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The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism.

Ames, Daniel R., Rose, Paul, Anderson, Cameron P.·2006·Journal of Research in Personality

DOI 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002

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A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity
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A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity.
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Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model
Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1204_1 · Cited by 2,215
Revision of the Self-Monitoring Scale.
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Rosenthal, S. A., Montoya, R. M., Ridings, L. E., Rieck, S. M., & Hooley, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.06.004 · Cited by 78
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“Ames et al. / Journal of Research in Personality 46 (2012) 345–349”
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Etgar, S., & Amichai‐Hamburger, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00842 · Cited by 71
“Then, they answered the Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire, the TIPI and the NPI-16.”
Method
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O’Reilly, C. A., & Hall, N. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110280 · Cited by 83
“Narcissism was assessed using the 16-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16; Ames et al., 2006).”
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“Short Narcissistic Personality Inventory: The Short Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI–16; Ames et al., 2006) consists of 16 dichotomous, forced-choice items developed to measure narcissism.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Association between physiological oscillations in self-esteem, narcissism and internet addiction: A cross-sectional study
Pantic, I., Milanovic, A., Loboda, B., Błachnio, A., Przepiorka, A., Nesic, D., Mazic, S., Dugalic, S., & Ristic, S. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.044 · Cited by 66
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“Overuse of the term narcissism by clinical theoreticians and researchers in social psychology has contributed to confusion regarding its meaning, but the predominant view of narcissism in industrial-organizational psychology refers to grandiose narcissism as a personality trait that ranges from very high to very low,…”
Background
When narcissism drives project champions: A review and research agenda
Pinto, J. K., & Patanakul, P. (2015) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.01.013 · Cited by 70
“Although the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) is a well-accepted scale for measuring narcissism and even its short, 16-item form is psychometrically robust (Ames et al., 2006), the problems of administering surveys in organizations is well-recognized.”
Background
Leaders behaving badly: the relationship between narcissism and unethical leadership
Blair, C. A., Helland, K. R., & Walton, B. (2017) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-09-2015-0209 · Cited by 78
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Mathieu, C. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.012 · Cited by 63
“Ames et al. (2006) built and validated the measure by conducting five studies using the NPI-16.”
Method
Self-compassion as a healthy attitude toward the self: Factorial and construct validity in an Italian sample
Veneziani, C. A., Fuochi, G., & Voci, A. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.028 · Cited by 70
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Shadow of the Prince: Parent-incumbents’ Coercive Control over Child-successors in Family Organizations
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“We asked parent-incumbents to rate, on a scale of 1 to 5, the extent to which each of the 16 items on the narcissism scale developed by Ames, Rose, and Anderson (2006) describes who they are.”
Background
My child is God’s gift to humanity: Development and validation of the Parental Overvaluation Scale (POS).
Brummelman, E., Thomaes, S. C. E., Nelemans, S. A., de Castro, B. O., & Bushman, B. J. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000012 · Cited by 67
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“In a cross-temporal meta-analysis, mean narcissism scores, as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI; Raskin and Terry 1988), increased 30 % among college student samples between 1979 and 2006 (Twenge et al. 2008), suggesting that young people currently endorse more narcissistic traits than previous g…”
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Current conceptualizations of narcissism
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“NPI-40 was assessed in the US13 and US15 studies, while a subset of 15 items, modeled after the shorter form NPI-16 (Ames et al., 2006), was assessed in the DK11 study.”
Method
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Christian self-enhancement.
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“Narcissistic personality inventory This 16-item scale was used to measure narcissism in its forcedchoice format (Ames et al., 2006).”
Method
Differential relations of grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism to emotion dysregulation: Self‐esteem matters
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“To control for possible trait 440 differences in self-prioritization between groups, a measurement of narcissism was 441 conducted for all subjects using the 16-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory 442 (NPI-16) (Ames et al., 2006).”
Method
The impact of leadership traits and organizational learning on business innovation
Khương, M. N., Do, T. T., & Ai, P. N. (2022) · Journal of Innovation & Knowledge · doi:10.1016/j.jik.2022.100204 · Cited by 57
“LET scales (SE, LC, NAR, NFA, and RPR) were adapted from Judge et al. (2003), Ames et al. (2006), and Sidek & Zainol (2007).”
