Cited by 1,349Personality Traits and PsychologyPersonality Disorders and PsychopathologyPsychological Testing and Assessment

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The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism.

Ames, Daniel R., Rose, Paul, Anderson, Cameron P.·2006·Journal of Research in Personality

DOI 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002

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A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity
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A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity.
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Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model
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Accuracy and bias in self-perception: Individual differences in self-enhancement and the role of narcissism.
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“To address narcissism as a unidimensional construct, we selected the 16-item shortened Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16) (Ames, Rose, and Anderson 2006; Raskin and Terry 1988).”
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“The 16-item Narcissism Personality Index, Short Form (see Ames et al., 2006 for psychometric properties) was utilized to assess general narcissistic characteristics (M¼ 3.11, SD¼ 0.40, a¼ 0.74).”
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“Narcissism Narcissism will be measured using a scale previously reported elsewhere [22].”
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“Ames et al. (2006) NPI-16, which was derived from the longer 40-item version (Raskin & Terry, 1988), was used to assess overt or gran-diose narcissism.”
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“Ames DR, Rose P, Anderson CP.”
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“For the NPI dataset, we compare our procedure to a published reduced-form NPI battery (Ames et al., 2006).”
Method
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Method
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Background
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“To measure narcissism, participants completed the 16-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16; Ames et al., 2006).”
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“The NPI-16 employs a forced-choice format presenting participants with a narcissistic and non-narcissistic statement.”
Influential
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“Leader narcissism : We measured leader narcissism using the 16-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16; Ames et al., 2006).”
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“Narcisstic Personality Inventory-16 (NPI-16) is a measure of subclinical narcissism that shows meaningful face, internal, discriminant, and predictive validity (Ames et al., 2006).”
Background
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“They constitute widely used measurements of narcissism [20,21]; however, they are not specific to old age populations.”
Background
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Katedra psychológie, F. F., & Urukovičová, N. (2022) · Ceskoslovenska psychologie · doi:10.51561/cspsych.66.3.315 · Cited by 4
The Correlation Between Narcissistic Tendency and Subjective Well Being with the Intensity of TikTok Social Media Use on Adolescents
Rahayu, S. E. P., & Hamidah, T. (2022) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.220404.285 · Cited by 4
Like Leader, Like Follower: Impact of Leader–Follower Identification Transfer on Follower Outcomes
Ishaq, E., Bouckenooghe, D., & Zakariya, R. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09860-w · Cited by 6
“For this purpose, a separate survey was developed that included the 6 items of narcissistic OI, the 6-item measure of OI (Mael & Ashforth, 1992), the 16-item scale of narcissism (Ames et al., 2006) and the 7-item scale of psychological ownership (Van Dyne & Pierce, 2004).”
Method
The role of leadership and organizational learning in fostering high performance of tourism firms in Vietnam
Khương, M. N., & Do, T. T. (2023) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2022.2164139 · Cited by 3
“, 2003) and narcissism was measured based on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Ames et al., 2006; Raskin & Terry, 1988).”
Method
Sosyal karşılaştırma eğilimin sosyal ağlardaki gösteriş tüketimi etkisinde kendini tanıtma arzusunun aracı rolü: Z kuşağı üzerinde bir araştırma
Güneş, H., Altunışık, R., & Sarıkaya, N. (2023) · Business & Management Studies: An International Journal · doi:10.15295/bmij.v11i2.2231 · Cited by 2
Initial report of the Argumentativeness Index of Behavioral Indicators for measuring trait argumentativeness
Wigley, C. J., Rancer, A. S., & Lin, Y. (2023) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463373.2023.2228864 · Cited by 3
“Specifically, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16 (NPI-16) uses a scoring mechanism that offered a demonstrated practical alternative to traditional Likert scales in having respondents elect among individual pairs of items reflecting either high or low narcissistic tendencies (Ames et al., 2006). We used that me…”
BackgroundMethod
An exploration of the link between narcissism, masochism, and crime in a post-incarcerated sample
Piros, H. I., Bauman, A., & Clark, C. B. (2023) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2023.07.008 · Cited by 3
The Type to Take Out a Loan? A Study of Developer Personality and Technical Debt
