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The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005–2008
Open accessAbstract
Objectives Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are essential when evaluating many new treatments in health care; yet, current measures have been limited by a lack of precision, standardization, and comparability of scores across studies and diseases. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) provides item banks that offer the potential for efficient (minimizes item number without compromising reliability), flexible (enables optional use of interchangeable items), and precise (has minimal error in estimate) measurement of commonly studied PROs. We report results from the first large-scale testing of PROMIS items.Study design and setting Fourteen item pools were tested in the U.S. general population and clinical groups using an online panel and clinic recruitment. A scale-setting subsample was created reflecting demographics proportional to the 2000 U.S. census.Results Using item-response theory (graded response model), 11 item banks were calibrated on a sample of 21,133, measuring components of self-reported physical, mental, and social health, along with a 10-item Global Health Scale. Short forms from each bank were developed and compared with the overall bank and with other well-validated and widely accepted ("legacy") measures. All item banks demonstrated good reliability across most of the score distributions. Construct validity was supported by moderate to strong correlations with legacy measures.Conclusion PROMIS item banks and their short forms provide evidence that they are reliable and precise measures of generic symptoms and functional reports comparable to legacy instruments. Further testing will continue to validate and test PROMIS items and banks in diverse clinical populations.
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“Anxiety, pain, and depression were assessed using the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), Anxiety Short Form 8a (PROMIS-ASF), Pain Interference Short Form (PROMIS-PISF), and Depression Short Form 8a (PROMIS-DSF) 36.”
From Effects of a trauma-informed mindful recovery program on comorbid pain, anxiety, and substance use during primary care buprenorphine treatment: A proof-of-concept study (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
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“PROMIS has excellent psychometric properties superior to many other measures available to assess emotional functioning [61].”
From Online parent-targeted cognitive-behavioural therapy intervention to improve quality of life in families of young cancer survivors: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. (2015) · cites this paper as [61]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Scales with four, six, and eight items (short forms) were developed from item banks using item response theory and validated in general and chronic illness populations [28, 29].”
From Feasibility and Acceptability of an Abbreviated, Four-Week Mindfulness Program for Chronic Pain Management. (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
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“These measures have undergone rigorous reliability and validity testing [29–31].”
From Symptom experiences in metastatic breast cancer patients: relationships to activity engagement, value-based living, and psychological inflexibility (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
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“These NIH-funded measures have undergone rigorous psychometric testing [21], and evidence supports their reliability and validity in cancer survivors [19, 22].”
From Symptom experiences in post-treatment cancer survivors: associations with acceptance and commitment therapy constructs. (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
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“After considering several potential instruments for assessing these domains, the RTF concluded that the short-form PROMIS measures1 offered the best trade-off of length with psychometric validity for a minimal dataset.”
From Report of the NIH Task Force on research standards for chronic low back pain. (2014) · cites this paper as [22]
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“Construct validity has been demonstrated with moderate to strong correlations with other well-validated measures. 61”
From Mindfulness and Psychosocial Symptoms in People with Cancer: Testing Rumination and Experiential Avoidance as Mediators, and Sex as a Moderator. (2025) · cites this paper as [61]
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“Personalizing the second line treatment choice through machine learning identified a small group of individuals (around 8%) who would fare better if continued unchanged on their initial treatment. 599”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [599]
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“Machine learning techniques using big datasets offer a promising approach to developing personalized treatments of depression and prediction models for treatment outcomes. 599”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [599]
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“Sleep disturbance (ie, sleep quality) was measured using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) (α=0.97 in our sample) [62].”
From Efficacy of the Mindfulness Meditation Mobile App “Calm” to Reduce Stress Among College Students: Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
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“Activity engagement was assessed with the 6‐item PROMIS measure of ability to participate in roles and activities, including leisure, social roles, and work (including housework).(20) Patients rated each item on a 5‐point scale (1 = always, 5 = never).”
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“122 Our primary outcome was the Patient-Reported Out123 comes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) R ©, 124 patient-centered outcome measures [26], which was ad125 ministered using CAT [27].”
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“PROMIS-29 – Social subscale [34] Social Health Social roles (e.”
BackgroundInfluentialKantrowitz-Gordon, I., McCurry, S. M., Landis, C. A., Lee, R., & Wi, D. (2020) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-020-00675-1 · Cited by 11
“6a) is a six-item selfreport questionnaire for reporting subjective feelings of tiredness and the impact on ability to function normally over the past 7 days [32].”
