. Sangwan, 2013, An integrated fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation of lithium-ion battery recycling processes, Int. J. Sustain. Eng., 6, 359, 10.1080/19397038.2012.735717 · doi:10.1080/19397038.2012.735717
  122. Pindar, 2021, Rapid recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries using microwave route, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 147, 226, 10.1016/j.psep.2020.09.012 · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2020.09.012
  123. Zhang, 2013, Characteristics of wet and dry crushing methods in the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Source., 240, 766, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.009 · DOI · Paper page
  124. Bae H., Hwang S.M., Seo I., Kim Y. Electrochemical Lithium Recycling System toward Renewable and Sustainable Energy Technologies 2016. J. Electrochem. Soc. 163 E199. · DOI
  125. Zhao, 2020, Ultrasonic renovation mechanism of spent LCO batteries: a mild condition for cathode materials recycling, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 162, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105019 · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105019
  126. Gao, 2020, Direct recovery of LiCoO2 from the recycled lithium-ion batteries via structure restoration, J. Alloys Compd., 845, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156234 · DOI
  127. Wang, 2021, Selective regeneration of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries using ionic substitution stimulated by mechanochemistry, J. Cleaner Prod., 279, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123612 · DOI
  128. Lv, 2021, Electric field driven de-lithiation: a strategy towards comprehensive and efficient recycling of electrode materials from spent lithium ion batteries, Appl. Catal. B, 283, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119634 · DOI
  129. Tang, 2021, Recycling of spent lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxides via a low-temperature ammonium sulfation roasting approach, J. Cleaner Prod., 279, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123633 · DOI
  130. Liu, 2021, Pyrometallurgically regenerated LiMn2O4 cathode scrap material and its electrochemical properties, Ceram. Int., 47, 42, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.06.037 · DOI
  131. Cai, 2014, Process development for the recycle of spent lithium ion batteries by chemical precipitation, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 53, 18245, 10.1021/ie5025326 · DOI · Paper page
  132. Hanisch, 2015, Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: a novel method to separate coating and foil of electrodes, J. Cleaner Prod., 108, 301, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.026 · DOI · Paper page
  133. Iizuka, 2013, Separation of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium-ion batteries via bipolar membrane electrodialysis coupled with chelation, Sep. Purif. Technol., 113, 33, 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.04.014 · DOI · Paper page
  134. Jang, 2015, Aerosol-assisted extraction of silicon nanoparticles from wafer slicing waste for lithium ion batteries, Sci. Rep., 5, 9431, 10.1038/srep09431 · doi:10.1038/srep09431
  135. Jha, 2013, Selective separation and recovery of cobalt from leach liquor of discarded Li-ion batteries using thiophosphinic extractant, Sep. Purif. Technol., 104, 160, 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.11.024 · DOI
  136. Joo, 2015, Development of recycling technology to recover valuable metals from lithium primary and ion batteries, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf., 229, 212, 10.1177/0954405414567521 · DOI
  137. Liu, 2015, Promotional recyclable Li-ion batteries by a magnetic binder with anti-vibration and non-fatigue performance, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 15403, 10.1039/C5TA04342E · DOI
  138. Nayl, 2017, Acid leaching of mixed spent Li-ion batteries, Arab. J. Chem., 10, S3632, 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.04.001 · DOI · Paper page
  139. Olapiriyakul, 2009, Thermodynamic analysis to assess the environmental impact of end-of-life recovery processing for nanotechnology products, Environ. Sci. Technol., 10.1021/es9006614 · doi:10.1021/es9006614
  140. Ou, 2015, Application of mechanochemistry to metal recovery from second-hand resources: a technical overview, Environ. Sci. Process Impact., 17, 1522, 10.1039/C5EM00211G · DOI
  141. Guo F., Nishihama S., Yoshizuka K. Selective recovery of valuable metals from spent Li-ion batteries using solvent-impregnated resins 2013. Environ Technol. May-Jun 2013;34(9-12):1307-17. · DOI