Method
Does personalized advertising have their best interests at heart? A quantitative study of narcissists’ SNS use among Generation Z consumers
Wang, Z., Yuan, R., Luo, J., Liu, M. J., & Yannopoulou, N. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114070 · Cited by 70
A study of the relationship between narcissism, extraversion, body-esteem, social comparison orientation and selfie-editing behavior on social networking sites
Wang, D. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.012 · Cited by 56
Deceptively yours: Valence-based creativity and deception
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March, E., & Wagstaff, D. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02210 · Cited by 57
“Individual narcissism was measured using the NPI-16 (Ames et al., 2006).”
Method
Male, National, and Religious Collective Narcissism Predict Sexism
de Zavala, A. G., & Bierwiaczonek, K. (2020) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01193-3 · Cited by 70
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Differences Between People Who Use Only Facebook and Those Who Use Facebook Plus Twitter
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“Since entrepreneurs are likely to be time constrained (Wallace and Baumeister 2002), we used the short 16 item version of the NPI-40 suggested by Ames, Rose, and Anderson (2006).”
Method
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The moderating effect of gender in the relationship between narcissism and selfie-posting behavior
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Sound the Alarm: The Effect of Narcissism on Retaliatory Aggression Is Moderated by dACC Reactivity to Rejection
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On the Measure and Mismeasure of Narcissism
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A Review of the Measures Designed to Assess DSM-5 Personality Disorders
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CEO narcissism, CEO duality, TMT agreeableness and firm performance
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Self-estimates of abilities are a better reflection of individuals’ personality traits than of their abilities and are also strong predictors of professional interests
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The Dark Triad and Sexual Assertiveness Predict Sexual Coercion Differently in Men and Women
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Guilt and proneness to shame: Unethical behaviour in vulnerable and grandiose narcissism
Poless, P. G., Torstveit, L., Lugo, R. G., Andreassen, M., & Sütterlin, S. (2018) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1355 · Cited by 51
“Reliability was reported to be Cronbach’s alpha = .86 (Ames et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethod
The targets of all treachery: Delusional ideation, paranoia, and the need for uniqueness as mediators between two forms of narcissism and conspiracy beliefs
Kay, C. S. (2021) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104128 · Cited by 58
Alexithymia, narcissism and social anxiety in relation to social media and internet addiction symptoms
Lyvers, M., Salviani, A., Costan, S., & Thorberg, F. A. (2022) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12840 · Cited by 54
Needs frustration makes me silent: Workplace ostracism and newcomers’ voice behavior
Wu, W., Qu, Y., Zhang, Y., Hao, S., Tang, F., Zhao, N., & Si, H. (2018) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2017.81 · Cited by 50
Swiping away the moments that make up a dull day: Narcissism, boredom, and compulsive smartphone use
Ksinan, A. J., Mališ, J., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00228-7 · Cited by 54
Conceit and deceit: Lying, cheating, and stealing among grandiose narcissists
O’Reilly, C. A., & Doerr, B. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109627 · Cited by 52
Psychometric properties and validation of the Polish adaptation of the Light Triad Scale
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Entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention: The moderating role of the personality and family economic status
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Automatic imitation is automatic, but less so for narcissists
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“After completing the imitation task, participants completed a brief narcissism measure (16-item narcissistic personality inventory, NPI-16; Ames et al. 2006).”
BackgroundMethod
Narcissism is associated with weakened frontostriatal connectivity: a DTI study
Chester, D. S., Lynam, D. R., Powell, D. K., & DeWall, C. N. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv069 · Cited by 49
“To measure dispositional individual differences in grandiose narcissism, participants completed the 16-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16; Ames et al., 2006; Miller et al., 2012).”
