Cardiac origins of the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Open accessAbstract
Objectives To test the hypothesis that a small heart coupled with reduced blood volume contributes to the Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), while exercise training improves this syndrome. Background Patients with POTS have marked increases in heart rate during orthostasis. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown and the effective therapy is uncertain. Methods Twenty-seven POTS patients underwent autonomic function tests, cardiac MRI, and blood volume measurements. Twenty-five of them participated in a 3-mo specially designed exercise training program with 19 completing the program; these patients were reevaluated after training. Results were compared with those of 16 healthy controls. Results Upright heart rate and total peripheral resistance were greater, while stroke volume and cardiac output were smaller in patients than controls. Baroreflex function was similar between groups. Left ventricular mass (median [25%, 75%], 1.26 [1.12, 1.37] vs 1.45 [1.34, 1.57] g/kg; P<0.01) and blood volume (60 [54, 64] vs 71 [65, 78] ml/kg; P<0.01) were smaller in patients than controls. Exercise training increased left ventricular mass and blood volume by ~12% and ~7%, and decreased upright heart rate by 9 [1, 17] bpm. Ten out of 19 patients no longer met POTS criteria after training, while patients’ Quality of Life assessed by Short-Form 36 was improved in all patients after training. Conclusions Autonomic function was intact in POTS patients. The marked tachycardia during orthostasis was attributable to a small heart coupled with reduced blood volume. Exercise training improved or even cured this syndrome in the majority of patients. It seems reasonable to offer POTS a new name based on its underlying pathophysiology – “The Grinch Syndrome”, because in this famous children’s book by Dr. Seuss, the main character had a heart that was “two sizes too small.”
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Deconditioned POTS patients have reduced left ventricular mass, stroke volume, and blood volume, and these improve with exercise training.
“Deconditioned patients with POTS have reduced left ventricular mass, stroke volume, and blood volume,35 which improve with exercise training.”
From 2015 Heart Rhythm Society Expert Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome, Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia, and Vasovagal Syncope (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
The Discussion reports that patients with POTS had lower left ventricular mass and blood volume than sedentary controls, as well as smaller upright stroke volume. The Results report that exercise training increased left ventricular mass and blood volume, but do not establish that stroke volume also improved after training. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is a tight relationship between stroke volume and HR in men, healthy women, and women with POTS.
“Figure 2B shows the tight relationship between stroke volume and HR in men, healthy women, and women with POTS (4,12).”
From Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
The Discussion (page not provided) links smaller stroke volume to higher heart rate in POTS patients and describes a similar mechanism in young women. It does not establish a tight stroke-volume–heart-rate relationship across all three groups. The Methods (page not provided) report only one healthy male control, so the claim about men is not supported by this study. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHealthy women have smaller stroke volumes and higher HRs compared with healthy men, whereas women with POTS have both an exaggerated fall in stroke volume and an apparent compensatory rise in HR.
“healthy women have smaller stroke volumes and higher HRs compared with healthy men, whereas women with POTS have both an exaggerated fall in stroke volume and an apparent compensatory rise in HR.”
From Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports smaller upright stroke volume and greater heart rate in POTS patients than in healthy controls, and describes the tachycardia as an apparent compensatory response. It also says healthy women have smaller hearts than men, but does not establish that healthy women have smaller stroke volumes and higher heart rates than men. Nor does it directly establish an exaggerated fall in stroke volume in the POTS patients studied, as distinct from a smaller upright stroke volume. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOne feature that appears to be universally present in all POTS is cardiovascular deconditioning, characterized by cardiac atrophy and hypovolemia.
“One feature that appears to be universally present in all POTS is cardiovascular deconditioning, a specific biological process characterized by cardiac atrophy and hypovolemia (4).”
From Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
The Discussion reports smaller left ventricular mass and lower blood volume in the patients studied, and describes deconditioning in terms of cardiac atrophy and hypovolemia. It does not establish that deconditioning is universally present in all people with POTS; the Discussion instead says that almost all of its patients had a history of physical inactivity and notes that POTS may have heterogeneous mechanisms. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMultiple parameters associated with deconditioning have been demonstrated in POTS patients, including reduced cardiac size and mass (by 16%), reduced blood volume (by 20%), reduced stroke volume, and reduced peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) when compared with matched sedentary controls.
