β-glucan attenuates cognitive impairment via the gut-brain axis in diet-induced obese mice
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Abstract
Background: “Western” style dietary patterns are characterized by a high proportion of highly processed foods rich in fat and low in fiber. This diet pattern is associated with a myriad of metabolic dysfunctions, including neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. β-glucan, the major soluble fiber in oat and barley grains, is fermented in the lower gastrointestinal tract, potentially impacting the microbial ecosystem and thus may improve elements of cognition and brain function via the gut-brain axis. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of β-glucan on the microbiota gut-brain axis and cognitive function in an obese mouse model induced by a high-fat and fiber-deficient diet (HFFD). Results: After long-term supplementation for 15 weeks, β-glucan prevented HFFD-induced cognitive impairment assessed behaviorally by object location, novel object recognition, and nesting building tests. In the hippocampus, β-glucan countered the HFFD-induced microglia activation and its engulfment of synaptic puncta, and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) mRNA expression. Also, in the hippocampus, β-glucan significantly promoted PTP1B-IRS-pAKT-pGSK3β-pTau signaling for synaptogenesis, improved the synaptic ultrastructure examined by transmission electron microscopy, and increased both pre- and postsynaptic protein levels compared to the HFFD-treated group. In the colon, β-glucan reversed HFFD-induced gut barrier dysfunction increased the thickness of colonic mucus (Alcian blue and mucin-2 glycoprotein immunofluorescence staining), increased the levels of tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1, and attenuated bacterial endotoxin translocation. The HFFD resulted in microbiota alteration, effects abrogated by long-term β-glucan supplementation, with the β-glucan effects on Bacteroidetes and its lower taxa particularly striking. Importantly, the study of short-term β-glucan supplementation for 7 days demonstrated pronounced, rapid differentiating microbiota changes before the cognitive improvement, suggesting the possible causality of gut microbiota profile on cognition. In support, broad-spectrum antibiotic intervention abrogated β-glucan’s effects on improving cognition, highlighting the role of gut microbiota to mediate cognitive behavior. Conclusion: This study provides the first evidence that β-glucan improves indices of cognition and brain function with major beneficial effects all along the gut microbiota-brain axis. Our data suggest that elevating consumption of β-glucan-rich foods is an easily implementable nutritional strategy to alleviate detrimental features of gut-brain dysregulation and prevent neurodegenerative diseases associated with Westernized dietary patterns.
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Restoring the Bacteroidetes of obese mice fed a high-fat and fiber-deficient diet through oat β-glucan supplementation restored intestinal barrier integrity, including mucus thickness and levels of tight junction proteins.
“Restoring the Bacteroidetes of obese mice fed a high-fat and fiber-deficient diet through oat β-glucan supplementation successfully restored the intestinal barrier integrity, including mucus thickness and levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins.”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [644]
The beneficial effects of β-glucan on cognitive function were lost upon antibiotics administration, indicating that the gut microbiota is a vital mediator of cognitive function.
“the beneficial effects of β-glucan on cognitive function were lost upon antibiotics administration, indicating that the gut microbiota is a vital mediator of cognitive function.”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [644]
β-glucan supplementation attenuated microglial activation and cognitive impairment in the obese mice.
“β-glucan supplementation attenuated microglial activation and cognitive impairment in the obese mice.”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [644]
In another recent animal study, supplementation with the prebiotic beta-glucan abrogated microbiota alterations and cognitive impairment as well as microglia activation and neuroinflammation induced by a high-fat, fiber-deficient diet.
“In another recent animal study, supplementation with the prebiotic β-glucan abrogated microbiota alterations and cognitive impairment as well as microglia activation and neuroinflammation induced by a high-fat, fiber-deficient diet (321).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [321]
The microbiota composition was rescued prior to cognitive changes and the positive effects of beta-glucan were eliminated with antibiotic treatment, suggesting a potential causal relation between diet-induced microbial alterations and cognitive function.
“Importantly, the microbiota composition was rescued prior to cognitive changes and the positive effects of β-glucan were eliminated with antibiotic treatment (321), suggesting a potential causal relation between diet-induced microbial alterations and cognitive function.”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [321]
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- Authors
- Shi, H., Yu, Y., Lin, D., Zheng, P., Zhang, P., Hu, M., Wang, Q., Pan, W., Yang, X., Hu, T., Li, Q., Tang, R., Zhou, F., Zheng, K., & Huang, X.-F.
- Affiliations
- Xuzhou Medical College (CN)
- University of Wollongong (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Yu, Yinghua
- Zheng, Kuiyang
- Huang, Xu-Feng
- ORCID
- Venue
- Microbiome
- Published
- 2020-10-02
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 143-143
- ISSN
- 2049-2618 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7532656
- OpenAlex
- W3090508437
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 9.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Microbiome (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Natural Science Foundation of China)
- Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (19KJA560003)
- the Starting Foundation for Talents of Xuzhou Medical University (D2018003)
- the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions ((PAPD) in 2014)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- gut-brain axis, cognitive impairment, diet-induced obesity, gut microbiota, hippocampus, neuroinflammation, microglial activation, synaptic ultrastructure, tau phosphorylation, intestinal barrier dysfunction, colonic mucus, tight junctions, endotoxin translocation, Bacteroidetes, dietary fiber supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Brain, Dietary Fiber, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Obesity, beta-Glucans, Mice, Diet, High-Fat, Cognitive Dysfunction
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