  142. Guo, 2015, Leaching lithium from the anode electrode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries by hydrochloric acid (HCl), Waste Manage. (Oxford), 51
  143. Seon Hong H., Weon Kim D., Lack Choi H., Ryu S.-.S. Solvent Extraction of Co, Ni and Mn from NCM Sulfate Leaching Solution of Li(NCM)O2 Secondary Battery Scraps 2017. Arch. Metall. Mater. 62 (2017), 2B, 1011-1014. · doi:10.1515/amm-2017-0143
  144. Jha, 2013, Recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium ion batteries of mobile phone, Waste Manage. (Oxford), 33, 1890, 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.008 · DOI · Paper page
  145. Rothermel S., Evertz M., Kasnatscheew J., Qi X., Grützke M., Winter M., et al. Graphite Recycling from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries 2016. ChemsusChem, Volume9, Issue24, December 20, 2016, Pages 3473-3484. · DOI · Paper page
  146. Ganter, 2014, Cathode refunctionalization as a lithium ion battery recycling alternative, J. Power Source., 256, 274, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.078 · DOI
  147. Shin S., Jung G.J., Lee W.J., Kang C.Y., Wang J.P. Recovery Of Electrodic Powder From Spent Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) 2015. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60(2): June 2015, 1145-1149. · doi:10.1515/amm-2015-0086
  148. Stehmann F., Jahnke S., Balmforth-Slater C., Scholl S. Adsorptive Exhaust Gas Cleaning for Recycling of Li-Ion-Batteries 2017. Friederike Maria Stehmann et al 2017 ECS Trans. 75 3. · doi:10.1149/07520.0003ecst
  149. Perez-Antolin, 2020, The injectable battery. A conceptually new strategy in pursue of a sustainable and circular battery model, J. Power Source., 480, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228839 · DOI
  150. Zeng, 2014, Innovative application of ionic liquid to separate Al and cathode materials from spent high-power lithium-ion batteries, J. Hazard Mater., 271, 50, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.02.001 · DOI · Paper page
  151. Wang, 2016, Targeting high value metals in lithium-ion battery recycling via shredding and size-based separation, Waste Manage. (Oxford), 51, 204, 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.10.026 · DOI · Paper page
  152. Pagnanelli, 2017, Leaching of electrodic powders from lithium ion batteries: optimization of operating conditions and effect of physical pretreatment for waste fraction retrieval, Waste Manag., 60, 706, 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.11.037 · DOI
  153. Li, 2009, A combined recovery process of metals in spent lithium-ion batteries, Chemosphere, 77, 1132, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.040 · DOI · Paper page
  154. Bai, 2020, Sustainable direct recycling of lithium-ion batteries via solvent recovery of electrode materials, ChemSusChem, 13, 5664, 10.1002/cssc.202001479 · DOI · Paper page
  155. Swart, 2014, Resource demand for the production of different cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, J. Cleaner Prod., 84, 391, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.056 · DOI
  156. Zhang, 2020, Understanding fundamental effects of Cu impurity in different forms for recovered LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode materials, Nano Energy, 78, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105214 · DOI
  157. Zou, 2013, A novel method to recycle mixed cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, Green Chem., 15, 1183, 10.1039/c3gc40182k · DOI · Paper page
  158. Gao, 2017, Lithium carbonate recovery from cathode scrap of spent lithium-ion battery: a closed-loop process, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 1662, 10.1021/acs.est.6b03320 · DOI · Paper page
  159. Yan, 2021, Ultrasonic-assisted leaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using organic additives, Sep. Purif. Technol., 257, 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117930 · DOI
  160. Takacova Z., Havlik T., Kukurugya F., Orac D. Cobalt and lithium recovery from active mass of spent Li-ion batteries: theoretical and experimental approach 2016. Hydrometallurgy, Volume 163, August 2016, Pages 9-17. · DOI · Paper page
  161. Contestabile, 2001, A laboratory-scale lithium-ion battery recycling process, J. Power Source., 92, 65, 10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00523-1 · DOI · Paper page
  162. Chen, 2017, Recovery of valuable metals from waste cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries using mild phosphoric acid, J. Hazard Mater., 326, 77, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.021 · DOI · Paper page
  163. Zeng, 2015, Novel approach to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion battery using oxalic acid, J. Hazard Mater., 295, 112, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.064 · DOI · Paper page
