Considerations when using the activPAL monitor in field-based research with adult populations
Open accessAbstract
Research indicates that high levels of sedentary behavior (sitting or lying with low energy expenditure) are adversely associated with health. A key factor in improving our understanding of the impact of sedentary behavior (and patterns of sedentary time accumulation) on health is the use of objective measurement tools that collect date and time-stamped activity information. One such tool is the activPAL monitor. This thigh-worn device uses accelerometer-derived information about thigh position to determine the start and end of each period spent sitting/lying, standing, and stepping, as well as stepping speed, step counts, and postural transitions. The activPAL is increasingly being used within field-based research for its ability to measure sitting/lying via posture. We summarise key issues to consider when using the activPAL in physical activity and sedentary behavior field-based research with adult populations. It is intended that the findings and discussion points be informative for researchers who are currently using activPAL monitors or are intending to use them. Pre-data collection decisions, monitor preparation and distribution, data collection considerations, and manual and automated data processing possibilities are presented using examples from current literature and experiences from 2 research groups from the UK and Australia.
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ActivPAL3 data were used for analysis if the participant wore the device for more than 10 hours on a given day, at least 3 days.
“ActivPAL3 data were used for analysis if the participant wore the device for more than 10 hours on a given day, at least 3 days [30].”
From Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of a “Sit Less” Program Leveraging Fitbit Tracking and Tailored Text Messages in Cardiometabolic Disease: Findings From 2 Parallel Randomized Controlled Trials in Coronary Artery Disease and Type 2 Diabetes (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
The Data processing section (“What constitutes a valid day?”; page unavailable) reports that some studies used a minimum of 10 hours of wear to define a valid day. It does not establish at least three such days as a requirement for including a participant’s activPAL3 data in analysis; the wear-period section instead says the number of days depends on the study and recommends a protocol of at least seven days. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Swartz, A. M., Rote, A. E., Cho, Y. I., Welch, W. A., & Strath, S. J. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093520 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Alghaeed, Z., Reilly, J. J., CHASTIN, S. F. M., Martin, A., Davies, G., & Paton, J. Y. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071854 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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Objectively measured physical activity and vitamin D status in older people from Germany
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Esbensen, B. A., Thomsen, T., Hetland, M. L., Beyer, N., Midtgaard, J., Løppenthin, K. B., Jennum, P., Østergaard, M., Sørensen, J. R., Christensen, R., et al. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-014-0540-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Self-citationDetermining Commuting Behaviour from Monitoring Technologies
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [54]Lyden K. John D. Dall P. Granat M. Moehlman T. Depner C. Distinguishing periods of wake during overnight sleep using the activPAL activity monitor International Conference on Ambulatory Monitoring of Physical Activity and Movement. Limerick, Ireland. 10–12 June 2015
- [63]Edwardson C.L. Bakrania K. Bodicoat D. Yates T. Healy G. Winkler E. Validation of an automated STATA algorithm developed for isolating waking wear data in activPAL data International Conference on Ambulatory Monitoring of Physical Activity and Movement. Limerick, Ireland. 10–12 June 2015
- [65]Winkler E. Healy G. Sebastien Chastin S. Bodicoat D. Edwardson C.L. Bakrania K. Automated identification of waking wear time from continuously worn activPAL3 data: a SAS tool International Conference on Ambulatory Monitoring of Physical Activity and Movement. Limerick, Ireland. 10–12 June 2015
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Olafsdottir, S. A., Jonsdottir, H., Bjartmarz, I., Magnusson, C., Caltenco, H., Kytö, M., Maye, L., McGookin, D., Arnadottir, S. A., Hjaltadottir, I., et al. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05432-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Morris, A. S., Mackintosh, K. A., Dunstan, D., Owen, N., Dempsey, P., Pennington, T., & McNarry, M. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249300 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationColomer, F. A., Cugat, M. À. C., Bort-Roig, J., Chirveches-Pérez, E., Zaldúa, Y. C., Martín-Cantera, C., Franch-Nadal, J., & Puig-Ribera, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912245 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Park, C., Dietrich, M. S., Larsen, B., Mayberry, L. S., Doyle, A., Ahn, S., Jean, J., Maquiling, K., Mogos, M. F., Muchira, J. M., et al. (2026) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/56497
- Authors
- Edwardson, C. L., Winkler, E. A. H., Bodicoat, D. H., Yates, T., Davies, M. J., Dunstan, D. W., & Healy, G. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Edwardson, Charlotte L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 162-178
- ISSN
- 2213-2961 (ISSN-L)
- 2095-2546
- PMC
- PMC6188993
- OpenAlex
- W2256250664
- Cited by
- 502
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12
- FWCI
- 3.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Own your potential (DEAKIN) (submittedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (FTE 100100918)
- National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1057608)
- Heart Foundation (1086029, PH 12B 7054)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Keywords
- activPAL, sedentary behavior, physical activity measurement, accelerometer, postural transitions, step count, field-based research, adults, data processing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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