Core elements in the process of citing publications: Conceptual overview of the literature

In the paper

“Our search of the literature revealed that many empirical studies focus on the cited document side (e.g. the relationship between the number of co-authors of the cited document and its citations), but only a few studies on the citing document side (e.g. the assumed requirements of journals for citing specific documents).”

In the paper

“Thus, the cited documents have not been selected because of their content, but in order to influence the reader as to the claims of the citing author.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gilbert, 1977 source

In the paper

“According to Merton (1973), scientists are motivated to cite their peers, by their belief in the justice of giving credit, and the hope of increasing the likelihood of receiving credit through peer recognition.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Merton, 1973

In the paper

“Citations in scholarly publications are used in very different contexts of research evaluation, which focuses on measurements of research performance, scholarly quality, influence, or impact (Moed, 2017, Moed, 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Moed, 2017
• Not checked yetcites Moed, 2005

In the paper

“Another group of studies (mostly from recent years) have investigated the context of citations (see, e.g., Boyack et al., 2013, Zhao and Strotmann, 2014, Jha et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Boyack et al., 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Zhao and Strotmann, 2014
• Not checked yetcites Jha et al., 2016

In the paper

“Citations are seen as complex processes which cannot be captured by cognitive influence alone .”

In the paper

“In social-constructivist theory, citations are seen as rhetorical devices which are not related to the theory of Merton (1973).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Merton, 1973

In the paper

“The theory has been heavily criticized because it explains only a subset of citation decisions (or nothing at all).”

In the paper

“Nicolaisen (2004) claims that (human) citation behavior can be explained by theories of honesty and deception in animal communication.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nicolaisen, 2004

In the paper

“These elements are the basis for the assessment of many other features of the document, such as its topicality (Wang and Soergel, 1998).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang and Soergel, 1998

In the paper

“He argues that references may be seen as threat signals similar to those in nature such as approaching a rival.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nicolaisen, 2004

In the paper

“The social-constructivist theory questions the validity of the normative assumption of the use of citations as reward .”

In the paper

“The use of citations in these and similar contexts has its roots in citation theories, which have been proposed in the past (see an overview in Cronin, 1984, Nicolaisen, 2007, Davis, 2009, Moed, 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cronin, 1984
• Not checked yetcites Nicolaisen, 2007
• Not checked yetcites Davis, 2009 source

In the paper

“A typical and highly cited paper in this context is Gilbert (1977) who regards citations as tools for persuasion.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gilbert, 1977 source

In the paper

“Nicolaisen (2007, p. 629) suggests that ' the handicap principle ensures that citing authors honestly credit their inspirations and sources to a tolerable degree-enough to save the scientific communication system from collapsing ' .”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nicolaisen, 2007

In the paper

“Similar overviews of studies dealing with factors influencing citations and important elements in the citation process have been published a decade ago (Bornmann and Daniel, 2008b, Nicolaisen, 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bornmann and Daniel, 2008b
• Not checked yetcites Nicolaisen, 2007

In the paper

“Authors would usually not make the risk of losing their reputation by using weak or dishonest references.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nicolaisen, 2004

In the paper

“Many empirical studies focusing on the process of citing have been published to identify factors influencing the number of citations.”

In the paper

“Merton (1973) provides a theoretical basis for scientometrics, in which citations indicate peer recognition through mechanisms such as awards.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Merton, 1973

In the paper

“A higher level of deceit might be seen in young and immature fields with a less attack by skilled authors (Nicolaisen, 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nicolaisen, 2004

In the paper

“He also notes that the level of honesty and deceit varies across scientific communities.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nicolaisen, 2007

In the paper

“In these studies, the words and sentences around citations are analyzed to get to know information about characteristics of the cited work, reasons to cite, and decision rules of the citing authors (Halevi and Moed, 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Halevi and Moed, 2013

In the paper

“For example, it has been shown in several studies that the importance of the journal in a field has an influence on the citation impact of the papers published in the journal (Tahamtan et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tahamtan et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“The potential cost of dishonest referencing, specifically when the citing references are made public, would make authors reconsider their deceiving behavior.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nicolaisen, 2004

In the paper

“Nicolaisen's theory has not been formally tested.”