  164. Meng, 2017, Use of glucose as reductant to recover Co from spent lithium ions batteries, Waste Manag., 64, 214, 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.017 · DOI · Paper page
  165. Wang, 2016, Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium ion batteries using sulphuric acid leaching followed by solid–liquid separation and solvent extraction, RSC Adv., 6, 85303, 10.1039/C6RA16801A · DOI · Paper page
  166. Pegoretti, 2017, Thermal synthesis, characterization and electrochemical study of high-temperature (HT) LiCoO 2 obtained from Co(OH) 2 recycled of spent lithium ion batteries, Mater. Res. Bull., 86, 5, 10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.09.032 · DOI
  167. Swain, 2007, Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of cobalt from waste cathodic active material generated during manufacturing of lithium ion batteries, J. Power Source., 167, 536, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.02.046 · DOI · Paper page
  168. Nan, 2005, Recovery of metal values from spent lithium-ion batteries with chemical deposition and solvent extraction, J. Power Source., 152, 278, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.134 · DOI · Paper page
  169. Swain, 2008, Development of process flow sheet for recovery of high pure cobalt from sulfate leach liquor of LIB industry waste: a mathematical model correlation to predict optimum operational conditions, Sep. Purif. Technol., 63, 360, 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.05.022 · DOI
  170. Pagnanelli, 2016, Cobalt products from real waste fractions of end of life lithium ion batteries, Waste Manag., 51, 214, 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.003 · DOI · Paper page
  171. Li, 2011, Preparation of LiCoO2 films from spent lithium-ion batteries by a combined recycling process, Hydrometallurgy, 108, 220, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.04.013 · DOI · Paper page
  172. Li, 2010, Recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium ion batteries using organic citric acid as leachant, J. Hazard Mater., 176, 288, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.026 · DOI · Paper page
  173. Nayaka, 2016, Use of mild organic acid reagents to recover the Co and Li from spent Li-ion batteries, Waste Manage. (Oxford), 51, 234, 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.008 · DOI · Paper page
  174. Kyoung Lee, 2002, Preparation of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Source., 109, 17, 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00037-X · DOI · Paper page
  175. Guan, 2017, Mechanochemical process enhanced cobalt and lithium recycling from wasted lithium-ion batteries, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 1026, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02337 · DOI · Paper page
  176. Li, 2008, Preparation of LiCoO2 cathode materials from spent lithium–ion batteries, Ionics, 15, 111, 10.1007/s11581-008-0238-8 · DOI
  177. Li, 2012, Preparation and electrochemical properties of re-synthesized LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries, Chin. Sci. Bull., 57, 4188, 10.1007/s11434-012-5200-5 · DOI
  178. Kim, 2004, Simultaneous separation and renovation of lithium cobalt oxide from the cathode of spent lithium ion rechargeable batteries, J. Power Source., 132, 145, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.046 · DOI
  179. Wang, 2017, Recycling of spent lithium-ion battery with polyvinyl chloride by mechanochemical process, Waste Manage. (Oxford), 67, 232, 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.013 · DOI · Paper page
  180. Zhang, 2014, Recovery of lithium cobalt oxide material from the cathode of spent lithium-ion batteries, ECS Electrochem. Lett., 3, A58, 10.1149/2.006406eel · DOI
  181. Bertuol, 2016, Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, Waste Manag., 51, 245, 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.009 · DOI · Paper page
  182. Freitas, 2007, Electrochemical recycling of cobalt from cathodes of spent lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Source., 171, 953, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.07.002 · DOI · Paper page
  183. Hu, 2021, Recovery of Co, Ni, Mn, and Li from Li-ion batteries by smelting reduction - Part I: a laboratory-scale study, J. Power Source., 483
  184. Xu, 2014, A simple solvent method for the recovery of LixCoO2 and its applications in alkaline rechargeable batteries, J. Power Source., 252, 286, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.11.052 · DOI
  185. Bertuol, 2015, Application of spouted bed elutriation in the recycling of lithium ion batteries, J. Power Source., 275, 627, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.11.036 · DOI
