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The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism.

Ames, Daniel R., Rose, Paul, Anderson, Cameron P.·2006·Journal of Research in Personality

DOI 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002

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A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity.
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“Narcissism was measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16 (Ames et al., 2006).”
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“(2013) observed concerning the more popular narcissismmeasure - NPI (Ames et al. 2006; Raskin and Terry 1988), the factors of the NSS may be emergent and inductive which 1815 Curr Psychol (2020) 39:1808–1818”
Background
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“Narcissistic Personality Inventory - 16 The Narcissistic Personality Inventory – 16 (NPI-16; Ames et al. 2006) is an abbreviated unidimensional version of the original Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI; Raskin and Hall 1979, 1981).”
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Narcissistic consumers in retail settings
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“The knowledge of consumers’ narcissism could noticeably enhance the ability of retailers to enhance the sale of high-status products and high-status retail store patronage, especially given the availability of shorter measurements for the construct (Ames et al., 2006).”
Background
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“Recently, the need for developing brief, efficient self-report measures of psychological constructs has been emphasized by several authors (Ames et al. 2005; Donnellan et al. 2006; Gosling et al. 2003; Jonason and Webster 2010; Pechorro et al. 2015, 2016; Rammstedt and John 2007; Robins et al.…”
Background
The Moderating Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on the Relationship between Narcissism and Outcomes: An Application of Trait Activation Theory
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“The NPI-16, which is a shorter subset of items from the NPI-40 (Raskin and Terry, 1988), is recommended for field studies and other situations in which respondents may be unwilling or unable to fill out the NPI40 (Ames et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethod
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“, 2001), the Brief Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ-B; Raine & Benishay, 1995), the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16; Ames et al., 2006), the Hypersensitivity Narcissism Scale (HSNS; Hendin & Cheek, 1997), the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1980), and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS…”
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“The NPI was developed by Ames, Rose, and Anderson [37] as a 16-item scale that comprises items taken from the larger NPI-40 [6] for the purpose of determining narcissistic personality features.”
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“Similarly, six grandiose narcissism items were adopted from Jones and Paulhus (2014) and Ames et al. (2006), and five items representing the self-presentationmotive came fromKim and Tussyadiah (2013) and Park et al. (2016).”
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“The positive narcissism manipulation then added language and adjectives drawn from the NPI and the associated study that produced it (Ames et al., 2006; Raskin & Terry, 1988).”
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“Narcissism was measured with the scale from Ames, Rose, and Anderson (2006).”
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“72, was used to measure narcissistic personality tendencies (Ames et al. 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“The NPI-16 is a 16-item scale that uses a dichotomous, forced-choice response format (Ames et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2017).”
Method
An Examination of the Correlates of Fearless Dominance and Self-Centered Impulsivity among High-Frequency Gamblers
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“The NPI-16 has been shown to have good internal, discriminant, and predictive validity (Ames et al., 2006).”
Background
Status Seeking and Manipulative Self‐presentation
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“The Italian version (Fossati et al., 2008) of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16; Ames et al., 2006) was used to assess grandiose narcissism.”
Validating the B‐Scan Self: A self‐report measure of psychopathy in the workplace
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Self-citation
The moderating role of narcissism on the reciprocal relationship between self-efficacy and performance.
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“The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism.”
MethodInfluential
Development and Validation of Two Short Forms of the Managing the Emotions of Others (MEOS) Scale
Austin, E. J., Saklofske, D. H., & Smith, M. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00974 · Cited by 21
“NPI-16 (Ames et al., 2006) This scale has 16 forced-choice items assessing grandiose narcissism.”
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“SINS correlated with longer measures of narcissism (Ames et al., 2006) and was discriminable from measures of self-esteem (Van der Linden and Rosenthal, 2016).”
Femmephobia Is a Uniquely Powerful Predictor of Anti-Gay Behavior