In the paper

“In a very recent study, for example, Small et al. (2017) investigated the context of a set of citations to find words which characterize the cited research as discoveries in science.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Small et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“A skilled author detects the false reference and then know where to criticize.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nicolaisen, 2004

In the paper

“The first and most prominent theory is the normative citation theory (proposed by Merton) where documents are cited if they have influenced the author of the citing document (Merton, 1973).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Merton, 1973

In the paper

“According to Gilbert (1977), an author selects documents for citing which were published by reputable authors in the field.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gilbert, 1977 source

In the paper

“Many other factors besides cognitive influence and peer recognition have been identified in the past.”

In the paper

“Frandsen and Nicolaisen (2017) compared 67,578 pairs of studies on the same healthcare topic, with the same publication age (1-15 years) and showed that documents selected for citation, have on average received about three times as many citations as unselected documents - slightly more for younger studies than older.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Frandsen and Nicolaisen, 2017

In the paper

“Citing authors might not consider availability when searching and selecting the document, but the document might not have the opportunity of being read if it is hard to obtain (Wang and Soergel, 1998).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang and Soergel, 1998

In the paper

“Specifically, review papers usually have long lists of references and are heavily cited which inflates, e.g. the journal impact factor (JIF) - a well-known journal metric (Seglen, 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Seglen, 1997 source

In the paper

“There is no consensus on the definition of quality and how it should be measured (Hug et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hug et al., 2014

In the paper

“'By taking the number and age of references into account, the 3R avoids some of the problems facing the traditional impact measures' (Nicolaisen and Frandsen, 2008 p. 128-129).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Nicolaisen and Frandsen, 2008

In the paper

“For instance, it has been revealed that a positive correlation exists between citation counts and the number of cited references (Falagas et al., 2013) that is documents with more cited references would achieve more citations (Vieira and Gomes, 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Falagas et al., 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Vieira and Gomes, 2010

In the paper

“In general, hot topics have a higher topicality for citing authors, and in turn attract more attention and citations from the scientific community.”

In the paper

“Researchers have differing attitudes toward quality, so that some consider accuracy and importance of research as higher quality, while for others it is creativity and novelty (Tahamtan et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tahamtan et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Researchers usually prefer to write about hot topics in their areas and thus cite the corresponding literature (Fu and Aliferis, 2010, Gallivan, 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fu and Aliferis, 2010
• Not checked yetcites Gallivan, 2012

In the paper

“It is a more or less subjective construct with no generalizable definition, and is assessed differently in disciplines.”

In the paper

“However, if a new publication captures the attention previously paid to an older publication, the cycle may be broken and the new document might be more attractive for citing (Small, 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Small, 2004 source

In the paper

“One possible reason is that more authors present the results in scientific networks (such as conferences and workshops).”

In the paper

“Journals with international audiences (Annalingam et al., 2014), journals in fast-developing areas, such as genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology (Huang et al., 2012), as well as English language (Bornmann et al., 2012) and interdisciplinary journals (Annalingam et al., 2014) are more likely to be read and cited.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Annalingam et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Huang et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Bornmann et al., 2012

In the paper

“Furthermore, some multidisciplinary journals (e.g. Nature , Science , or Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ) attract cross-field attention; the same is true for journals from certain publishers.”

In the paper

“One possible explanation for such relationship is that 'the more people you cite in your paper, the more people are likely to cite your paper (the paper they were cited in) in the future' (Webster et al., 2009, p. 349).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Webster et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“Team diversity and interdisciplinary cooperation of co-authors (Antoniou et al., 2015), and the availability of former co-authors also increase a document's readership (and citedness) (Collet et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Antoniou et al., 2015 source
• Not checked yetcites Collet et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“For instance, documents with shorter titles might attract more attention than documents with longer titles (Ayres and Vars, 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ayres and Vars, 2000

In the paper

“Well-known, and highly-cited authors (Bornmann and Daniel, 2007), authors well recognized by readers (Bjarnason and Sigfusdottir, 2002), and authors with higher academic rank (Pagel and Hudetz, 2011) attract more attention.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bornmann and Daniel, 2007
• Not checked yetcites Bjarnason and Sigfusdottir, 2002
• Not checked yetcites Pagel and Hudetz, 2011

In the paper

“The former provides readers with comprehensive information and the latter introduces new scientific tools (Padial et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Padial et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“Several organizational features are reviewed by Tahamtan et al. (2016), including number of faculty members, number of published documents, number of productive and prestigious scholars in the department, rank of school or university, language of the institution, interdisciplinarity of the institutions, and the number of scholars in the organization.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Tahamtan et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“When a document is cited, researchers observe that, and this increases their interest in the document and the likelihood of citing (accumulative advantage).”