  186. Sun, 2012, Organic oxalate as leachant and precipitant for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries, Waste Manage. (Oxford), 32, 1575, 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.03.027 · DOI · Paper page
  187. He, 2017, Recovery of LiCoO2 and graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries by Fenton reagent-assisted flotation, J. Clean. Prod., 143, 319, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.106 · DOI · Paper page
  188. Bian, 2016, A novel process to recycle spent LiFePO 4 for synthesizing LiFePO 4 /C hierarchical microflowers, Electrochim. Acta, 190, 134, 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.114 · DOI · Paper page
  189. Kumar, 2020, Selective recovery of Li and FePO4 from spent LiFePO4 cathode scraps by organic acids and the properties of the regenerated LiFePO4, Waste Manage. (Oxford), 113, 32, 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.046 · DOI
  190. Yadav, 2020, Recycling of cathode from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries, J. Hazard. Mater., 399, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123068 · DOI · Paper page
  191. Kim, 2013, Re-synthesis and electrochemical characteristics of LiFePO4 cathode materials recycled from scrap electrodes, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 34, 851, 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.3.851 · DOI
  192. Shin, 2015, A green recycling process designed for LiFePO4 cathode materials for Li-ion batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 11493, 10.1039/C5TA02540K · DOI
  193. Zheng R., Zhao L., Wang W., Liu Y., Ma Q., Mu D., et al. Optimized Li and Fe recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries via solution-precipitation method 2016. RSC Adv., 2016,6, 43613-43625. · DOI · Paper page
  194. Huang, 2016, A stepwise recovery of metals from hybrid cathodes of spent Li-ion batteries with leaching-flotation-precipitation process, J. Power Source., 325, 555, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.06.072 · DOI · Paper page
  195. Li, 2017, Sustainable recovery of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries using lactic acid leaching system, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 5224, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00571 · DOI · Paper page
  196. Zheng, 2017, Spent lithium-ion battery recycling - Reductive ammonia leaching of metals from cathode scrap by sodium sulphite, Waste Manag., 60, 680, 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.007 · DOI · Paper page
  197. Zhang, 2015, A closed-loop process for recycling LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 from the cathode scraps of lithium-ion batteries: process optimization and kinetics analysis, Sep. Purif. Technol., 150, 186, 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.07.003 · DOI · Paper page
  198. Kim, 2014, Recycling process of spent battery modules in used hybrid electric vehicles using physical/chemical treatments, Res. Chem. Intermed., 40, 2447, 10.1007/s11164-014-1653-2 · DOI
  199. Weng, 2013, Synthesis and performance of Li[(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)(1-x)Mgx]O2 prepared from spent lithium ion batteries, J. Hazard Mater., 246-247, 163, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.12.028 · DOI · Paper page
  200. Liu, 2017, Reproduction of Li battery LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2 positive electrode material from the recycling of waste battery, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 42, 18189, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.155 · DOI

200 of 272 shown

Cited by

See all 611

Metadata

Authors
Costa, C. M., Barbosa, J. C., Gonçalves, R., Castro, H., Campo, F. J. D., & Lanceros-Méndez, S.
Venue
Energy Storage Materials
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-05
Volume
37
Pages
433-465
ISSN
  • 2405-8289 (ISSN-L)
  • 2405-8297
DOI
10.1016/j.ensm.2021.02.032
OpenAlex
W3131138889
Cited by
611
References
12
FWCI
37.18
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green
Licence
Funders
  • European Commission
  • Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Recycling and environmental issues of lithium-ion batteries: Advances, challenges and opportunities. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.02.032
The paper
Costa, C. M., Barbosa, J. C., Gonçalves, R., Castro, H., Campo, F. J. D., & Lanceros-Méndez, S. (2021). Recycling and environmental issues of lithium-ion batteries: Advances, challenges and opportunities. Energy Storage Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.02.032

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.