Cited by 1,349Personality Traits and PsychologyPersonality Disorders and PsychopathologyPsychological Testing and Assessment

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The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism.

Ames, Daniel R., Rose, Paul, Anderson, Cameron P.·2006·Journal of Research in Personality

DOI 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002

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Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
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A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity
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Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model
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Detecting Personality Traits Using Inter-Hemispheric Asynchrony of the Brainwaves
Sharan, R. V., Berkovsky, S., Taib, R., Koprinska, I., & Li, J. (2020) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176108 · Cited by 12
“Conscientiousness [4,20] [9,12] [12,14] [15,20]”
MethodInfluential
Bulls in a China Shop: Narcissism, Intragroup Conflict, and Task Cohesion
Boulter, M. W., Hardy, J., Roberts, R., & Woodman, T. (2021) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2021-0133 · Cited by 12
“2 Measures 3 Narcissism 4 We used the 16-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16; Ames et al., 2006) to 5 measure narcissism.”
MethodInfluential
YÖNETİCİLERDE NARSİSİZM ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Çoban, H., & İrmiş, A. (2018) · International Journal of Management Economics and Business · doi:10.17130/ijmeb.2018137577 · Cited by 16
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Exploring the Dark side of conscientiousness. The relationship between conscientiousness and its potential derailers: perfectionism and narcissism
Coleman, G., Furnham, A. F., & Treglown, L. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03828-y · Cited by 17
“Contrary to H5, there was a significant positive relationship between LMX and NPI scores, compared to the hypothesized negative relationship.”
MethodInfluential
Investigating consumer ethical beliefs: role of moral philosophies and personality traits
Gala, P., Chauhan, R. S., King, R. A., & Vitell, S. J. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-01-2021-4396 · Cited by 11
The Pathological Narcissism Inventory: Measurement Invariance Across Serbian and USA Samples and Further Validation
Dinić, B. M., & Vujić, A. (2019) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000537 · Cited by 12
Duplicitous Me: Communal Narcissists and Public Service Motivation
Fennimore, A. K. (2020) · Public Personnel Management · doi:10.1177/0091026019900355 · Cited by 16
“Each Cronbach’s alpha in Table 2 is consistent with, or higher than, contemporary norms in the literature (see Ames et al., 2006; Ashton & Lee, 2009; Gebauer et al., 2012; Hart et al., 2015; S. Kim et al., 2013).”
Result
Examining generational differences in the workplace: Work centrality, narcissism, and their relation to employee work engagement
Fenzel, J. L. (2013) · UWM Digital Commons (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee) · Cited by 11
The Relationships Between Attachment Styles and Narcissism among Students of Shahid Chamran University in Iran
Ahmadi, V., Ahmadi, S., Honarmand, M. M., Zargar, Y., Arshadi, N., & Mirshekar, S. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.537 · Cited by 11
Age Differences in the Desirability of Narcissism
Berenson, K. R., Ellison, W. D., & Clasing, R. (2017) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000240 · Cited by 11
“This measure includes 16 of the NPI’s forced-choice questions and is strongly correlated with the full NPI (r = .90; Ames et al., 2006), α = .81.”
Method
Take your ethics and shove it! Narcissists' angry responses to ethical leadership
Fox, F. R., Smith, M. B., & Webster, B. D. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.112032 · Cited by 11
Personality Traits, Narcissism and TikTok Addiction: A Parallel Mediation Approach
Asad, K., Ali, F., & Awais, M. (2022) · International Journal of Media and Information Literacy · doi:10.13187/ijmil.2022.2.293 · Cited by 16
Socioeconomic Status and Meta-Perceptions: How Markers of Culture and Rank Predict Beliefs About How Others See Us
Engstrom, H. R., Laurin, K., Kay, N., & Human, L. J. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231171435 · Cited by 14
“Participants reported two facets of self-regard: self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965) and narcissism (Ames et al., 2006).”
Background
The Dual Systems Model—Impulsivity and Narcissism as the Reflexive System and Self-Regulation as the Reflective System—of Smartphone Addiction
Tan, K., Jaafar, N. R. N., Bahar, N., Ibrahim, N., Baharudin, A., Ismail, W. S. W., Aziz, M. A., & Sim, S. T. (2024) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2023.0337 · Cited by 11
Examining the link between narcissism and perceived inequity: the mediating role of sense of entitlement
Queiri, A., & Alhejji, H. (2025) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-07-2024-4654 · Cited by 11
Who Falls for Misinformation and Why?
Hubeny, T. J., Nahon, L. S., Ng, N. L., & Gawronski, B. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251328800 · Cited by 14
“Participants completed the 16-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Ames et al., 2006), a measure of grandiose narcissism.”