In the paper

“Webster et al. (2009, p. 356) indicate that in evolutionary psychology, 'reference counts explained 19% of the variance in citation counts'.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Webster et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“In the discussion section of citing documents, other works are contrasted with each other, or the results in the citing documents are presented as alternatives to the results in the cited documents (Bornmann and Daniel, 2008b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bornmann and Daniel, 2008b

In the paper

“The multiple-criteria rule describes a situation where the citing author uses more than one criterion, such as the language of the document, its publisher, and the attractiveness of its topic to accept or reject a document (Wang and Soergel, 1998, Wang and White, 1999).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang and Soergel, 1998
• Not checked yetcites Wang and White, 1999

In the paper

“Documents' values are relevant in the selection, reading, and citation stages.”

In the paper

“The author cites a document to contrast the results in the citing and cited documents.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bornmann and Daniel, 2008b

In the paper

“These are usually the original documents in which an idea, concept, or theory was introduced (Moravcsik and Murugesan, 1975).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Moravcsik and Murugesan, 1975

In the paper

“Therefore, when the decision maker (e.g. the citing author) finds arguments that are strong enough for making a choice, it is proceeded by the feeling of confidence that the decision taken was the correct one to make (Montgomery, 1983, Vermeir et al., 2002).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Montgomery, 1983 source
• Not checked yetcites Vermeir et al., 2002 source

In the paper

“Authors cite certain documents to defend their claims against attack.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites SpiegelRosing, 1977

In the paper

“It is also possible that the citing author disclaims the work or ideas of others or disputes priority claims of others (negative homage) (Garfield, 1962).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Garfield, 1962

In the paper

“The citing author refers to assumed knowledge (that is a general or specific background), or the citing author acknowledges the work of pioneers (Bornmann and Daniel, 2008b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bornmann and Daniel, 2008b

In the paper

“Documents are cited because the citing authors point to used tools, practical techniques, materials, equipment, analysis methods, procedures, or study design (Moravcsik and Murugesan, 1975).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Moravcsik and Murugesan, 1975

In the paper

“When only a few documents on a topic exist, the citing author is likely to apply less strict selection criteria, lower his or her threshold, and reads and cites less relevant documents. This is called the scarcity rule (Wang and Soergel, 1998, Wang and White, 1999).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang and Soergel, 1998
• Not checked yetcites Wang and White, 1999

In the paper

“Authors cite a document in order to correct their own work or the work of others (Garfield, 1962).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Garfield, 1962

In the paper

“Although a variety of decision rules have been proposed for how people choose among plenty of alternatives, it is asserted that the dominance rule is more fundamental than the others (Montgomery, 1983).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Montgomery, 1983 source

In the paper

“The elimination rule applies when the citing author considers only one criterion to evaluate the document values, which is sufficient to reject a document.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang and Soergel, 1998

In the paper

“Citing authors have a variety of reasons to cite documents.”

In the paper

“Similar conclusions have been published by Thornley et al. (2015) from an interview-based citation behaviour study.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Thornley et al. (2015)

In the paper

“Some of the most important features according to which the epistemic value is understood are topicality, novelty, and discipline.”

In the paper

“Decision making typically takes place in a situation where enough information have been gathered that allows each potential choice to be evaluated and compared to the alternatives, and the decision-maker most often selects only one of them (Case and Given, 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Case and Given, 2016

In the paper

“Positive or negative attitudes toward a document's value in the citing author are related to the document, author, and journal features mentioned above.”

