Affective context interferes with cognitive control in unipolar depression: an fMRI investigation
Open accessAbstract
Background Unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by aberrant amygdala responses to sad stimuli and poor cognitive control, but the interactive effects of these impairments are poorly understood.Aim To evaluate brain activation in MDD in response to cognitive control stimuli embedded within sad and neutral contexts.Method Fourteen adults with MDD and fifteen matched controls participated in a mixed block/event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task that presented oddball target stimuli embedded within blocks of sad or neutral images.Results Target events activated similar prefrontal brain regions in both groups. However, responses to target events embedded within blocks of emotional images revealed a clear group dissociation. During neutral blocks, the control group demonstrated greater activation to targets in the midfrontal gyrus and anterior cingulate relative to the MDD group, replicating previous findings of prefrontal hypo-activation in MDD samples to cognitive control stimuli. However, during sad blocks, the MDD group demonstrated greater activation in a number of prefrontal regions, including the mid-, inferior, and orbito-frontal gyri and the anterior cingulate, suggesting that relatively more prefrontal brain activation was required to disengage from the sad images to respond to the target events.Limitations A larger sample size would have provided greater statistical power, and more standardized stimuli would have increased external validity.Conclusions This double dissociation of prefrontal responses to target events embedded within neutral and sad context suggests that MDD impacts not only responses to affective events, but extends to other cognitive processes carried out in the context of affective engagement. This implies that emotional reactivity to sad events in MDD may impact functioning more broadly than previously understood.
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Many studies have shown amygdala hyperactivity in depressed samples.
“many studies have shown patterns of hyperactivity in the amygdala in depressed samples [65,66]”
From Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [65]
Past studies have found impairments in cognitive control in individuals with depression when they are confronted with emotional information.
“Past studies have found impairments in cognitive control in individuals with depression when confronted with emotional information (Beevers et al. 2010; Ditcher et al. 2009; Fales et al. 2008).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Ditcher et al. 2009
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- Authors
- Dichter, G. S., Felder, J. N., & Smoski, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dichter, Gabriel S.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 131-142
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2656256
- OpenAlex
- W2066057738
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32-HD40127)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH078145, T32- MH070448)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Center for Research Resources (K12 RR023248)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- unipolar major depression, cognitive control, emotional context, amygdala, prefrontal cortex activation, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, emotional reactivity, oddball paradigm, double dissociation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Brain, Cognition, Major Depressive Disorder, Facial Expression, Female, Frontal Lobe, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Visual Perception, Case-Control Studies, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult
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