COMPARISON OF NARCISSISM LEVELS OF STUDENTS IN THE FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCES IN TERMS OF SOME DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
Yılmaz, A. K., Çavuşoğlu, G., Kabadayı, M., ABACI, H. S., & Taşmektepligil, M. Y. (2017) · Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.15314/tsed.296702 · Cited by 10
“(1), which had 16 questions, was used as data collection tool (1).”
Method
PENGUKURAN NARSISME CEO DALAM PENELITIAN DI BIDANG BISNIS, MANAJEMEN DAN AKUNTANSI: SEBUAH STUDI LITERATUR
Ernawan, K., & Daniel, D. R. (2020) · JURNAL AKUNTANSI DAN BISNIS Jurnal Program Studi Akuntansi · doi:10.31289/jab.v6i1.2861 · Cited by 10
Selfless or Selfish? The impact of message framing and egoistic motivation on narcissists’ compliance with preventive health behaviors during COVID-19
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Subaşı, B., & Okray, Z. (2021) · doi:10.35365/ctjpp.21.2.09 · Cited by 10
“Later, NPI-40 was revised by Ames et al. (2006) and restructured to include 6 factors consisting of 16 questions.”
Method
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Nguyen, N. N., Takahashi, Y., & Nham, T. P. (2022) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-07-2021-0515 · Cited by 10
The ‘selves’ in banned performance enhancement: Investigating narcissism and compassion in the context of doping
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Husain, W. (2023) · Journal of Skin and Stem Cell · doi:10.5812/jssc-137387 · Cited by 10
“The generalized anxiety disorder assessment 7 (GAD-7) (6), Narcissistic Personality Inventory 16 (NPI-16) (7), and short version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (8) were used to measure the convergent validity of the Charismaphobia Scale.”
Method
Examining generational differences in the workplace: narcissism, work centrality, and the impact on employee engagement and discretionary effort
Burawat, P. (2023) · Industrial and Commercial Training · doi:10.1108/ict-05-2022-0035 · Cited by 25
“I deserve better grades.” Compliance-gaining perspective of dark triad traits, power distance and academic entitlement in Chinese higher education
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The Relationship between Narcissism, Oral Health Status and Oral Health-related Behaviors
Dumitrescu, A. L., Zetu, L., Zetu, M., & Păcurar, M. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.338 · Cited by 10
“In order to evaluate narcissism we used the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16) (Ames, Rose, and Anderson 2006) derived from the NPI-40 (Raskin and Terry, 1988).”
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Holm, H. J., & Samahita, M. (2018) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2018.02.008 · Cited by 10
“After the last BDM stage, subjects complete a second questionnaire containing a brief cognitive reflection test, social media and prosocial habits, the Big 5 Inventory, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) (Ames et al., 2006) and control questions about if they had learned from someone about the content of the…”
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A Brief Measure of Narcissism Among Female Juvenile Delinquents and Community Youths: The Narcissistic Personality Inventory–13
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Paradoxical Knowing
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Dark Triad traits and perceived quality of alternative partners
Brewer, G., Erickson, E., Whitaker, L., & Lyons, M. T. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109633 · Cited by 10
Self-deception and discrepancies in self-evaluation
Uziel, L., & Cohen, B. (2020) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104008 · Cited by 8
When does being in a talent pool reap benefits? The moderating role of narcissism
Kanabar, J., & Fletcher, L. (2020) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2020.1840846 · Cited by 10
Do narcissistic employees remain silent? Examining the moderating roles of supervisor narcissism and traditionality in China
Min, W., Zhang, Y.-J., & Li, M.-Z. (2021) · Asian Business & Management · doi:10.1057/s41291-021-00153-3 · Cited by 9
Essential item purchases during COVID-19: A cluster analysis of psychographic traits
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“Questionnaire items were developed from established scale of previous research of our five main traits: narcissism (NPI-16; Ames et al., 2006); psychological entitlement (Campbell et al., 2004); status consumption (Eastman et al., 1999); fear of embarrassment (Gee et al., 2012) and fear of missing…”
MethodInfluential
Self‐enhancement and physical health: A meta‐analysis
Zell, E., Stockus, C. A., Lesick, T. L., & Sedikides, C. (2022) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12577 · Cited by 9
“, 1965), Marlowe-Crowne social desirability (MCSD; Crowne & Marlowe, 1960; Reynolds, 1982), narcissistic personality inventory (NPI; Ames et al., 2006; Raskin & Terry, 1988) or other.”