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“The NPI-16 consists of 16 dichotomous item pairs labeled A and B. Participants must select the statement that best describes them, for example, “A: I am no better or worse than most people.” versus “B: I think I am a special person.””
Method
Individual differences in overconfidence: A new measurement approach
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Narcissistic Vulnerability and Grandiosity as Mediators Between Insecure Attachment and Future Eating Disordered Behaviors: A Prospective Analysis of Over 2,000 Freshmen
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Relations between explicit and implicit self-esteem measures and self-presentation
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Challenging the Assumption of a Western Phenomenon: Academic Entitlement in Saudi Arabia
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The Many Measures of Grandiose Narcissism
Foster, J. D., Brantley, J. A., Kern, M. L., Kotzé, J.-L., Slagel, B. A., & Szabó, K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_12 · Cited by 19
Dark triad traits and women's use of sexual deception
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A study of the effect of perceived organizational support on the relationship between narcissism and job-related attitudes of Korean employees
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An Integrative Analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Hypomanic Personality Scale: Implications for Construct Validity
Stanton, K. J., Daly, E. J., Stasik-O’Brien, S. M., Ellickson‐Larew, S., Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191115625801 · Cited by 20
Narcissism and devaluing others: An exploration of impaired control over drinking as a mediating mechanism of alcohol-related problems
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“Schoenleber M, Saden N, & Verona E (2011).”
Background
A distributional approach to understanding generational differences: What do you mean they vary?
Costanza, D. P., Ravid, D. M., & Slaughter, A. J. (2021) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103585 · Cited by 24
Body Dysmorphic and Narcissistic Personality Disorder in Cosmetic Rhinoplasty Candidates
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“The third part was the narcissistic personality disorder questionnaire, NPI-16, and the scores could vary from 0 to 16; scores more than 7 were considered as having narcissistic personality disorder [16].”
Background
Study of CEO Narcissism and Corporate R&D Investment
Wang, L., Li, H., & Mu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.888618 · Cited by 22
“developed a selfreported personality scale that includes 16 (Ames et al., 2006).”
Background
Antecedents and outcomes of brand pride: moderating role of narcissism
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“It also enabled us to conduct a quick test of the level of narcissism that would not exhaust the attention span of the volunteers (Ames et al., 2006).”
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Emptiness Mediates the Association Between Pathological Narcissism and Problematic Smartphone Use
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“Moreover, most studies examined narcissism via the NPI (Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16; [29]), a measure comprised mainly of grandiose features.”
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“The scale has been validated in undergraduate student samples (Ames et al., 2006).”
Background
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“Although modern versions of the NPI have been developed (Ames et al., 2006; Gentile et al., 2013) and the classical version has been tested under different response formats (Ackerman et al.”
BackgroundMethod
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“For example, the original article elucidating the development of the NPI-16 measure (Ames et al., 2006) reported five studies with α ranging from 0.65 to 0.72 (i.e. 0 .72, 0.68, 0.69, 0.69, 0.65 across Studies 1–5).”
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“While the NPI-16 used in the Experiment 1 is a valid, reliable, and 418 convenient measure of narcissism (Ames et al., 2006), due to its length, it may not capture all 419 aspects of narcissism.”
Method
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“The original form of the NPI has a scale of 40 pairs of items (NPI-40) and there is a revised short version of 16 items (NPI-16) 3 (Ames et al., 2006; Raskin & Hall, 1979; Raskin & Terry, 1988).”
Influential
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“Nevertheless, the NPI-16 captures only one dimension of narcissism (Ames et al., 2006), but grandiose and vulnerable narcissism entail different stress coping strategies (Ng et al.”
Background
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“I think that I am a special person, initial α = .72) (Ames et al., 2006).”

Authors: Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
Union College (US)
New York University (US)
Corresponding author: Ames, Daniel R.
ORCID: Ames, Daniel R.
Anderson, Cameron P.
Venue: Journal of Research in Personality
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-08
Volume: 40
Issue: 4
Pages: 440-450
ISSN: 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002
OpenAlex: W2072616714
Cited by: 1,349
References: 18
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 4.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: narcissism, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, personality assessment, self-enhancement, construct validity, respondent fatigue

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