In the paper

“Authority mostly affects social value (Wang and Soergel, 1998).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang and Soergel, 1998

In the paper

“The functional value can be influenced by features such as topicality, orientation/level, discipline, expected quality, and recency (Wang and Soergel, 1998).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang and Soergel, 1998

In the paper

“When - from the point of view of the citing author - enough documents on a topic are selected, the citing author does not read any more documents, and the selection and citation process on that topic is terminated. This is called the satisfice rule (Wang and Soergel, 1998, Wang and White, 1999).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang and Soergel, 1998
• Not checked yetcites Wang and White, 1999

In the paper

“In a first attempt, Garfield (1962, p. 85) notes a number of different reasons to cite:”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Garfield, 1962

In the paper

“authors cite to support their claims and to convince readers of their knowledge claims.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gilbert (1977) source

In the paper

“Documents are cited because they present the concepts, definitions, interpretations, or theories which are used in the citing document.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Moravcsik and Murugesan, 1975

In the paper

“Then, the social context suggests that a document is valuable and should be cited (Wang and Soergel, 1998).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang and Soergel, 1998

In the paper

“A citing author assesses a document's value as functional if it is topically relevant and therefore accepts it.”

In the paper

“This type of reasons for citation is deeply rooted in the normative theory of citing.”

In the paper

“In the selection process, each document goes through two main processes: (1) Citing authors have different reasons to cite a document, e.g. the authors criticize the cited work. (2) Citing authors make a choice by applying decision rules .”

In the paper

“Selection decisions of documents for citing are done by single citing authors, however other entities, such as author groups, institutions, or journals play significant roles in this process.”

In the paper

“However, people vary in the level of confidence in their decisions made (Vermeir et al., 2002).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Vermeir et al., 2002 source

In the paper

“In the decision making process, authors try to gather as much information and as many features as they can to reduce their feeling of uncertainty and to make their choice (Case and Given, 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Case and Given, 2016

In the paper

“If a document is the first substantial work on a topic, methodology, or technique or the document's author is the founder of a theory, method, or technique, the probability of citation increases.”

• Also stated in: § 3.2.1 Reasons to cite · p. 16 · plain

  “Citing authors tend to cite the first substantial work (Wang and White, 1999).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang and White, 1999

In the paper

“In a recent study, Catalini et al. (2015) analyzed citations from papers in the Journal of Immunology and identified 2.4% of the total number of citations as negative.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Catalini et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“The citing author points to forthcoming works or refers the reader to additional reading (Garfield, 1962).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Garfield, 1962

In the paper

“For instance, a citation can be set for historical reasons by tracking developments of the sciences.”

In the paper

“Five types of document values have been identified, including epistemic, functional, conditional, social, and emotional values.”

In the paper

“People also need a set of criteria for knowing when they are ready for decisions (Montgomery, 1983).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Montgomery, 1983 source

In the paper

“The study by Riviera (2015, p. 1186) shows that 'Italian scholars cite normatively, paying their intellectual debts and acknowledging colleagues' works'.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Riviera (2015, p. 1186) source

In the paper

“This first attempt already demonstrates that documents are cited for very different reasons, such as showing the theoretical connection between citing and cited documents, or documents are cited for reasons which are not related to research.”

In the paper

“Several document features, including document type and discipline of appearance, influence how documents are cited in the citing document.”

In the paper

“Cano (1989) points out that citations in the introduction are more likely to present background literature than those in other sections.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cano, 1989 source

In the paper

“An important reason for this trend might be that citations were increasingly considered as central elements of academic writing (Bazerman, 1988, Hyland, 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bazerman, 1988
• Not checked yetcites Hyland, 2004

In the paper

“Users with high topic knowledge issue longer and more complex queries during their search than novice users (Hembrooke et al., 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hembrooke et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“Boyack et al. (2018) note that there is a rough consensus in the literature that references located outside the introduction tend to be the most valuable.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Boyack et al., 2018 source

In the paper

“Thus, citation cartels explain relationships between citing and cited authors which are intended to increase the citedness of the citing authors' own papers (Fister Jr et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fister Jr et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“An author's personal knowledge can take a variety of types (Wang and Soergel, 1998), including topic knowledge (who are the relevant authors, when was the topic firstly discussed, and how is it related to the topic at hand), knowledge of the authors (who authored the document - knowledge which is often used to judge topical relevance), knowledge of the journal (by which the document’”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang and Soergel, 1998

In the paper

“For example, the desire of co-authors to cite their own documents influences their selection of documents, or the target journal's instructions influence the authors' decision to cite certain documents.”