Background
Upsetting the apple cart: Within-team profiles of intragroup conflict and their associations with narcissism
Boulter, M. W., Roberts, R., & Hardy, J. (2022) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102291 · Cited by 10
The relationship between Narcissism, Social Media usage motivation and Conspicuous leisure consumption among MZ generation
Jang, N., Joo, J., & Shin, K. (2022) · Korean Journal of Leisure, Recreation & Park · doi:10.26446/kjlrp.2022.9.46.3.53 · Cited by 10
COVID-19 prevention behaviour is differentially motivated by primary psychopathy, grandiose narcissism and vulnerable Dark Triad traits
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Who is interested in personality? The Interest in Personality Scale and its correlates
Goh, J. X., Schlegel, K., Tignor, S. M., & Hall, J. A. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.366 · Cited by 10
CEO Humility: Development of an Unobtrusive Measure and Strategic Implications
Beauchesne, M. M. (2014) · doi:10.25148/etd.fi14110729 · Cited by 10
Linguistic markers of grandiose narcissism: A LIWC analysis of 15 samplesPreprint
Holtzman, N. S., Tackman, A. M., Deters, F. G., Back, M. D., Donnellan, B. M., Pennebaker, J. W., Sherman, R. A., & Mehl, M. R. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/aeuzk · Cited by 11
Narcissism and self-versus recipient-oriented imagery in charitable giving.
Kang, E., & Lakshmanan, A. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218764658 · Cited by 9
“The NPIs (NPI-16, NPI-40; Ames et al., 2006; Raskin & Terry, 1988) are not appropriate for understanding clinical or maladaptive aspects of narcissism (Twenge et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
CEO Humility, Corporate Entrepreneurship, and the Moderating Influence of Discretionary Forces in the Task Environment
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“Narcissism was measured with the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16, Ames, Rose, and Anderson 2006).”
Method
To share or not to share? A double-edge effect of narcissism on knowledge sharing in hospitality
Wang, Z., Yang, S., Li, X., Liu, P., & Liu, N. (2023) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103637 · Cited by 11
Exploring the determinants of fashion clothing rental consumption among young Indians using the extended theory of reasoned action
Kala, D., & Chaubey, D. S. (2024) · Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication · doi:10.1108/gkmc-12-2023-0501 · Cited by 9
The role of narcissism and motivated reasoning on misinformation propagation
Haupt, M. R., Cuomo, R. E., Mackey, T. K., & Seana Coulson, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2024.1472631 · Cited by 10
A Stressor-Emotion–CWB and social exchange perspective on the relationship between role overload and cyberloafing
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Generative AI (GAI) adoption in hotels and resorts: understanding competitive advantage using longitudinal & multi-group study
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CFO narcissism and the power of persuasion over analysts: a mixed-methods approach
Ham, C., Piorkowski, M., Seybert, N., & Wang, S. (2025) · Review of Accounting Studies · doi:10.1007/s11142-025-09902-7 · Cited by 9
“7 Research finds that exploitativeness is a key component of clinical narcissism (Raskin and Hall 1979; Emmons 1984; Ames et al. 2006), which suggests that narcissistic CFOs may be more likely to pressure analysts for desired outcomes. likely to engage with bearish analysts on conference calls,…”
For a Better Use of Special Treatment: An Individual Approach
Butori, R. (2010) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) · doi:10.1177/205157071002500102 · Cited by 9
How Do We Demonstrate Oneness as a Behavior? Operationalizing Oneness Through Scale Measurement
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Dark Side of Leadership in Educational Setting
Arif, S. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.78790 · Cited by 9
“However, DTs are not such an unusual phenomenon [11]; Dark personalities embody many desirable traits like charm, leadership, assertiveness and impression management skills [12, 13].”
Background
Adaptive Inventories
Montgomery, J., & Rossiter, E. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108862516 · Cited by 8
The Antecedents to Habitual Entrepreneurship: Exploring the Role of Entrepreneurs’ Narcissism and Educational Level
Leonelli, S. (2022) · Entrepreneurship Research Journal · doi:10.1515/erj-2021-0228 · Cited by 9
How does competition enable social comparison? A comparison of behavior in competitive internet-based games
Lee, Y.-H., Chang, W.-Y., & Li, S. (2024) · Information Technology and Management · doi:10.1007/s10799-024-00419-0 · Cited by 9
More f#!%ing rudeness: reliable personality predictors of verbal rudeness and other ugly confrontational behaviors
Park, A., Ickes, W. J., & Robinson, R. L. (2013) · Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research · doi:10.1108/jacpr-04-2013-0009 · Cited by 9
Narcissism and Hypomania Revisited: a Test of the Similarities and Differences in Their Empirical Networks
Siedor, L. E., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Miller, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2016) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-016-9408-4 · Cited by 9
“NPI = Narcissistic Personality Inventory; HSNS =Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale; HPS Total = Hypomanic Personality Scale; SV = social vitality subscale of the Hypomanic Personality Scale; MV = mood volatility subscale of the Hypomanic Personality Scale; E = excitement subscale of the Hypomanic Personality Scale.”