“Multiple parameters associated with deconditioning have also been demonstrated in POTS patients, including reduced cardiac size and mass (by 16%), reduced blood volume (by 20%), reduced stroke volume, and reduced peak oxygen uptake (VO 2 peak) when compared with matched sedentary controls (4).”
From Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
The Discussion (POTS and “deconditioning”; page unavailable) reports approximately 16% lower left ventricular mass, 20% lower blood and plasma volume, and markedly smaller upright stroke volume in POTS patients than in healthy sedentary controls. The Results (Exercise training effects; page unavailable) show that peak oxygen uptake increased after training in POTS patients, but do not establish that it was lower than in controls. The 16% figure applies specifically to left ventricular mass, not cardiac size as well. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The majority of patients who complete the exercise training program no longer meet criteria for POTS, and the vast majority, if not all, report improved quality of life using a reliable and valid questionnaire.
“The majority of patients who complete the exercise training program no longer meet criteria for POTS, and the vast majority, if not all patients, report improved quality of life using a reliable and valid questionnaire (4,101).”
From Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
The Results (Exercise training effects; page unavailable) report that 10 of 19 completers no longer met POTS criteria and that quality of life improved after training. The Methods identify the questionnaire as the SF-36, but our copy does not establish the claim that it is reliable and valid. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost patients with POTS have low cardiac stroke volume, which may cause the sinus tachycardia.
“Most patients with POTS have low cardiac stroke volume,26 which may cause the sinus tachycardia.”
From Diagnosis and management of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
Regular, nonupright exercise with a focus on aerobic reconditioning improves cardiovascular hemodynamics and symptoms in patients with POTS.
“The findings of a 2010 case–control intervention study suggest that regular, nonupright exercise with a focus on aerobic reconditioning improves cardiovascular hemodynamics and symptoms in patients with POTS.26”
From Diagnosis and management of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
More commonly proposed causes of POTS include partial peripheral neuropathy, a deficit in blood volume, abnormalities in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, physical deconditioning, autoantibodies targeting peripheral adrenergic receptors, and a hyperadrenergic state resulting from central activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
“More commonly proposed causes include partial peripheral neuropathy (“neuropathic POTS”),19 a deficit in blood volume, abnormalities in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)20, physical deconditioning,10 autoantibodies targeting peripheral adrenergic receptors21 and a hyperadrenergic state resulting from central activation of the sympathetic nervous system (“HyperPOTS”).”
From Hyperadrenergic Postural Tachycardia Syndrome: Clinical Biomarkers and Response to Guanfacine (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
Direct testing of autonomic function in POTS patients is often normal or appropriate for the hemodynamic stress.
“direct testing of autonomic function in this patient population is often normal/appropriate for the hemodynamic stress (4).”
From Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
Exercise training has been demonstrated to expand blood volume and increase cardiac size and mass in POTS patients and result in a prominent decrease in symptoms.
“the positive response these patients have to exercise training, which has been demonstrated to expand blood volume and increase cardiac size and mass in POTS patients and result in a prominent decrease in symptoms (4,63,64).”
From Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
Research has demonstrated that physical reconditioning with a short-term (3 month) progressive exercise training program leads to improvement or remission of POTS in the majority of patients.
“Research has demonstrated that physical reconditioning with a short-term (3 month) progressive exercise training program leads to improvement or remission of POTS in the majority of patients (4,64).”
From Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
The three-month Dallas Program, involving aerobic exercise and resistance training, improves orthostatic and exercise tachycardia, symptoms, and quality of life in POTS.
“The three-month Dallas Program, which involves aerobic exercise coupled with resistance training, improves orthostatic and exercise tachycardia, symptoms, and quality of life [13;62;63].”
From Postural tachycardia syndrome: beyond orthostatic intolerance (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
Many POTS patients have cardiovascular deconditioning and benefit from aerobic exercise and resistance training.