BackgroundKroska, E. B., Hoel, S., Victory, A., Murphy, S. A., McInnis, M. G., Stowe, Z. N., & Cochran, A. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/17086 · Cited by 12
“An online assessment to complete the PSS-10e [32], the PHQ-9f [33], the PROMIS-29g [37], the AAQ-2h [38], and the CompACTi [39] A phone interviewa to complete the YMRSb [34], the SIGH-Dc [35], and the SF-36d [36] Baseline assessments”
BackgroundMethodFeliu‐Soler, A., Pérez‐Aranda, A., Andrés‐Rodríguez, L., Butjosa, A., Díaz, N. S., Trujols, J., Núñez, C., Stephan‐Otto, C., Rozadilla‐Sacanell, A., Serrano‐Blanco, A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/jabr.12134 · Cited by 12
Pincock, J. S., & Terrill, A. L. (2020) · Spinal cord series and cases · doi:10.1038/s41394-020-0256-y · Cited by 11
Bhardwaj, A. K., Mills, L., Doyle, M., Sahid, A., Montebello, M., Monds, L., Arunogiri, S., Haber, P., Lorenzetti, V., Lubman, D. I., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05616-3 · Cited by 10
“…‘positive’ using qualitative thresholds (e.g. 20 ng/ml in LCMS assays) for more than 30 days after abstinence in chronic heavy cannabis users [58], we will analyse quantitative levels of THC-COOH (creatinine adjusted) to detect differences in cannabis use between the two study groups,…”
MethodDorfman, C. S., Shelby, R. A., Stalls, J. M., Somers, T. J., Keefe, F. J., Vilardaga, J. P., Winger, J. G., Mitchell, K., Ehren, C., & Oeffinger, K. C. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology · doi:10.1089/jayao.2022.0100 · Cited by 10
Evon, D. M., Golin, C. E., Ruffin, R., Ayres, S., & Fried, M. W. (2018) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-018-0285-5 · Cited by 8
“Precise HCV symptoms and treatment side effects were measured using eight short instruments from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS®): depression—8; irritability—8; anxiety—4; fatigue—8; sleep disturbance—8; sleep-related impairment—8; pain intensi…”
MethodPreliminary validation of the Cognitive Affective Mindfulness Scale–Revised in cancer populations
Snyder, S., Secinti, E., Chinh, K., Wu, W., Johns, S. A., & Mosher, C. E. (2024) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.6260 · Cited by 6
Mosher, C. E., Krueger, E., Hirsh, A. T., Miller, K. D., Ballinger, T. J., Storniolo, A. M., Schneider, B. P., Newton, E. V., Champion, V. L., & Johns, S. A. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.106168 · Cited by 6
“and 4-item PROMIS measures of severity and interference, respectively [45, 48].”
BackgroundEvon, D. M., Golin, C. E., Ruffin, R., & Fried, M. W. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2017.03.008 · Cited by 5
O’Bryan, E. M., Davis, E., Beadel, J. R., & Tolin, D. F. (2023) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2022.2117305 · Cited by 5
“Effect size was calculated as Cohen’s dz (dz = t/n 1/2; Lakens, 2013), with 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80 interpreted as small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively (Cohen, 1988).”
MethodInfluentialDorfman, C. S., Shelby, R. A., Stalls, J. M., Thomas, S. M., Arrato, N. A., Herold, B., Somers, T. J., Keefe, F. J., Winger, J. G., Vilardaga, J. P., et al. (2024) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-024-01510-7 · Cited by 3
“Four PROMIS short form instruments [58] are used to assess different domains of social support: (1) the 6-item short form of the PROMIS Emotional Support Scale; (2) the 6-item short form of the PROMIS Instrumental Support Scale; (3) the 6-item short form of the PROMIS Informational Support Scale;…”
MethodInfluentialConradi, H. S. W., Nguyen, T., Lawal, O. A., & Carlson, L. E. (2025) · Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health · doi:10.1177/27536130251367051 · Cited by 1
“61”
Haun, J. N., Fowler, C. A., Smith, B. M., Cao, L., Stroupe, K. T., Lapcevic, W. A., Saenger, M. S., Benzinger, R. C., & French, D. D. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-10816-4 · Cited by 2
Palliative Care Coaching for Family Caregivers of Patients With Advanced Cancer
Odom, J. N., Azuero, A., Taylor, R. A., Young Pierce, J., McGowen, C. L., Pisu, M., Rocque, G., Reed, R. D., Wells, R., Gazaway, S., et al. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.19807
Metadata
- Authors
- Cella, D., Riley, W., Stone, A., Rothrock, N., Reeve, B., Yount, S., Amtmann, D., Bode, R., Buysse, D., Choi, S., Cook, K., DeVellis, R., DeWalt, D., Fries, J. F., Gershon, R., Hahn, E. A., Lai, J.-S., Pilkonis, P., Revicki, D., Rose, M., Weinfurt, K., & Hays, R.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Duke University (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1179-1194
- ISSN
- 0895-4356 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2965562
- OpenAlex
- W2162420979
- Cited by
- 5,128
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 455 · 2025: 526 · 2024: 536 · 2023: 490 · 2022: 516 · 2021: 515 · 2020: 492 · 2019: 368 · 2018: 302 · 2017: 224 · 2016: 190 · 2015: 161 · 2014: 131 · 2013: 107 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 92.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Northwestern University
- University of Washington (U01AR52170, U01AR52155, U01AR52171, U01AR52158)
- University of Pittsburgh (U01AR52155, U01AR52158, U01AR52170, U01AR52171)
- Stony Brook University (U01AR52170)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U01AR052171, U01AR52186, U01AR52181, U01AR52155, U02AR52177, U01AR052186, U01AR52171, U01AR052170, U01AR052158, U01AR52170, U01AR052155, U01AR052177, U01AR52158, U01AR052181)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- PROMIS, patient-reported outcomes, item bank, item response theory, graded response model, scale calibration, short form, construct validity, reliability statistics, global health, physical health, mental health, social health, functional status
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Information Systems, Male, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Disclosure, United States, Patient Satisfaction, Outcome Assessment, Health Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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