MethodInfluential
Detectability and desirability of fear of being single in online dating profiles
Spielmann, S. S., & Gahman, K. P. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12597 · Cited by 12
The Dark Triad, emotional intelligence, self-monitoring and executive coach effectiveness and satisfaction
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“Narcissism: Narcissism was measured using the short form of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16: Ames et al., 2006).”
MethodResult
Narcissism, Empathy, and Rape Myth Acceptance Among Heterosexual College Males
Long, A. D., & Herr, N. R. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02256-6 · Cited by 9
“Grandiose Narcissism The Narcissistic Personality Inventory 16-Item (NPI) is a 16-item version of the original 40-item self-report NPI scale that uses forced-choice options to measure sub-clinical, grandiose traits of narcissism (Ames et al., 2006).”
Background
Pay it forward or keep it for myself? How narcissism shapes daily prosocial motivation and behavior after receiving help
Zhong, M., Gao, Z., & Song, L. J. (2022) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103721 · Cited by 13
Validation of self-report measures of narcissism against a diagnostic interview
Baggio, S., Iglesias, K., Duarte, M., Nicastro, R., Hasler, R., Euler, S., Debbané, M., Starčević, V., & Perroud, N. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266540 · Cited by 9
“Participants with NPD had significantly higher mean scores on all self-report narcissism scales than those without NPD (PNI grandiosity: p< .001, mean difference = 14.4; PNI vulnerability: p = .002, mean PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266540 April 6, 2022 4 / 9 difference = 16.1; NPI: p< .001, mean d…”
MethodInfluential
Leader status and team performance—the role of leader popularity and leader narcissism
Yang, N., Chen, H., Li, X., Yu, M., & Wang, X.-H. F. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03240-6 · Cited by 9
“But it wasn't really cheating”: Dark Triad traits and perceptions of infidelity
Brewer, G., Guothova, A., & Tsivilis, D. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111987 · Cited by 9
Yengeç Sepeti Sendromu
Murat, A. Y. A. R. (2023) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub136.c567 · Cited by 10
Do consumer choices augment narcissism? The role of self-referent processing
Kokkoris, M. D., Sedikides, C., & Kühnen, U. (2018) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2018.1486881 · Cited by 9
I Sang, Therefore I am! Uses and Gratifications of Self-Mocking Memes and the Effects on Psychological Well-Being
Miao, L., & Hua, F. (2018) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2018040103 · Cited by 10
L’usage problématique des réseaux sociaux chez les jeunes adultes : quels liens avec l’exposition de soi, l’estime de soi sociale et la personnalité ?
Simion, O., & Dorard, G. (2020) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2019.05.001 · Cited by 9
Who Posts Selfies and Why?: Personality, Attachment Style, and Mentalization as Predictors of Selfie Posting on Social Media
Adler, N. L. (2017) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 9
Predicting Romantic Interest during Early Relationship Development: A Preregistered Investigation using Machine LearningPreprint
Eastwick, P. W., Joel, S., Molden, D. C., Finkel, E. J., & Carswell, K. L. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/sh7ja · Cited by 9
Narcissism and Self-Esteem: A Nomological Network AnalysisPreprint
Hyatt, C. S., Sleep, C. E., Sedikides, C., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2tx8q · Cited by 9
Narcissism, Social Experiences, and Mood in Late Life
Zhang, S., Kim, Y. K., Fingerman, K. L., Birditt, K. S., & Charles, S. T. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbac019 · Cited by 10
Narcissistic coaches and athletes’ individual rowing performance
Nevicka, B., van Gerven, E. J. G., & Sedikides, C. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48239-6 · Cited by 8
“We used the 16-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI 41 ) to assess athletes’ perceptions of coach narcissism 42 .”
Method
How narcissism, promotion criteria, and empowering leadership jointly influence creativity through diverse information searching: An expectancy perspective
Liu, Z., Zhou, K., & Wang, J. (2024) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267241239855 · Cited by 8
“Narcissism ( α = 0.74) was measured using the 16-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Ames et al., 2006).”
Influential
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“Narcissistic Personality Inventory – 16 (NPI-16; Ames et al., 2006 ).”
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Authors: Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
Union College (US)
New York University (US)
Corresponding author: Ames, Daniel R.
ORCID: Ames, Daniel R.
Anderson, Cameron P.
Venue: Journal of Research in Personality
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-08
Volume: 40
Issue: 4
Pages: 440-450
ISSN: 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002
OpenAlex: W2072616714
Cited by: 1,349
References: 18
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 4.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: narcissism, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, personality assessment, self-enhancement, construct validity, respondent fatigue

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