“Although it may not be clear if deconditioning is a primary problem or secondary to POTS, many patients with POTS do have cardiovascular deconditioning and do benefit from a program of aerobic exercise and resistance training [13].”
From Postural tachycardia syndrome: beyond orthostatic intolerance (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
One of the more consistent findings in POTS is a deficit in total blood, plasma, and red cell volume.
“One of the more consistent findings in patients with POTS is a deficit in total blood, plasma and red cell volume [45;13;46].”
From Postural tachycardia syndrome: beyond orthostatic intolerance (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
Improvement from the Dallas Program is related to an increase in heart size and increased blood volume, and the improved stroke volume decreases tachycardia.
“Improvement is related to an increase in the size of the heart and increased blood volume [13]. The improved stroke volume decreases tachycardia.”
From Postural tachycardia syndrome: beyond orthostatic intolerance (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
Deconditioning, with its subsequent plasma volume reduction and decreased stroke volume, may play a significant role in the development of a POTS phenotype.
“This finding suggests that deconditioning, with its subsequent plasma volume reduction and decreased stroke volume, may play a significant role in the development of a POTS phenotype (42).”
From Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: mechanisms and new therapies (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
POTS patients who participated in and completed 3 months of exercise training garnered a significant reduction in orthostatic tachycardia and experienced significant increases in blood volume.
“POTS patients who participated in and completed 3 months of exercise training garnered a significant reduction in orthostatic tachycardia and experienced significant increases in blood volume (42).”
From Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: mechanisms and new therapies (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
50-70% of POTS patients who complete 3 months of endurance training exhibit hemodynamic changes that no longer meet criteria for POTS.
“In fact, 50-70% of POTS patients who complete 3 months of endurance training exhibit hemodynamic changes that no longer meet criteria for POTS (42, 62, 63).”
From Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: mechanisms and new therapies (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
Exercise training may be very effective and has been shown to alleviate symptoms of POTS-related deconditioning.
“Exercise training may be very effective and has been shown to alleviate the symptoms of POTS-related deconditioning [66,67].”
From Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: clinical presentation, aetiology and management (2019) · cites this paper as [66]
Studies that reported a plasma volume deficit in POTS patients despite a normal- to high-sodium diet suggest that patients may not effectively respond to dietary sodium with plasma volume expansion.
“Studies that reported a plasma volume deficit in POTS patients despite a normal- to high-sodium diet (≥150 mEq sodium/day) (6, 14, 15), suggest that patients may not effectively respond to dietary sodium with plasma volume expansion.”
From Effect of High Dietary Sodium Intake in Patients With Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
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Brugada, J., Katritsis, D. G., Arbelo, E., Arribas, F., Bax, J. J., Blomström‐Lundqvist, C., Calkins, H. G., Corrado, D., Deftereos, S. G., Diller, G., et al. (2019) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz467 · Cited by 1,278 · see citing works
Sheldon, R. S., Grubb, B. P., Olshansky, B., Shen, W.-K., Calkins, H., Brignole, M., Raj, S. R., Krahn, A. D., Morillo, C. A., Stewart, J. M., et al. (2015) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.03.029 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
Guazzi, M., Bandera, F., Ozemek, C., Systrom, D. M., & Arena, R. A. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.012 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Gluckman, T. J., Bhave, N. M., Allen, L. A., Chung, E. H., Spatz, E. S., Ammirati, E., Baggish, A. L., Bozkurt, B., Cornwell, W. K., Harmon, K. G., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.003 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Self-citationPostural tachycardia syndrome: a heterogeneous and multifactorial disorder
Benarroch, E. E. (2012) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.08.013 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: clinical presentation, aetiology and management
Fedorowski, A. (2019) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12852 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)
Raj, S. R. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.144501 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Vernino, S., Bourne, K. M., Stiles, L. E., Grubb, B. P., Fedorowski, A., Stewart, J. M., Arnold, A. C., Pace, L. A., Axelsson, J., Boris, J. R., et al. (2021) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102828 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Kaufmann, H., Norcliffe‐Kaufmann, L., & Palma, J. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1509723 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Postural tachycardia syndrome—current experience and concepts
Mathias, C. J., Low, D. A., Iodice, V., Owens, A. P., Kirbis, M., & Grahame, R. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2011.187 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Impact of Lifelong Exercise “Dose” on Left Ventricular Compliance and Distensibility