In the paper

“Their study shows that 32% of the documents are cited in the introduction, 24% in the methods, 13% in the results, and 31% in the discussion sections.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bornmann and Daniel, 2008a

In the paper

“According to this study, perfunctory citations encompass the largest category of citations in this section (33%).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cano, 1989 source

In the paper

“Besides the features of the cited document , the features of the citing document also influence citation decisions.”

In the paper

“Organic citations comprise the largest category in the middle section (32%) and at the end (41%) of the cited document (Cano, 1989) (see section 3.2).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cano, 1989 source

In the paper

“In contrast, mathematics and computer science as well as social science and humanities have more evenly distributed reference distributions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Boyack et al., 2017

In the paper

“Boyack et al. (2018) indicate that the reference distributions vary in different fields of science (e.g. mathematics and computer science as well as social science and humanities).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Boyack et al., 2018 source

In the paper

“For example, the desire of co-authors to cite their own documents influences their selection of documents, or the target journal's instructions influence the authors' decision to cite certain documents.”

In the paper

“Hu et al. (2015) show that for a repeatedly cited document, its first-time citation is usually perfunctory, unlike the later citations (see section 3.2.1).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hu et al., 2015

In the paper

“The results of Safer and Tang (2009) in psychology reveal that the location predicts the importance of the cited reference.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Safer and Tang, 2009

In the paper

“Reviews usually cite more documents than publications of another document type.”

In the paper

“Glänzel and Thijs (2004) show that multi-authorship increases self-citation rates (and also the probability of being cited by others).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Glänzel and Thijs, 2004

In the paper

“For instance, one study shows that the occurrences of citations are concentrated in the introduction (Hu et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hu et al., 2013

In the paper

“Authors are motivated to cite for scientific or non-scientific reasons (see section 3.2).”

In the paper

“They found similar reference distributions for biomedical and health sciences, life and earth sciences, as well as physical sciences and engineering: 'citation counts of references peak at around the 30th centile, suggesting that methods papers are more highly cited than other types of papers' (p. 20).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Boyack et al., 2017

In the paper

“For instance, documents with high citation counts are more frequently cited in the introduction (34% of the citing document) than documents with low citation counts (30% of the citing documents).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bornmann and Daniel, 2008a

In the paper

“Features of the author (of the citing document) are central elements in the citation process.”

In the paper

“The last decision rule is the chain rule : citing authors prefer to make a collective decision on a set of documents that are connected to each other by a specific relationship, such as a document and its critiques or its citations.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang and Soergel, 1998

In the paper

“Their results show that 'agreement is expressed mostly at the end of a research papers, especially in the 'Discussion' section and towards the end of the 'Results' section. Disagreement is less common in scientific discourse' (p. 1426).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bertin et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Voos and Dagaev (1976) show that not only the reasons for citing a document, but also its relevance for the citing author can be deduced from its location in the citing document.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Voos and Dagaev, 1976

In the paper

“In modern academic writing, citations maintain specific relevance to the citing document (author), and cited documents are discussed in more detail in all sections of the citing document (Swales, 1990, Hyland, 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Swales, 1990
• Not checked yetcites Hyland, 2004

In the paper

“Another study indicates that the highest concentration of citations is in the first 15% of the citing document.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cano, 1989 source

In the paper

“They indicate that documents with low or high citation counts are cited differently in the different sections of citing documents.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bornmann and Daniel, 2008a

In the paper

“The numbers of citations of specific documents and their location in the citing document depend also on the citing document features (e.g. the type of citing document), author features (e.g. the number of authors of the citing document), and journal features (e.g. guidelines of the journal).”

In the paper

“Besides academic background and individual attributes, we would like to mention three further author-related factors influencing citations: citation cartels, number of authors, and self-citations.”

In the paper

“Over the period from 1910 to 1983, the average number of cited references in documents was about ten.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Swales, 1990

In the paper

“Aksnes (2003) shows that the lowest percentage of self-citations in publications by Norwegian authors is in clinical medicine (17%) and the highest percentage is in chemistry and astrophysics (31%).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Aksnes, 2003 source

In the paper

“Some journals determine the number of references that should be used for different types of papers in their guidelines or instructions for authors.”