Method
Getting to Excess: Psychological Entitlement and Negotiation Attitudes
Neville, L., & Fisk, G. M. (2018) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-018-9557-6 · Cited by 49
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Inquisitive but not discerning: Deprivation curiosity is associated with excessive openness to inaccurate information
Zedelius, C. M., Gross, M. E., & Schooler, J. W. (2022) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104227 · Cited by 57
Relationships between Facebook Intensity, Friendship Contingent Self-Esteem, and Personality in U.S. College Students
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Exploring personal characteristics associated with selfie-liking
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How to Identify Narcissism With 13 Items? Validation of the German Narcissistic Personality Inventory–13 (G-NPI-13)
Brailovskaia, J., Bierhoff, H., & Margraf, J. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117740625 · Cited by 54
“…(Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, & Vohs, 2003; Rose, 2002), correlated significantly positively with narcissism confirming previous results for the English language NPI-40 and the NPI-16 (Ames et al., 2006), as well as for the German language NPI-40 (Schütz et al., 2004; confirming Hypothesis 2).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
When “Me” Trumps “We”: Narcissistic Leaders and the Cultures They Create
O’Reilly, C. A., Chatman, J. A., & Doerr, B. (2020) · Academy of Management Discoveries · doi:10.5465/amd.2019.0163 · Cited by 59
Impact of CEO narcissism and hubris on corporate sustainability and firm performance
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The Dark Side of the Affective Profiles
Garcia, D., Adrianson, L., Archer, T., & Rosenberg, P. (2015) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244015615167 · Cited by 47
“This is accordingly to the description of a narcissistic personality as involving a grandiose yet fragile sense of the self (Ames et al., 2006).”
Background
The impact of follower narcissism and LMX perceptions on feeling envied and job performance
Treadway, D. C., Yang, J., Bentley, J. R., Williams, L. V., & Reeves, M. (2017) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2017.1288151 · Cited by 47
“The Ames, Rose, and Anderson (2006) scale was used to assess narcissism.”
Method
Is employee narcissism always toxic? – The role of narcissistic admiration, rivalry and leaders’ implicit followership theories for employee voice
Helfrich, H., & Dietl, E. (2019) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2019.1575365 · Cited by 53
Are they worth it? Warmth and competence perceptions influence the investment of slack resources in and the efficacy of HPWS
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Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Structure of the adapted Dutch version
Barelds, D. P. H., & Dijkstra, P. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00737.x · Cited by 46
The relationship between auditor characteristics and fraud detection
Khaksar, J., Salehi, M., & Dashtbayaz, M. L. (2021) · Journal of Facilities Management · doi:10.1108/jfm-02-2021-0024 · Cited by 46
Assessment of Fearless Dominance and Impulsive Antisociality via Normal Personality Measures: Convergent Validity, Criterion Validity, and Developmental Change
Witt, E. A., Donnellan, M. B., Blonigen, D. M., Krueger, R. F., & Conger, R. D. (2009) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890902794317 · Cited by 51
“Ames et al. (2006) reported a correlation of .”
BackgroundMethod
Automatic imitation is reduced in narcissists.
Obhi, S. S., Hogeveen, J., Giacomin, M., & Jordan, C. H. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0034056 · Cited by 47
“Participants then completed the NPI-16 (Ames et al., 2006), a short version of the NPI, to assess narcissism as a personality dimension.”
Method
The Measurement of Negative Creativity: Metrics and Relationships
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“NPI demonstrated relatively high internal consistency (a¼.68–.72; Ames et al., 2006).”
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“Narcissism Employees completed the 16- item version of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI16; Ames et al., 2006).”
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“We used the 16-item NPI for brevity (M = 4.0, SD = 3.26, α = 0.77), as it demonstrates sufficient reliability and is highly correlated with the full 40-item NPI (r = 0.90), see Ames et al. (2006).”
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“While each of the DT traits are distinct, they share several common characteristics, typified by a tendency to engage in purposeful behaviors that are selfish and place one’s own needs ahead of others (Ames et al., 2006; Dahling et al., 2009; O’Boyle et al., 2012; K. M. Williams et al., 2007).”
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“A 16-item version of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI; Ames, Rose, & Anderson, 2006 ), based on the original NPI by Raskin and Hall (1979), was used to assess narcissism (α = .”
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Authors: Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
Union College (US)
New York University (US)
Corresponding author: Ames, Daniel R.
ORCID: Ames, Daniel R.
Anderson, Cameron P.
Venue: Journal of Research in Personality
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-08
Volume: 40
Issue: 4
Pages: 440-450
ISSN: 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002
OpenAlex: W2072616714
Cited by: 1,349
References: 18
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 4.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: narcissism, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, personality assessment, self-enhancement, construct validity, respondent fatigue

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