Bhella, P. S., Hastings, J. L., Fujimoto, N., Shibata, S., Carrick‐Ranson, G., Palmer, M. D., Boyd, K. N., ADAMS-HUET, B. A., & Levine, B. D. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.062 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citationPostural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
Bryarly, M., Phillips, L. T., Fu, Q., Vernino, S., & Levine, B. D. (2019) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.059 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-COVID postural tachycardia syndrome: an American Autonomic Society statement
Raj, S. R., Arnold, A. C., Barboi, A., Claydon, V. E., Limberg, J. K., Lucci, V.-E. M., Numan, M., Peltier, A., Snapper, H., Vernino, S., et al. (2021) · Clinical Autonomic Research · doi:10.1007/s10286-021-00798-2 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Raj, S. R., Guzman, J. C., Harvey, P., Richer, L., Schondorf, R., Seifer, C., Thibodeau-Jarry, N., & Sheldon, R. S. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2019.12.024 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Exercise and the autonomic nervous system
Fu, Q., & Levine, B. D. (2013) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53491-0.00013-4 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationPostural tachycardia syndrome – Diagnosis, physiology, and prognosis
Arnold, A. C., Ng, J., & Raj, S. R. (2018) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2018.02.005 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Fu, Q., VanGundy, T. B., Shibata, S., Auchus, R. J., Williams, G. H., & Levine, B. D. (2011) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.172262 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationExercise and non-pharmacological treatment of POTS
Fu, Q., & Levine, B. D. (2018) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2018.07.001 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in Ehlers–Danlos syndrome—Hypermobile type
Hakim, A., O'Callaghan, C., De Wandele, I., Stiles, L., Pocinki, A., & Rowe, P. (2017) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31543 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Postural tachycardia syndrome: beyond orthostatic intolerance
Garland, E. M., Celedonio, J. E., & Raj, S. R. (2015) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-015-0583-8 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The Invasive Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test
Maron, B. A., Cockrill, B. A., Waxman, A. B., & Systrom, D. M. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.104463 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The possible association between COVID-19 and postural tachycardia syndrome
Goldstein, D. S. (2020) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.12.007 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome as a sequela of COVID-19
Ormiston, C. K., Świątkiewicz, I., & Taub, P. (2022) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.07.014 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Postural tachycardia syndrome and other forms of orthostatic intolerance in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Roma, M., Marden, C. L., De Wandele, I., Francomano, C. A., & Rowe, P. C. (2018) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2018.02.006 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in post-COVID-19 syndrome: a major health-care burden
Fedorowski, A., Fanciulli, A., Raj, S. R., Sheldon, R. S., Shibao, C. A., & Sutton, R. (2024) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-023-00962-3 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
George, S. A., Bivens, T. B., Howden, E. J., Saleem, Y., Galbreath, M. M., Hendrickson, D., Fu, Q., & Levine, B. D. (2016) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.12.012 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationKucharik, A. H., & Chang, C. (2020) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-019-08755-8 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: mechanisms and new therapies
Mar, P. L., & Raj, S. R. (2020) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-041818-011630 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Deconditioning in patients with orthostatic intolerance
Parsaik, A., Allison, T. G., Singer, W., Sletten, D. M., Joyner, M. J., Benarroch, E. E., Low, P. A., & Sandroni, P. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31826d5f95 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Shibata, S., Fu, Q., Bivens, T. B., Hastings, J. L., Wang, W., & Levine, B. D. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.233858 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnosis and management of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Raj, S. R., Fedorowski, A., & Sheldon, R. S. (2022) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.211373 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy for postural tachycardia syndrome
Miller, A. J., & Raj, S. R. (2018) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2018.04.008 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: Prevalence, Pathophysiology, and Management
Zadourian, A., Doherty, T. A., Swiatkiewicz, I., & Taub, P. R. (2018) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-018-0931-5 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Neurohumoral and haemodynamic profile in postural tachycardia and chronic fatigue syndromes
Okamoto, L. E., Raj, S. R., Peltier, A., Gamboa, A., Shibao, C., Diedrich, A., Black, B. K., Robertson, D., & Biaggioni, I. (2012) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20110200 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Covid-19-Induced Dysautonomia: A Menace of Sympathetic Storm
Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Al-Gareeb, A. I., Qusti, S. Y., Alshammari, E. M., Gyebi, G. A., & Batiha, G. E. (2021) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1177/17590914211057635 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Coffin, S. T., Black, B. K., Biaggioni, I., Paranjape, S. Y., Orozco, C., Black, P. W., Dupont, W. D., Robertson, D., & Raj, S. R. (2012) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.05.002 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Oldham, W. M., Lewis, G. D., Opotowsky, A. R., Waxman, A. B., & Systrom, D. M. (2016) · Pulmonary Circulation · doi:10.1086/685054 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System
Chelimsky, T. C., Robertson, D. M., & Chelimsky, G. G. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0434-1.00102-x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Adolescent Fatigue, POTS, and Recovery: A Guide for Clinicians
Kizilbash, S. J., Ahrens, S. P., Bruce, B. K., Chelimsky, G., Driscoll, S. W., Harbeck-Weber, C., Lloyd, R. M., Mack, K. J., Nelson, D. E., Ninis, N., et al. (2014) · Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2013.12.014 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Hastings, J. L., Krainski, F., Snell, P. G., Pacini, E. L., Jain, M., Bhella, P. S., Shibata, S., Fu, Q., Palmer, M. D., & Levine, B. D. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00019.2012 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationLong COVID-19 and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome- Is Dysautonomia to Be Blamed?
Chadda, K. R., Blakey, E. E., Huang, C. L.-H., & Jeevaratnam, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.860198 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Bourne, K. M., Sheldon, R. S., Hall, J., Lloyd, M., Kogut, K., Sheikh, N., Jorge, J., Ng, J., Exner, D. V., Tyberg, J. V., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.040 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
van Campen, C. M. C., Rowe, P. C., & Visser, F. C. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58010028 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Exercise in the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Fu, Q., & Levine, B. D. (2015) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2014.11.008 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationPostural tachycardia syndrome: current perspectives
Wells, R. M., Spurrier, A. J., Linz, D., Gallagher, C., Mahajan, R., Sanders, P., Page, A. J., & Lau, D. H. (2017) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s127393 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Efficacy of Therapies for Postural Tachycardia Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Wells, R., Elliott, A. D., Mahajan, R., Page, A., Iodice, V., Sanders, P., & Lau, D. H. (2018) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.01.025 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Swai, J. D., Hu, Z., Zhao, X., Rugambwa, T. K., & Ming, G. (2019) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-019-01298-y · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Low-dose propranolol and exercise capacity in postural tachycardia syndrome: A randomized study
Arnold, A. C., Okamoto, L. E., Diedrich, A., Paranjape, S. Y., Raj, S. R., Biaggioni, I., & Gamboa, A. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318293e310 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Fu, Q., VanGundy, T. B., Shibata, S., Auchus, R. J., Williams, G. H., & Levine, B. D. (2010) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.151787 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationA Case of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Secondary to the Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccine
Reddy, S., Reddy, S., & Arora, M. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.14837 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Effect of High Dietary Sodium Intake in Patients With Postural Tachycardia Syndrome
Garland, E. M., Gamboa, A., Nwazue, V. C., Celedonio, J. E., Paranjape, S. Y., Black, B. K., Okamoto, L. E., Shibao, C. A., Biaggioni, I., Robertson, D., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.03.005 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Stewart, J. M., Pianosi, P., Shaban, M. A., Terilli, C., Svistunova, M., Visintainer, P., & Medow, M. S. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.008854 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Effects of exercise training on arterial-cardiac baroreflex function in POTS
Galbreath, M. M., Shibata, S., VanGundy, T. B., Okazaki, K., Fu, Q., & Levine, B. D. (2011) · Clinical Autonomic Research · doi:10.1007/s10286-010-0091-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive dysfunction in postural tachycardia syndrome
Arnold, A. C., Haman, K., Garland, E. M., Raj, V., Dupont, W. D., Biaggioni, I., Robertson, D., & Raj, S. R. (2015) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20140251 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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Gibbons, C. H., Silva, G., & Freeman, R. L. (2021) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.01.017 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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Self-citationConfounders of Vasovagal Syncope
Nwazue, V. C., & Raj, S. R. (2012) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2012.09.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Stiles, L. E., Cinnamon, J., & Balan, I. (2018) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2018.06.002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS): An Update for Clinical Practice.