In the paper

“Besides simply counting the number of citations obtained, citations can be disaggregated based on their different values, including epistemic, functional, conditional, social, and emotional values ( see section 3.1.4 ).”

In the paper

“The conceptual overview shows that citations in citing documents can be explained differently and depends on many factors.”

In the paper

“Small (2004) and other researchers have pointed out that normative and constructivist theories should be combined in one theory (Liu, 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Small, 2004 source
• Not checked yetcites Liu, 1997

In the paper

“Each single citation process probably has its own characteristics across the core elements in the model and their assigned factors, rules, and reasons (Bornmann and Marx, 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bornmann and Marx, 2012

In the paper

“Citation cartels (see section 3.3.3) also refer to journal editors who use inter-journal citations to increase the JIF of their journals (Garfield, 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Garfield, 2006 source

In the paper

“These reasons can be assigned to different degrees of relevance for scientific progress: for instance, methodological or operational reasons can be assigned a higher relevance than perfunctory reasons.”

In the paper

“Latour (1987) draws attention to the fact that citations vary widely from one situation to another and that authors have different reasons to cite.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Latour, 1987

In the paper

“One reason for this result of the overview might be that many citation studies are driven by the available data and full text is only recently becoming more easily available.”

In the paper

“The conceptual overview of the literature in this study can be seen as an alternative to the proposed theories of citation, because it points to the most important elements - the core elements - in the citation process.”

In the paper

“A uthors use citations to support their knowledge claims and indicate with this that their work is scientific.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Latour, 1987

In the paper

“Luukkonen (1997) notes that this explanation does not legitimate major uses of citation, its use as a performance measure, or as an indication of the development of specialties, as in co-citation analysis.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Luukkonen, 1997 source

In the paper

“According to Leydesdorff (1998), however, a comprehensive theory of citation could not be formulated in the 20 th century and even later on.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Leydesdorff, 1998 source

In the paper

“For instance, based on the 'manuscript formatting guide' of Nature , articles (original reports) should have no more than 50 references. In Science , research articles should have about 40 references.”

In the paper

“Thus, citations can simply be counted; however, using their perceived values in the citing document, new kinds of citation analyses seem possible (Boyack et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Boyack et al., 2017

In the paper

“Selection decisions can be assessed by empirically analyzing the online activity surrounding documents, including the number of times a document is viewed, downloaded, or saved from publishers' web sites and discussed or recommended on social media (Lin and Fenner, 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lin and Fenner, 2013

In the paper

“The availability of citation context information in new sources of citation data, such as Microsoft Academic, opens new opportunities to study document values and possible reasons to cite (Haunschild et al., 2017, Hug et al., 2017, Hug and Brändle, in press, Zhang et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Haunschild et al., 2017
• Not checked yetcites Hug et al., 2017
• Not checked yetcites Zhang et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“The WoS and Scopus platforms also provide researchers with usage counts for publications, enabling researchers to analyze the usage data and to explore usage patterns (Wang et al., 2016, Thelwall et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2016 source
• Not checked yetcites Thelwall et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“However, these further citation theories have not reached the importance of the normative and constructivist theories.”

In the paper

“Luukkonen (1997) further explains that one advantage of Latour's theory over the normative theory is that the former paints a coherent picture of the actual use of citations, and that citations perform different functions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Luukkonen, 1997 source

In the paper

“According to this theory, the general role of citations is uniformly that of supporting knowledge claims.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Latour, 1987

In the paper

“The overview starts with an explanation of three important citation theories, because many empirical studies in this area are rooted in these theories (especially the normative and constructivist theories).”

In the paper

“Although a higher number of citing authors can lead to more citations in the citing document, the number of self-citations can only explain a (small) part of the increased overall citation rates.”

In the paper

“Citations can also be disaggregated by the reasons of the citing authors (e.g. to support own knowledge claims or to criticize other research).”

In the paper

“Thus, citation cartels additionally explain relationships between editor and citing author (Fister Jr et al., 2016) and thus the corresponding inclusion of cited references in citing documents.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fister Jr et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“These core elements have been identified in the manifold literature on the process and condensed in a schematic representation.”

In the paper

“These citations might be added to documents in the field in a ritualized way which leads to an additional increase in citation rates of landmark papers or citation classics.”