Graf‐Vlachy, L., & Wagner, S. (2023) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Technical Debt (TechDebt) · doi:10.1109/techdebt59074.2023.00010 · Cited by 3
“We measured narcissism using the short version of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16) [52].”
MethodResult
A Narcissism/Vanity Distinction? Reassessing Vanity Using a Modern Model of Narcissism Based on Pride, Empathy, and Social Behaviors
Wheeler, M. A., Burns, L. R., & Stephenson, P. L., III (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13090762 · Cited by 3
“The Narcissism Personality Inventory-16 [2,55] or NPI-16 assesses subclinical narcis-sism, considering the traditional characteristics of narcissism associated with grandiose narcissism (exhibitionism, grandiosity, self-entitlement, etc.).”
Influential
Self-esteem, but not age, moderates the influence of viewing social media on body image in adult females.
Price, M. J., Pink, A. E., Anagnostopoulou, V., Branford, L., Fleming, C., Jenkins, G., Jones, L., Lovesey, C., Mehta, A., & Gatzemeier, J. (2023) · Psychology of Popular Media · doi:10.1037/ppm0000493 · Cited by 6
The multilevel correlates, contributions, and consequences of leader humility in humanitarian aid work
Davis, E. B., Barneche, K., Aten, J. D., Shannonhouse, L., Wang, D., Tongeren, D. R. V., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Chen, Z. J., Lefevor, G. T., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1188109 · Cited by 6
“…perceived as high in both trait humility and narcissism (defined as heightened self-focus, assertiveness, confidence, entitlement, and ambition; Ames et al., 2006; Owens et al., 2015) were perceived most positively (e.g., as higher in leadership effectiveness and potential) and had workers who…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
An Exploration of the Interplay Between Narcissistic and Empathetic Traits and Attitudes Towards Coercive Controlling Behaviours in Intimate Partner Relationships
Felton, L. M. (2024) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-024-00360-9 · Cited by 4
Narcissism, perfectionism, and self-promoting behavior on social networking sites among university students in Pakistan
Abbasi, N. U. H., Arshad, Q., Wang, T., & Hadi, A. S. (2024) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.545411 · Cited by 3
“Closely related is the topic of problematic social networking sites usage defined by Ames et al. (2006) as being preoccupied and motivated with the strong usage of social networking sites, and leading to impairments in social, personal and/or professional life, as well as psychological health and…”
Background
Does Mindfulness Decrease or Increase Egoic Functioning? Diverging Evidence From Different Study Designs
Nyklı́ček, I., Ostafin, B. D., & Boekhorst, M. G. B. M. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02351-4 · Cited by 3
“Narcissism Narcissism was assessed with the Narcissism Personality Inventory-16 (Ames et al., 2006), which uses a forced choice scale (e.g. “I prefer to blend in with the crowd” vs. “I like to be the centre of attention”).”
Adaptation of the Short Dark Triad (SD3) to Spanish Adolescents
Abilleira, M. P., Rodicio-García, M.-L., Ríos-de-Deus, M.-P., & del Hierro, T. A. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14060105 · Cited by 3
“To measure the constructs that comprise the dark triad, specific scales from broader instruments have been used for psychopathy [7,8], Machiavellianism [9], and narcis-sism [10,11].”
Method
The Effect of Self-Esteem on the Development of Narcissistic Behavior Among Students Engaged in Social Media
Hafni, M. (2025) · Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.51214/002025071267000 · Cited by 4
Examining the Role of Personality Factors in Problematic Video Game Play Associated with Facebook Games
Groves, S. J., Skues, J., & Wise, L. Z. (2015) · Social Networking · doi:10.4236/sn.2015.43010 · Cited by 3
Transparency for the Public Good: When Feeling Powerful Does and Does Not Affect Willingness to Sacrifice for the Environment
Conlon, K. E., & Rose, P. (2017) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2017.1299676 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Relationship of Self-Esteem with Quality of Life and Narcissism in Veterans and Disabled Professional Cyclists
Zar, A., Ahmadi, M., Ahmadi, F., & Gharache, N. A. (2017) · مجله طب جانباز · doi:10.18869/acadpub.ijwph.9.2.91 · Cited by 3
A Review at the Influence of Founders’ Narcissism on Enterprise Transformation Performance
Weng, B., Su, Y., & Zhang, C. (2018) · Journal of Service Science and Management · doi:10.4236/jssm.2018.111012 · Cited by 3
“Definition of Narcissistic Leadership The concept of “narcissism” derives from the mythology of the ancient Greek “narcissus” (Narcissus), defined as “a complex personality trait that includes both the HTC and the fragile self-awareness and the extreme desire for success and praise” [2].”
Background

Authors: Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
Union College (US)
New York University (US)
Corresponding author: Ames, Daniel R.
ORCID: Ames, Daniel R.
Anderson, Cameron P.
Venue: Journal of Research in Personality
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-08
Volume: 40
Issue: 4
Pages: 440-450
ISSN: 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002
OpenAlex: W2072616714
Cited by: 1,349
References: 18
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 4.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: narcissism, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, personality assessment, self-enhancement, construct validity, respondent fatigue

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