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Diagnosis and management of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: A brief review
Abed, H., Ball, P., & Wang, L. (2012) · 老年心脏病学杂志：英文版 · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1263.2012.00061 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Standing up for exercise: should deconditioning be medicalized?
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Orthostatic heart rate responses after prolonged space flights
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Ivabradine in treatment of sinus tachycardia mediated vasovagal syncope
Sutton, R., Salukhe, T. V., Franzén, A.-C., Collins, A., Lim, P. B., & Francis, D. P. (2013) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/eut226 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Vagus and Glossopharyngeal Nerves in Two Autonomic Disorders
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Orthostatic Hypotension and Cardiac Changes After Long-Term Follow-Up
Magnusson, M., Holm, H., Bachus, E., Nilsson, P. M., Leósdóttir, M., Melander, O., Jujić, A., & Fedorowski, A. (2015) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpv187 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Disautonomia: Uma Condição Esquecida – Parte 1
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Acute volume loading and exercise capacity in postural tachycardia syndrome
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Ivabradine in Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: A Review of the Literature
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Relationship Between Depression and Strength Training in Survivors of the Ischemic Stroke
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Evaluating and managing postural tachycardia syndrome
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Dyspnea in Chronic Low Ventricular Preload States
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Fear conditioning as a pathogenic mechanism in the postural tachycardia syndrome
Norcliffe‐Kaufmann, L., Palma, J., Martinez, J., Camargo, C., & Kaufmann, H. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac249 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Mechanisms and management of gastrointestinal symptoms in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Tu, Y., Abell, T. L., Raj, S. R., & Mar, P. L. (2020) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14031 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A Post-Pandemic Enigma: The Cardiovascular Impact of Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2
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Moving from the present to the future of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome – What we need
Raj, S. R., & Robertson, D. (2018) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2018.06.007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Confounders of Vasovagal Syncope
Nwazue, V. C., & Raj, S. R. (2013) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2012.09.004 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Moak, J. P., Fabian, R. R., Clarke, L. C., Hanumanthaiah, S., Desbiens, J., & Darbari, A. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001150 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Baroreflex Sensitivity Predicts Short-Term Outcome of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome in Children
Li, H., Liao, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, P., Sun, C., Chen, Y., Tang, C., Jin, H., & Du, J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167525 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and migraine: A narrative review
Mueller, B. R., & Robinson‐Papp, J. (2022) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.14365 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fu, Q., VanGundy, T. B., Galbreath, M. M., Shibata, S., Jain, M., Hastings, J. L., Bhella, P. S., & Levine, B. D.
- Affiliations
- Texas Health Dallas (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levine, Benjamin D.
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 25
- Pages
- 2858-2868
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2914315
- OpenAlex
- W2130006990
- Semantic Scholar
- 7b8f40b47ff2bed4e58746aa87dd800496a2230c
- Cited by
- 329
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 16.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (HL075283)
- National Space Biomedical Research Institute (CA00701)
- Clinical and Translational Research Center(formerly the General Clinical Research Center (RR00633)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, cardiac output, stroke volume, blood volume, left ventricular mass, exercise training, orthostatic tachycardia, autonomic function, baroreflex, systemic vascular resistance, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Pressure Determination, Blood Volume, Electrocardiography, Postural Balance, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Heart Diseases, Heart Rate, Hemodynamics, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Probability, Reference Values, Severity of Illness Index, Exercise, Case-Control Studies, Treatment Outcome, Risk Assessment, Tilt-Table Test, Statistics, Nonparametric, Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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