Salivary oxytocin concentrations in response to running, sexual self-stimulation, breastfeeding and the TSST: The Regensburg Oxytocin Challenge (ROC) study
Abstract
Intranasal oxytocin (OXT) application is emerging as a potential treatment for socio-emotional disorders associated with abnormalities in OXT system (re-) activity. The crucial identification of patients with such abnormalities could be streamlined by the assessment of basal and stimulus-induced OXT concentrations in saliva, using a simple, stress-free sampling procedure (i.e. an OXT challenge test). We therefore established the Regensburg Oxytocin Challenge (ROC) test to further validate salivary OXT concentrations as a practical, reliable and sensitive biomarker. OXT concentrations were quantified by radioimmunoassay in samples collected at home by healthy adult male and female volunteers before and after running ("Run") or sexual self-stimulation ("Sex"). In lactating women, salivary OXT concentrations were quantified before, during and after breastfeeding. Salivary OXT along with salivary cortisol and heart rate were monitored in healthy adult participants undergoing the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). The home-based "Run" and "Sex" challenges as well as the laboratory-based TSST caused quantifiable, rapid, and consistent increases in salivary OXT (approximately 2.5-fold after 10-15min), which were similar for men and women. Breastfeeding did not result in measurably increased salivary OXT levels, probably because the short pulses of OXT release characteristic for lactation were missed. Taken together, ROC tests reliably assess the responsiveness of the OXT system (i.e., the increase in salivary OXT concentrations as compared to basal levels) to challenges such as "Run" and "Sex" at home or psychosocial stress (TSST) in the laboratory. Further studies with larger sample numbers are essentially needed in order to reveal individual differences in ROC test outcomes depending on, for example, genetic or environmental factors.
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In a steady state, unbound oxytocin and vasopressin should distribute in extravascular fluids, and measurements in saliva might be useful for estimating steady-state secretion.
“In a steady‐state, unbound oxytocin and vasopressin should distribute in extravascular fluids, and measurements in saliva might be useful for estimating steady‐state secretion 119, 130, 131.”
From Measuring Oxytocin and Vasopressin: Bioassays, Immunoassays and Random Numbers (2016) · cites this paper as [130]
Plasma OT levels were measured using an extremely sensitive and specific RIA kit.
“Plasma was extracted and OT levels were measured using an extremely sensitive and specific RIA kit (RIAgnosis, Sinzing, Germany) (Jong et al., 2015, Kagerbauer et al., 2013).”
From Wireless Optogenetic Stimulation of Oxytocin Neurons in a Semi-natural Setup Dynamically Elevates Both Pro-social and Agonistic Behaviors (2020) · cites this paper as Jong et al., 2015
The study cannot completely rule out interactions between differential endogenous OXT levels in EXP 1 and EXP 2 and treatment.
“we cannot completely rule out interactions between differential endogenous OXT levels in EXP 1 and EXP 2 and treatment.”
From Oxytocin Enhancement of Emotional Empathy: Generalization Across Cultures and Effects on Amygdala Activity (2018) · cites this paper as Jong et al., 2015
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- Authors
- Jong, T. R. D., Menon, R., Bludau, A., Grund, T., Biermeier, V., Klampfl, S. M., Jurek, B., Bosch, O. J., Hellhammer, J., & Neumann, I. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 62
- Pages
- 381-388
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2113173770
- Cited by
- 250
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 32.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- salivary oxytocin, oxytocin challenge test, intranasal oxytocin, running, breastfeeding, Trier Social Stress Test, psychosocial stress, salivary cortisol, heart rate, biomarker validation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Breast Feeding, Female, Humans, Male, Masturbation, Middle Aged, Oxytocin, Running, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Young Adult
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